| Southern Sámi | |
| Nativename: | Southern Sami: åarjelsaemien gïele |
| Region: | Norway, Sweden |
| Speakers: | 600 |
| Date: | 1992 |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Familycolor: | Uralic |
| Fam2: | Sámi |
| Fam3: | Western |
| Iso2: | sma |
| Iso3: | sma |
| Glotto: | sout2674 |
| Glottorefname: | South Saami |
| Script: | Latin |
| Nation: | Norway[1] |
| Minority: | Sweden[2] |
| Map: | File:Southern-SamiLanguageLocatorMap.svg |
| Mapcaption: | Southern Sami language area (red) within Sápmi (grey) |
| Map2: | Lang Status 40-SE.svg |
| Notice: | IPA |
Southern or South Sámi (; Norwegian: sørsamisk; Swedish: sydsamiska) is the southwesternmost of the Sámi languages, and is spoken in Norway and Sweden. It is an endangered language; the strongholds of Southern Sámi are the Norwegian municipalities of Snåsa, Røyrvik, Røros (Trøndelag, Central Norway), and Hattfjelldal (Nordland, Northern Norway). Out of an ethnic population of approximately two thousand, only about five hundred still speak the language fluently. Southern Sámi belongs to the Saamic group within the Uralic language family.
In Sweden, Saami is one of five recognized minority languages, but the term "Saami" comprises different varieties/languages, and they are not individually recognized. In Norway, Southern Sámi is recognized as a minority language in its own right.
It is possible to study Southern Sámi at Nord University in Levanger, Umeå University in Umeå, and Uppsala University in Uppsala. In 2018, two master's degrees were written in the language at Umeå University.[3] Language courses are also offered at different Sámi-language centres throughout the Southern Sámi area.
Southern Sámi is one of the six Sámi languages that has an official written standard, but only a few books have been published for the language, one of which is an adequate-sized Southern Sámi–Norwegian dictionary. This language has had an official written form since 1978. The spelling is closely based on Swedish and Norwegian and uses the following Latin alphabet:
| A a | B b | D d | E e | F f | G g | H h | I i | |
| Ï ï | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | O o | P p | |
| R r | S s | T t | U u | V v | Y y | Æ æ | Ö ö | |
| Å å |
(C c), (Q q), (W w), (X x), and (Z z) are only used in words of foreign origin.
Long sounds are represented with double letters for both vowels and consonants.
Southern Sámi has fifteen consonant and eleven vowel phonemes; there are six places of articulation for consonants and six manners of articulation.
There are also two dialects, northern and southern. The phonological differences are relatively small; the phonemic system of the northern dialect is explained below.
The typical word in Southern Sámi is disyllabic, containing a long stem vowel and ending in a vowel, as in the word /pa:ko/ 'word'. Function words are monosyllabic, as are the copula and the negative auxiliary. Stress is fixed and always word-initial. Words with more than three syllables are given secondary stress in the penultimate syllable.
The eleven vowel phonemes comprise four phonologically short and long vowels (i-i:, e-e:, a-a:, u-u:) and three vowel phonemes which do not distinguish length (ø, ae, o).
The vowel phonemes of the northern dialect are the following; orthographic counterparts are given in italics:
| front | central | back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |||
| close | pronounced as /ink/ (i) | pronounced as /ink/ (y) | pronounced as /ink/ (ï), (i) | pronounced as /ink/ (u) | pronounced as /ink/ (o) | |
| mid | pronounced as /ink/ (e), pronounced as /link/ (ee) | pronounced as /ink/ (öö) | pronounced as /ink/ (å), pronounced as /ink/ (åå) | |||
| near-open | pronounced as /ink/ (æ), (ä), (ee) | |||||
| open | pronounced as /ink/ (ae) | pronounced as /ink/ (a), pronounced as /ink/ (aa) | ||||
The non-high vowels pronounced as //e//, pronounced as //æ//, pronounced as //o//, and pronounced as //ɑ// contrast in length: they may occur as both short and long. High vowels only occur short.
