Bontoc language explained
| Bontoc |
| Also Known As: | Finallig |
| States: | Philippines |
| Region: | Mountain Province |
| Date: | 2007 census |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Familycolor: | Austronesian |
| Fam2: | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Fam3: | Philippine |
| Fam4: | Northern Luzon |
| Fam5: | Meso-Cordilleran |
| Fam6: | Central Cordilleran |
| Fam7: | Nuclear Cordilleran |
| Fam8: | Bontok–Kankanay |
| Iso3: | bnc |
| Lc1: | lbk |
| Ld1: | Central Bontok |
| Lc2: | ebk |
| Ld2: | Eastern Bontok |
| Lc3: | rbk |
| Ld3: | Northern Bontok |
| Lc4: | obk |
| Ld4: | Southern Bontok |
| Lc5: | vbk |
| Ld5: | Southwestern Bontok |
| Glotto: | bont1247 |
| Glottorefname: | Bontok |
| Map: | Bontok_language_map.png |
| Mapcaption: | Area where Bontoc is spoken according to Ethnologue |
Bontoc (Bontok) [1] (also called Finallig) is the native language of the indigenous Bontoc people of the Mountain Province, in the northern part of the Philippines.
Dialects
Ethnologue reports the following locations for each of the five Bontok languages. Speaker populations from the 2007 census, as quoted in Ethnologue.
spoken in Bontoc municipality, Mountain Province (in Bontoc ili, Caluttit, Dalican, Guina-ang, Ma-init, Maligcong, Samoki, and Tocucan villages). 19,600 speakers. Dialects are Khinina-ang, Finontok, Sinamoki, Jinallik, Minaligkhong and Tinokukan.
spoken in Barlig municipality, eastern Mountain Province (in Barlig, Kadaklan, and Lias villages). 6,170 speakers. Dialects are Finallig, Kinajakran (Kenachakran) and Liniyas.
spoken in Sadanga municipality, northern Mountain Province (in Anabel, Bekigan, Belwang, Betwagan, Demang, Sacasacan, Saclit, and the municipal center of Sadanga Poblacion). There are also some speakers in southern Kalinga Province. 9,700 speakers.
spoken to the south of Bontoc municipality in Talubin, Bayyo, and Can-eo towns. 2,760 speakers. Dialects are Tinoveng and Kanan-ew.
spoken in Bontoc municipality, Mountain Province (in Alab, Balili, Gonogon, and villages in the Chico River valley, southwest of the municipal capital Bontoc, along Halsema Highway). 2,470 speakers. Dialects are Ina-ab, Binalili and Ginonogon.
Phonology
Consonant phonemes[2] | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | pronounced as /link/ | |
|---|
| Plosive | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ |
|---|
| Fricative | | pronounced as /link/ | | | |
|---|
| Rhotic | | pronounced as /link/~pronounced as /link/ | | | |
|---|
| Approximant | | | pronounced as /link/ | | | |
|---|
- The archiphoneme pronounced as //r// has pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, and pronounced as /link/ as its allophones.[2] The allophone pronounced as /link/ occurs word-initially, adjacent to pronounced as /link/, as the second member of a consonant cluster consisting of a coronal consonant and pronounced as //r//, and as the second member of any consonant cluster preceded by pronounced as /link/. pronounced as /link/ occurs in free variation with pronounced as /link/ word-initially, but otherwise occurs in complementary distribution with it. pronounced as /link/ occurs in free variation with pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/ word-initially, and with pronounced as /link/ elsewhere. These /r/ sounds are even applied to loanwords from Ilokano and Tagalog, and Spanish loanwords from the 2 languages.
- The plosives pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, and pronounced as /link/ have, respectively, pronounced as /link/ (representing an interdental consonant), pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, and pronounced as /link/ as their syllable-initial allophones.[2]
- The voiced stop pronounced as /link/ also has pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/ as its allophones.[2] Both of these allophones occur as the first member of a geminate cluster. They are in free variation.
- The approximant pronounced as /link/ has one allophone: pronounced as /link/. pronounced as /link/ occurs after pronounced as /link/.[2]
Vowel phonemes | Front | Back |
|---|
| High | pronounced as /link/ | |
|---|
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ |
|---|
| Close | pronounced as /link/ | |
|---|
pronounced as /link/ becomes a slightly centralized pronounced as /link/ when in a syllable whose coda is pronounced as /link/.
[2] When in the nucleus, pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/ are slightly raised and pronounced as /link/ is lowered.
[2] There are two degrees of stress in Bontoc: primary and secondary. Primary stress is phonemic and secondary stress is predictable. Both types are right-oriented and occur on one of the last three syllables. Stress's effects include higher pitch, louder volume, and lengthening of the syllable nucleus, though these are all subject to certain rules pertaining to word prosody. [2]
Example text
The Lord's Prayer
Further reading
- Book: Clapp, W. C. . A Vocabulary of Igorot Language as Spoken by Bontok Igorots: Igorot–English and English–Igorot . 1908 . Bureau of Printing . Bureau of Science: Division of Ethnology Publications, volume V, part III . Manila.
- Book: Seidenadel, Carl Wilhelm . The First Grammar of the Language Spoken by the Bontoc Igorot, with a Vocabulary and Texts, Mythology, Folklore, Historical Episodes, Songs . 1909 . Open Court Publishing Company . Chicago.
- Book: Reid, Lawrence A. . Central Bontoc: Sentence, Paragraph and Discourse . The Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington . 1970 . Summer Institute of Linguistics: Publications in Linguistics, 27 . Norman.
- Book: Reid, Lawrence Andrew . Bontok–English Dictionary . 1976 . Pacific Linguistics . Series C – No. 36 . Canberra . 10.15144/PL-C36 . 1885/145124 . free . free.
External links
Notes and References
- Book: Bauer, Laurie . The Linguistics Student's Handbook . Edinburgh University Press . 2007 . Edinburgh.
- Reid . Lawrence A. . 1963 . The Phonology of Central Bontoc . The Journal of the Polynesian Society . 72 . 1 . 21–26.
