| Election Name: | 1937 Soviet Union legislative election |
| Country: | Soviet Union |
| Flag Year: | 1936 |
| Type: | parliamentary |
| Ongoing: | no |
| Previous Election: | 1936 Soviet Union legislative election |
| Previous Year: | 1936 |
| Next Election: | 1946 Soviet Union legislative election |
| Next Year: | 1946 |
| Seats For Election: | All 1,143 seats in the Supreme Soviet |
| Leader1: | Joseph Stalin |
| Colour1: | D40000 |
| Party1: | VKP(b) |
| Alliance1: | BKB |
| Leader Since1: | 21 January 1924 |
| Seats1: | 870 |
| Party2: | Independent politician |
| Alliance2: | BKB |
| Seats2: | 273 |
| Chairman of the Council of Ministers | |
| Before Election: | Vyacheslav Molotov |
| Before Party: | Communist Party of the Soviet Union |
| After Election: | Vyacheslav Molotov |
| After Party: | Communist Party of the Soviet Union |
Elections to the Supreme Soviet were held in the Soviet Union on 12 December 1937.[1] It was the first election held under the 1936 Soviet Constitution, which had formed the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union to replace the old legislature, the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union.
The elections were originally announced as being multi-candidate; however, by halfway through the year the announcement was reversed due to the leadership worrying about the possible emergence of political opposition.[2] However, during that early period a number of individuals attempted to hold the government to the multi-candidate promise, including members of the Russian Orthodox Church who attempted to field religious candidates as a result of Article 134[3] of the new constitution, which promised freedom of religion. Many of the early individuals attempting to run as alternate candidates were arrested after the decision for multiple candidates was reversed. Additionally, the NKVD conducted mass arrests shortly before the elections.[4]
Despite the mass arrests and with the tone more subdued than with elections held in 1929, there were still minor waves of dissent and opposition to candidates, especially major political figures (including Mikhail Kalinin, Anastas Mikoyan, and even Joseph Stalin himself) as well as celebrities (such as Aleksei Tolstoy) and candidates opposed on the basis of ethnicity (such as ethnic Russians running in the Ukrainian SSR).