The vowels may combine to form ten different diphthongs:
| front | front to back | central to back | central to front | back to front | back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| close to mid | pronounced as //ie// (ie) | pronounced as //yo// (yø), (yö) | pronounced as //ʉe// (ue); pronounced as //ɨe// (ïe), (ie) | pronounced as //uo// (oe) | |||
| close to open | pronounced as //ʉɑ// (ua) | ||||||
| mid | pronounced as //oe// (øø), (öö) | ||||||
| mid to open | pronounced as //eæ// (ea) | pronounced as //oæ// (åe) | pronounced as //oɑ// (åa) |
In Southern Sámi, all consonants occur as geminates in word-medial position.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /ink/ (m) | pronounced as /ink/ (n) | pronounced as /ink/ (nj) | pronounced as /ink/ (ng) | |||||
| Plosive | pronounced as /ink/ (b), (p) | pronounced as /ink/ (d), (t) | pronounced as /ink/ (ts) | pronounced as /ink/ (tj) | pronounced as /ink/ (gi), (ki) | pronounced as /ink/ (g), (k) | |||
| pronounced as /ink/ (p) | pronounced as /ink/ (t) | pronounced as /ink/ (ki) | pronounced as /ink/ (k) | ||||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /ink/ (f) | pronounced as /ink/ (s) | pronounced as /ink/ (sj) | pronounced as /ink/ (h) | |||||
| pronounced as /ink/pronounced as / ~ /pronounced as /ink/ (v) | |||||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /ink/ (j) | ||||||||
| Lateral | pronounced as /ink/ (l) | ||||||||
| Trill | pronounced as /ink/ (r) | ||||||||
In Southern Sámi, the vowel in the second syllable of a word causes changes to the vowel in the first syllable, a feature called umlaut. The vowel in the second syllable can change depending on the inflectional ending being attached, and the vowel in the first vowel will likewise alternate accordingly. Often there are three different vowels that alternate with each other in the paradigm of a single word, for example as follows:
The following table gives a full overview of the alternations:
| Proto-Samic first vowel | Followed by Uncoded languages: italic=no|*ā | Followed by Uncoded languages: italic=no|*ē | Followed by Uncoded languages: italic=no|*ō | Followed by Uncoded languages: italic=no|*ë | Followed by Uncoded languages: italic=no|*i | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uncoded languages: italic=no|*ā | Southern Sami: italic=no|aa | Southern Sami: italic=no|ae | Southern Sami: italic=no|aa | Southern Sami: italic=no|aa | Southern Sami: italic=no|ee | |
| Uncoded languages: italic=no|*ea | Southern Sami: italic=no|ea | Southern Sami: italic=no|ie | Southern Sami: italic=no|ea | Southern Sami: italic=no|aa | Southern Sami: italic=no|ee | |
| Uncoded languages: italic=no|*ie | Southern Sami: italic=no|ea | Southern Sami: italic=no|ie | Southern Sami: italic=no|ea | Southern Sami: italic=no|ïe | Southern Sami: italic=no|ie | |
| Uncoded languages: italic=no|*oa | Southern Sami: italic=no|åa | Southern Sami: italic=no|åe | Southern Sami: italic=no|åa | Southern Sami: italic=no|oe | Southern Sami: italic=no|öö | |
| Uncoded languages: italic=no|*uo | Southern Sami: italic=no|ua | Southern Sami: italic=no|ue | Southern Sami: italic=no|åa | Southern Sami: italic=no|oe | Southern Sami: italic=no|öö | |
| Uncoded languages: italic=no|*ë | Southern Sami: italic=no|a | Southern Sami: italic=no|e | Southern Sami: italic=no|æ, Southern Sami: italic=no|å | Southern Sami: italic=no|a, Southern Sami: italic=no|ï | Southern Sami: italic=no|e | |
| Uncoded languages: italic=no|*i | Southern Sami: italic=no|æ, Southern Sami: italic=no|ij | Southern Sami: italic=no|i | Southern Sami: italic=no|æ | Southern Sami: italic=no|ïj | Southern Sami: italic=no|i | |
| Uncoded languages: italic=no|*o | Southern Sami: italic=no|å | Southern Sami: italic=no|u | Southern Sami: italic=no|å, Southern Sami: italic=no|a | Southern Sami: italic=no|o, Southern Sami: italic=no|a, Southern Sami: italic=no|ov | Southern Sami: italic=no|u | |
| Uncoded languages: italic=no|*u | Southern Sami: italic=no|å, Southern Sami: italic=no|a | Southern Sami: italic=no|u | Southern Sami: italic=no|å | Southern Sami: italic=no|o, Southern Sami: italic=no|ov | Southern Sami: italic=no|u |
On the other hand, Southern Sámi is the only Sami language that does not have consonant gradation. Hence, consonants in the middle of words never alternate in Southern Sámi, even though such alternations are frequent in its relatives. Compare, for instance, Southern Sámi Southern Sami: nomme 'name' : Southern Sami: nommesne 'in the name' to Northern Sámi Northern Sami: namma : Northern Sami: namas, with the consonant gradation Southern Sami: mm : Southern Sami: m.
