South Gate, California Explained

South Gate, California
Settlement Type:City
Nickname:"Azalea City"
Mapsize:250px
Pushpin Map:United States Los Angeles#USA California Southern#California#USA
Pushpin Label:South Gate
Pushpin Relief:1
Coordinates:33.9442°N -118.195°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:United States
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Name1:California
Subdivision Type2:County
Subdivision Name2:Los Angeles
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Maria del Pilar Avalos
Leader Title1:Vice Mayor
Leader Name1:Gil Hurtado
Leader Title2:City Council
Leader Name2:Maria Davila
Al Rios
Joshua Barron
Established Title3:Incorporated
Established Date3:January 20, 1923[1]
Unit Pref:Imperial
Area Footnotes:[2]
Area Total Sq Mi:7.35
Area Land Sq Mi:7.24
Area Water Sq Mi:0.12
Area Total Km2:19.04
Area Land Km2:18.74
Area Water Km2:0.30
Area Water Percent:1.59
Elevation Footnotes:[3]
Elevation Ft:115
Elevation M:35
Population As Of:2020
Population Footnotes:[4]
Population Total:92726
Pop Est As Of:2019
Pop Est Footnotes:[5]
Population Rank:89th in California
Population Density Km2:auto
Timezone:PST
Utc Offset:-8
Timezone Dst:PDT
Utc Offset Dst:-7
Postal Code Type:ZIP Code
Postal Code:90280[6]
Blank Name:FIPS code
Blank1 Name:GNIS feature ID
Population Density Sq Mi:auto

South Gate is the 19th largest city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, with 7.4sqmi. South Gate is located 7miles southeast of Downtown Los Angeles.[7] It is part of the Gateway Cities region of southeastern Los Angeles County.

The city was incorporated on January 20, 1923,[8] and it became known as the "Azalea City" when it adopted the flower as its symbol in 1965.[9] As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 92,726.

In 1990, South Gate was one of ten U.S. communities to receive the All-America City Award from the National Civic League.[10]

History

Native Americans

South Gate is in the traditional cultural territory of the Gabrielino. Gabrielino villages or archaeological sites are rumored to have existed at the South Gate Park and at the old City Hall site at the intersection of Post Street and Victoria Avenue. The village of Tajauta was located on the border of South Gate, Lynwood, and Watts.[11]

Land grants

Among the early Spanish settlers was one of California's first families, the Lugos. The Lugo land grant encompassed a great part of what is now the City of South Gate.

While Francisco Lugo was stationed at Mission San Antonio de Padua near Salinas, California, his first California son, Antonio Maria Lugo was born in 1775.[12] That son became Don Antonio Maria Lugo, Spanish aristocrat and soldier, who settled on 30000acres of land that encompasses what is now the City of South Gate. In 1810, the King of Spain formally granted the land to Lugo as a reward for his and his father's military service.[12] Around a century later, the area around the southern gate of the ranch became the City of South Gate.[13]

Development

Before the end of the 1870s, much of the original land grant had been replaced by tracts of 40acres. By 1880, cattle raising had been replaced by agriculture as the most important local industry. During the years between 1910 and 1940, most of the agricultural land was replaced by homes and factories.[13] Early developers accelerated the suburbanization of what was then called South Gate Gardens by subdividing the land into small plots and selling the empty plots to blue-collar workers. A majority of early homes were built individually as plot owners used "sweat equity rather than cash to construct their own homes" and the local economy relied heavily on urban agriculture.[14]

Tweedy family

R.D. Tweedy was born in 1812 in Illinois and came to California by ox-drawn cart in 1852. The family was large, and several generations have lived in this city. The family members bought some 2000acres of the land on which much of South Gate was built. The downtown business district is known as the Tweedy Mile.[13]

Incorporation

The city was named in 1918 after the South Gate Gardens on the Cudahy Ranch.[15] The city was incorporated five years later, in 1923, using the shortened form of the name.[15] The name refers to the city's being south of Los Angeles.[15]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.4sqmi. 7.2sqmi of it is land and 0.1sqmi of it is water. The total area is 1.59% water.

The Los Angeles River runs through the eastern part of South Gate.[16]

South Gate has a semi-arid Mediterranean climate with mild winters and hot, dry summers. The average annual precipitation is 14.8inches per year with most occurring between November and April. Temperatures range from a low of 40F to a high of 110F. The average daily temperatures range from 54F to 73F.[17]

Demographics

2020

South Gate city, California – Racial and ethnic composition
!Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)!Pop 2000[18] !Pop 2010[19] ![20] !% 2000!% 2010!
White alone (NH)5,7553,233style='background: #ffffe6; 2,2855.97%3.42%style='background: #ffffe6; 2.46%
Black or African American alone (NH)632585style='background: #ffffe6; 8840.66%0.62%style='background: #ffffe6; 0.95%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)157110style='background: #ffffe6; 1190.16%0.12%style='background: #ffffe6; 0.13%
Asian alone (NH)725647style='background: #ffffe6; 6090.75%0.69%style='background: #ffffe6; 0.66%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)5169style='background: #ffffe6; 310.05%0.07%style='background: #ffffe6; 0.03%
Other Race alone (NH)71147style='background: #ffffe6; 3380.07%0.16%style='background: #ffffe6; 0.36%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)315163style='background: #ffffe6; 4200.33%0.17%style='background: #ffffe6; 0.45%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)88,66989,442style='background: #ffffe6; 88,04092.00%94.75%style='background: #ffffe6; 94.95%
Total96,37594,396style='background: #ffffe6; 92,726100.00%100.00%style='background: #ffffe6; 100.00%

2010

The 2010 United States Census[21] reported that South Gate had a population of 94,396. The population density was 12837.6sp=usNaNsp=us. The racial makeup of South Gate was 47,645 (50.5%) White, 3,209 (3.4%) Non-Hispanic White, 890 (0.9%) African American, 878 (0.9%) Native American, 732 (0.8%) Asian, 99 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 40,624 (43.0%) from other races, and 3,528 (3.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 89,442 persons (94.8%).

