Southern Loloish languages explained

Southern Loloish
Also Known As:	Hanoish
Region:	South China and Indochina
Familycolor:	Sino-Tibetan
Fam2:	Tibeto-Burman
Fam3:	Lolo–Burmese
Fam4:	Loloish
Glotto:	hani1249
Glottorefname:	Hani–Jino

The Southern Loloish or Southern Ngwi languages, also known as the Hanoish or Hanish languages, constitute a branch of the Loloish languages that includes Akha and Hani.

Languages

See main article: article.

The branches included in Lama (2012), with languages from Bradley (2007), are:

Hanoid in Lama (2012) is alternatively called Akoid in Bradley (2007), who recognizes the Hani-Akha and Haoni-Baihong languages as part of the Akoid group.

Other Southern Loloish languages are:

• Muda
• Paza (Phusang), a recently discovered language of northern Laos related to Sila^[1]
• Bana or Bala^[2] in Laos. Speakers are included in the Kaw (Akha) ethnic group. The language is now being replaced by other larger languages such as Akha and Lahu.
• Suobi 梭比, spoken in Yinyuan Township 因远镇, Yuanjiang County
• Nuobi 糯比, closely related to Suobi
• Cosao, a Southern Loloish language closely related to Khir
• Yiche 奕车, spoken in Honghe County

Kato (2008) also documents:

• Muteun (pronounced as /mɔ21 tɯ21/)
• Khongsat (pronounced as /su55 ma33/)
• Khir (pronounced as /la21 ja21/)

Other Southern Loloish language varieties in south-central Yunnan include Bukong 布孔, Budu 布都,^[3] Asuo 阿梭, Duota 堕塔,^[4] Amu 阿木, Lami 腊米, Qiedi 切弟, Kabie 卡别,^[5] Woni 窝尼, Duoni 多尼, and Habei 哈备. Habei is unclassified within Southern Loloish.

Hsiu (2016, 2018)

A 2016 computational phylogenetic lexical analysis by Hsiu (2016)^[6] distinguished the following five branches of Southern Loloish, providing further support for the Hanoid (Akoid) and Bisoid branches in Lama (2012) and Bradley (2007). A new Siloid branch was added.

1. Hanoid
2. Bisoid
3. Siloid
4. Bi-Ka (?)
5. Jinuo

• Southern Loloish
  • Hanoid
    • Ko-Pala, Ko-Luma
    • (core branch)
      • Hani languages
        • Hani
        • Haoni (of Shuigui), Baihong, Suobi
      • Akha
        • Muteun
        • (branch)
          • Akha-Nukui, Ko-Phuso
          • Ko-Puli
          • Ko-Chipia
          • Ko-Eupa
          • Ko-Nyau
          • Ko-Oma
  • Bisoid
    • Khongsat
    • Laoseng
    • Sangkong
    • Pyen
    • (core branch)
      • Lao-Pan
      • Bisu
      • Phunoi
      • Phongset
      • Phongku (Phu-Lawa)
      • Phunyot
  • Siloid
    • Wanyä
    • (core branch)
      • Phusang
      • Khir, Cosao
      • Sila (Sida)
  • Bi-Ka
  • Jinuo

The Southern Loloish tree above was subsequently revised by Hsiu (2018)^[7] as follows, with 6 subgroups included.

• Southern Loloish
  • Hani-Akha
    • Hanoid

Hani, Nuomei, Nuobi, Lami, Luomian, Angluo, Guohe, Guozuo, Gehuo, Yiche, Qidi, Kabie, Haoni cluster (Haoni, Woni, Baihong, Bukong, Budu, Suobi, Duoni, Duota, Asuo, Amu)

• • • Akoid

Nukui, Phuso, Puli, Chepya, Eupa, Nyau, Oma, Chicho, Ulo, Muteun, Muda, etc.

• • Bi-Ka
    • Biyue, Enu
    • Kaduo
  • Siloid
    • Luma, Pala
    • Akeu, Gokhy
    • Wanyä (Muchi)
    • Sila cluster: Sila, Sida, Paza (Phusang), Khir, Cosao, Phana
  • Bisoid
    • Bisu cluster: Bisu, Laomian, Laopin, Pyen, Laopan
    • Singsali cluster: Phunoi, Singsali, Cantan, Laoseng, Phongku, Phongset, Phunyot
    • Coong cluster: Cốông, Sangkong, Tsukong
    • Cauho
    • Bantang
    • Khongsat
    • Habei (Mani)
  • Mpi
  • Jino

Hsiu (2018) considers the Hani-Akha and Bi-Ka subgroups to be part of a northern linkage in south-central Yunnan, while the Siloid, Bisoid, Jino, and Mpi subgroups are part of a southern linkage in the China-Laos border region.^[7]

Innovations

Lama (2012) lists the following changes from Proto-Loloish as Hanoish innovations.

• *m- → zero /__[u] (Hani and Haoni)
• *kh- > x- (Hani and Haoni)
• *N- > NC or C (nasal hardening rule in Bisu and Sangkong)
• Reversed order of syllables (family-wide)

References

• Bradley, David. 2007. East and Southeast Asia. In Moseley, Christopher (ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, 349-424. London & New York: Routledge.
• Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington (archived)
• Kingsadā, Thō̜ngphet, and Tadahiko Shintani. 1999 Basic Vocabularies of the Languages Spoken in Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
• Shintani, Tadahiko, Ryuichi Kosaka, and Takashi Kato. 2001. Linguistic Survey of Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
• Kato, Takashi. 2008. Linguistic Survey of Tibeto-Burman languages in Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).

Notes and References

1. Web site: Paza . lingweb.eva.mpg.de . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101229231828/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Paza.htm . 2010-12-29.
2. Bradley, David (2007). "Language Endangerment in China and Mainland Southeast Asia". In Matthias Brenzinger, ed. Language diversity endangered. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
3. 中国少数民族社会历史调查资料丛刊》修订编辑委员会. 2009. 哈尼族社会历史调查, p.94, 99. Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
4. Jiangcheng County Gazetteer (1989:351)
5. Jiang Ying [蒋颖], Cui Xia [崔霞], Qiao Xiang [乔翔]. 2009. A study of Ximoluo [西摩洛语研究]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社].
6. Hsiu, Andrew. 2016. The classification of Cosao: a Lolo-Burmese language of China and Laos. Presented at the 22nd Himalayan Languages Symposium, Guwahati, India.
7. Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. Classifications of some lesser-known Lolo-Burmese languages.