Southern Sámi has eight cases:
| Case (kaasuse) | Singular (aktentaale) | Plural (gellientaale) |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (nominatijve) | — | Southern Sami: italic=no|-h |
| Accusative (akkusatijve) | Southern Sami: italic=no|-m | Southern Sami: italic=no|-i·te
|
| Genitive (genitijve) | Southern Sami: italic=no|-n | Southern Sami: italic=no|-i
|
| Illative (illatijve) | Southern Sami: italic=no|-se
| Southern Sami: italic=no|-i·te
|
| Inessive (inessijve) | Southern Sami: italic=no|-sne
| Southern Sami: italic=no|-i·ne
|
| Elative (elatijve) | Southern Sami: italic=no|-ste
| Southern Sami: italic=no|-i·ste
|
| Comitative (komitatijve) | Southern Sami: italic=no|-i·ne
| Southern Sami: italic=no|-i·gujmie
|
| Essive (essijve) | — | Southern Sami: italic=no|-i·ne
|
Southern Sámi nouns inflect for singular and plural and have eight cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, illative, locative, elative, comitative, and essive, but number is not distinguished in the essive. Inflection is essentially agglutinative, but the case endings are not always the same in the plural and in the singular. The plural marker is -h in the nominative case, otherwise -i/j-, to which the case endings are added. There are five different inflection classes but no declension classes. All nouns take the same case markers.
The function of the nominative is to mark the subject, and the accusative marks the object. The nominative plural can also be used to mark plural (direct) objects, a feature called differential object marking, and here the noun gets an indefinite reading, while the accusative plural marks definite direct objects. The genitive is used in adnominal possession and marks the dependent of postpositions. The illative is a spatial case marking the recipient; while the locative and elative are also spatial cases, the locative is additionally used in existential constructions and the elative in partitive constructions. The comitative expresses participation and instrument, and the essive marks a state or a function.
Four stem classes can be distinguished: ie-stems, e-stems, a-stems, and oe-stems.
An overview of the modern inflection of guelie 'fish':
| Singular | guelie | guelien | gueliem | gualan | guelesne | gueleste | gueline | gueline | |
| Plural | guelieh | gueliej | guelide | guelide | gueline | guelijste | gueliejgujmie | - |
Personal pronouns inflect for three numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and seven cases (all of the above with the exception of the essive). A demonstrative pronoun without specific deictic bias is employed as the third-person pronoun, treating dual and plural forms as indistinguishable. Additional pronouns encompass pronominal and adnominal demonstratives, along with interrogative and relative pronouns, reflexive, logophoric, reciprocal, and a variety of indefinite pronouns. The majority of these pronouns change based on whether they refer to a singular or plural entity, and some also adapt to different cases. Demonstratives distinguish between three degrees of distance relative to the speaker.
| 1 | manne | monnah | mijjieh | |
| 2 | datne | dotnah | dijjieh | |
| 3 | dihte | dah | dah |
Southern Sámi verbs inflect for person (first, second, and third) and number (singular, dual, and plural, where dual is an optional category). There are also two finite inflectional categories, the present and the past tense. Subject suffixes are the same across the tenses, and there are three different inflectional classes based on the thematic vowels and their behaviour in inflection. Furthermore, there are 4 non-finite forms: the perfect participle, the progressive, the infinitive, and the connegative and imperative form. Meanwhile, verbs express the TAM categories present indicative, past indicative, perfect, pluperfect, progressive, and imperative. The copula also inflects for the conditional.
