| En Name: | Sovetsk |
| Ru Name: | Советск |
| Map Label Position: | right |
| Image Coa: | Coat of Arms of Sovetsk.svg |
| Pushpin Map: | Russia Kaliningrad Oblast#European Russia#Europe |
| Federal Subject: | Kaliningrad Oblast |
| Adm City Jur: | town of oblast significance of Sovetsk |
| Adm Ctr Of: | town of oblast significance of Sovetsk |
| Inhabloc Cat: | Town |
| Urban Okrug Jur: | Sovetsky Urban Okrug |
| Mun Admctr Of: | Sovetsky Urban Okrug |
| Leader Title: | Head |
| Leader Name: | Viktor Smilgin |
| Pop 1989Census: | 41881 |
| Pop 2002Census: | 43224 |
| Pop 2010Census: | 41705 |
| Established Date: | 1288 |
| Current Cat Date: | 1552 |
| Prev Name1: | Tilsit |
| Postal Codes: | 238750 |
| Dialing Codes: | 40161 |
| Website: | https://sovetsk.gov39.ru/ |
Sovetsk (Russian: Сове́тск; German: Tilsit pronounced as /de/;[1] Old Prussian: Tilzi; Lithuanian: Tilžė) is a town in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the south bank of the Neman River which forms the border with Lithuania.
Tilsit, which received civic rights from Albert, Duke of Prussia in 1552,[2] developed around a castle of the Teutonic Knights, known as the Schalauer Haus, founded in 1288. In 1454, King Casimir IV Jagiellon incorporated the region to the Kingdom of Poland upon the request of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation.[3] After the subsequent Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466), the settlement was a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Knights,[4] and thus was located within the Polish–Lithuanian union, later elevated to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In the winter of 1678–1679, during the Scanian War, the town was occupied by Sweden.[2] From the 18th century, it was part of the Kingdom of Prussia. During the Seven Years' War, in 1757–1762, the town was under Russian control.[2] Afterwards it fell back to Prussia
The Treaties of Tilsit were signed here in July 1807, the preliminaries of which were settled by the emperors Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France on a raft moored in the Neman River. This treaty, which created the Kingdom of Westphalia and the Duchy of Warsaw, completed Napoleon's humiliation of the Kingdom of Prussia, when it was deprived of one half of its dominions. Three days before its signing, the Prussian queen Louise (1776–1810) tried to persuade Napoleon in a private conversation to ease his hard conditions on Prussia; though unsuccessful, Louise's effort endeared her to the Prussian people.
Until 1945, a marble tablet marked the house in which King Frederick William III of Prussia and Queen Louise resided. Also, in the former Schenkendorf Platz was a monument to the poet Max von Schenkendorf (1783–1817), a native of Tilsit; a statue of Lenin was erected in its place in 1967.
Following the unsuccessful Polish November Uprising, hundreds of Polish insurgents, including professors and students of the Wilno University, were interned in the town in 1832.[5]
During the 19th century when the Lithuanian language in Latin characters was banned within the Russian Empire, Tilsit was an important centre for printing Lithuanian books which then were smuggled by Knygnešiai to the Russian-controlled part of Lithuania. The Lithuanian Literary Society with a library and an archaeological collection was active in the town.[6] In the 19th century, there were four churches in the town: two Lutheran (one Lithuanian and one German), one Calvinist, and one Catholic, as well as a synagogue.[6] In general, Tilsit thrived and was an important Prussian town. The Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland from 1892 referred to the town as the capital of Lithuania Minor.[7] The local Lithuanian population was subjected to Germanisation policies, intensified after the city became part of the German Empire in 1871, which resulted in a decrease in the share of Lithuanians in the town's population. In 1877, weekly German-language services were introduced in the Lithuanian church, alongside the Lithuanian services.[6] In 1884, Lithuanians formed 13% of the town's population.[7] By 1900 it had electric tramways and 34,500 inhabitants; a direct railway line linked it to Königsberg (Kaliningrad) and Labiau (Polessk) and steamers docked there daily. According to the Prussian census of 1905, the city of Tilsit had a population of 37,148, of which 96% were Germans and 4% were Lithuanians.[8] The bridge was built in 1907 and rebuilt in 1946. The town was occupied by Russian troops between 26 August 1914 and 12 September 1914 during World War I. The Act of Tilsit was signed here by leaders of the Lietuvininks in 1918.
Hitler visited the town just before World War II, and a photo was taken of him on the famous bridge over the Neman River. During the war, the Germans operated a forced labour subcamp of the Stalag I-A prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs in the town,[9] and expelled Poles from German-occupied Poland were also enslaved as forced labour in the town's vicinity.[10] Tilsit was occupied by the Red Army on January 20, 1945 (during the East Prussian offensive), and was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1945. The remaining Germans who had not evacuated were subsequently expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement and replaced with Soviet citizens. The town was renamed Sovetsk in honor of Soviet rule.
Modern Sovetsk has sought to take advantage of Tilsit's tradition of cheese production (Tilsit cheese), but the new name ("Sovetsky cheese") has not inherited its predecessor's reputation.
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, there has been some discussion about the possibility of restoring the town's original name.[11] In 2010, the Kaliningrad Oblast's then-governor Georgy Boos of the ruling United Russia Party proposed restoring the original name and combining the town with the Neman and Slavsk Districts to form a new Tilsit District. Boos emphasized that this move would stimulate development and economic growth, but that it could happen only through a referendum.[12] The idea was opposed by the Communist Party of Russia; in particular, Igor Revin, the Kaliningrad Secretary of the Communist Party, accused Boos and United Russia of Germanophilia.[13]
In April 2007, government restrictions on visits to border areas were tightened, and for foreigners, and Russians living outside the border zone, travel to the Sovetsk and Bagrationovsk areas required advance permission from the Border Guard Service (in some cases up to 30 days beforehand). It was alleged that this procedure slowed the development of these potentially thriving border towns.[14] In June 2012, these restrictions were lifted (the only restricted area is the Neman river shoreline), which gave a boost to local and international tourism.
Sovetsk lies in the historic region of Lithuania Minor[7] at the confluence of the Tylzha and Neman rivers. Panemunė in Lithuania was formerly a suburb of the town; after Germany's defeat in World War I, the trans-Neman suburb was detached from Tilsit (with the rest of the Klaipėda Region) in 1920.
Sovetsk has a borderline oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification) using the -31NaN1 boundary, or a humid continental climate (Dfb) using the 0C boundary.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the town of oblast significance of Sovetsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[15] As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Sovetsk is incorporated as Sovetsky Urban Okrug.[16]
Many of the town's buildings were destroyed during World War II. However, the old town centre still includes several German buildings, including those of Jugendstil design. The Queen Louise Bridge, now connecting the town to Panemunė in Lithuania, retains an arch – all that is left of a more complex pre-war bridge structure built in 1907. The carved relief portrait of Queen Louise above the arch still exists; however, the German inscription "KÖNIGIN LUISE-BRÜCKE" was removed after the Soviets took over the town.
41,881
43,224
41,705
Ethnic composition in 2010:
86.7%
3.5%
3.3%
2.7%
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia.
Považská Bystrica, SlovakiaThe town is the location of a scene in Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace (Book Two Part Two Chapter 21).[19] Tilsit is the setting for part of the 1939 film "The Journey to Tilsit", which is based on a 1917 novella of the same name written by Hermann Sudermann.