In the verbum, a distinction must be made between odd-syllable and even-syllable verbs; in the latter, there are six different stem classes.
An overview of the forms of the ie stems using the example of båetedh 'to come':
| 1SG | båatam | böötim | N/A | |
| 2SG | båatah | böötih | båetieh | |
| 3SG | båata | bööti | N/A | |
| 1DU | båetien | böötimen | N/A | |
| 2DU | båeteden | böötiden | båeteden | |
| 3DU | båetiejægan | böötigan | N/A | |
| 1PL | båetebe | böötimh | N/A | |
| 2PL | båetede | böötidh | båetede | |
| 3PL | båetieh | böötin | N/A | |
| Participle | båetije | båateme | N/A | |
| Negative Form | båetieh | Gerund | båetieminie | |
| Infinitive | båetedh | Verbal noun | båeteme |
The morphology of adjectives is restricted to comparative and superlative forms. Some have different forms in attributive and predicative position, but most are invariable.
Southern Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical persons:
Southern Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical numbers:
Southern Sámi, like Finnish, the other Sámi languages, and Estonian, has a negative verb. In Southern Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to tense (past and non-past), mood (indicative and imperative), person (first, second, and third), and number (singular, dual, and plural). This differs from some other Sámi languages, e.g. Northern Sámi, which do not conjugate according to tense.
| Non-past indicative | Past indicative | ||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First | Southern Sami: italic=no|im | Southern Sami: italic=no|ean | Southern Sami: italic=no|ibie | Southern Sami: italic=no|idtjim | Southern Sami: italic=no|idtjimen | Southern Sami: italic=no|idtjimh | |
| Second | Southern Sami: italic=no|ih | Southern Sami: italic=no|idien | Southern Sami: italic=no|idie | Southern Sami: italic=no|idtjih | Southern Sami: italic=no|idtjiden | Southern Sami: italic=no|idtjidh | |
| Third | Southern Sami: italic=no|ij | Southern Sami: italic=no|eakan | Southern Sami: italic=no|eah | Southern Sami: italic=no|idtji | Southern Sami: italic=no|idtjigan | Southern Sami: italic=no|idtjin | |
| Non-past imperative | Past imperative | ||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Southern Sami: italic=no|aelliem | Southern Sami: italic=no|aellien | Southern Sami: italic=no|aellebe | Southern Sami: italic=no|ollem | Southern Sami: italic=no|ollen | Southern Sami: italic=no|ollebe | |
| 2nd | Southern Sami: italic=no|aellieh | Southern Sami: italic=no|aelleden | Southern Sami: italic=no|aellede | Southern Sami: italic=no|ollh | Southern Sami: italic=no|olleden | Southern Sami: italic=no|ollede | |
| 3rd | Southern Sami: italic=no|aellis | Southern Sami: italic=no|aellis | Southern Sami: italic=no|aellis | Southern Sami: italic=no|olles | Southern Sami: italic=no|olles | Southern Sami: italic=no|olles | |
Like Skolt Sámi and unlike other Sámi languages, Southern Sámi has the basic structure SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Only the copula ('to be') and auxiliary verbs appear second. The case-alignment system is nominative-accusative. However, plural objects are also sometimes marked with the nominative. Objects in the nominative plural get an indefinite reading, while objects in the accusative plural are definite. This applies for nouns as well as pronouns. An example of a plural object in the nominative:
Subject and agent are always marked identically, while the marking of the object depends on definiteness.
| NOM | ACC.SG | definite or indefinite | |
| NOM | ACC.PL | definite | |
| NOM | NOM.PL | indefinite |
| present | finite | – | person/number | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| past | finite | – | person/number | |
| imperative | non-finite | – | 2SG | |
| perfect | non-finite | yes-PRS | person/number with AUX | |
| pluperfect | non-finite | yes-PST | person/number with AUX | |
| progressive | non-finite | yes-PRS | person/number with AUX | |
| past progressive | non-finite | yes-PST | person/number with AUX |