The Census reported that 94,308 people (99.9% of the population) lived in households, 16 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 72 (0.1%) were institutionalized.

There were 23,278 households, out of which 13,805 (59.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13,183 (56.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 4,706 (20.2%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,261 (9.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,879 (8.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 134 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,292 households (9.8%) were made up of individuals, and 996 (4.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.05. There were 20,150 families (86.6% of all households); the average family size was 4.24.

The population was spread out, with 29,374 people (31.1%) under the age of 18, 11,298 people (12.0%) aged 18 to 24, 28,039 people (29.7%) aged 25 to 44, 19,062 people (20.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 6,623 people (7.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.

There were 24,160 housing units at an average density of 3285.7sp=usNaNsp=us, of which 10,658 (45.8%) were owner-occupied, and 12,620 (54.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.6%. 46,665 people (49.4% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 47,643 people (50.5%) lived in rental housing units.

During 2015 - 2019, South Gate had a median household income of $52,321, with 17.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line. For people ages 25 and over, 56.7% had a high school degree or higher while 9.4% had a bachelor's degree or higher.[22]

2000

As of the 2000 census, there were 96,375 people, 23,213 households, and 20,063 families residing in the city. The population density was 13084.6sp=usNaNsp=us. There were 24,269 housing units at an average density of 3294.9sp=usNaNsp=us.[23]

The racial makeup of the city was 41.6% White (0.78% White Non-Hispanic), 1.2% Black or African-American, 0.9% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.8% Asian and 51% some other race (mostly Mestizo).[24] 92% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[25]

There were 23,213 households, out of which 58.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.6% were married couples living together, 18.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.6% were non-families. 10.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.15 and the average family size was 4.37. In the city, the population was spread out, with 35.6% under the age of 18, 12.5% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 14.9% from 45 to 64, and 5.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,695, and the median income for a family was $35,789. Males had a median income of $25,350 versus $19,978 for females. The per capita income for the city was $10,602. 19.2% of the population and 17.4% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 24.2% of those under the age of 18 and 12.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Religion

There are approximately 40 churches located in the City representing a variety of religious denominations.53.4% of the people in South Gate, CA are religious. 37.0% are Catholic; 6.7% are Protestant; 1.6% are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; 5.2% are another Christian faith; 1.1% are Jewish; 1.1% are "an eastern faith"; 0.7% are Muslim.[26]

Demographics history

Mexican and Salvadoran are the common ancestries in South Gate.[27]

Homelessness

In 2022, Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority's Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count counted 340 homeless individuals in South Gate.[28]

Economy

As of June 2009, California's EDD[29] lists the unemployment rate in South Gate as 14.4%, with negative job growth. The California State Board of Equalization[30] lists South Gate's sale tax rate as 10.75%. The income per capita is $11,566, which includes all adults and children. The median household income is $41,064.[31]

As of April 1, 2009, the City of South Gate imposed a 10.25-percent sales tax (statewide plus local supplementary, which is now 9.75% with the expiration of the temporary tax increase under Proposition 1A), which matches Pico Rivera's sales tax rate as the highest in the State of California.[32]

On July 9, 2009, the South Gate City Council held a special meeting where a resolution was adopted declaring a fiscal emergency for the City of South Gate.[33]

Government

In the United States House of Representatives, South Gate is in California's 44th congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of D+32[34] and is represented by .

South Gate is represented in the California State Senate by Democrat Lena Gonzalez (33rd District), and in the California State Assembly by Democrat Anthony Rendon (62nd District).

Local government

63.10% of the people in South Gate are registered as Democrats, with 35.60% registered as Republican. The remaining 1.30% are independent.[31]

The City Council consists of five persons elected at large by the residents of South Gate. These Council members serve a four-year term and establish the governing policies and procedures for the city. The Mayor is selected on an annual, rotating basis from among the Council Members. The current City Council consists of:

City Clerk : The City Clerk in South Gate is an elected position that serves a four-year term. As the official record keeper for the city, the City Clerk is responsible for maintaining all central and legal files, preparing City Council meeting agendas and minutes, conducting municipal elections and assisting the Los Angeles Registrar-Recorder with voter registration.[36] Yodit Glaze is the City Clerk of South Gate.
City Treasurer : Jose De La Paz[37] was elected City Treasurer of South Gate in November 2022.
City Manager : The City Manager is appointed by the City Council to carry out its policies and ensure that the community is served in a responsive manner. Responsible for oversight of all City operations and the delivery of public services, the City Manager works closely with the city's departments in developing policy recommendations and responding to directives of the City Council.[35] Michael Flad was appointed City Manager by the City Council on December 3, 2012.

Finances

South Gate currently is one of the lowest in taxing its residents in the south east area of Los Angeles. It is one of the few cities that does NOT have a Utility Users Tax (UUT). Most cities have an additional tax added to the sales tax for utilities such as gas, water, electricity, phone, cell phone, cable, and internet. Most cities range from +/- 4%-11%. South Gate is 0%.

Corruption and election fraud

From 2001 to 2003, then-city treasurer Albert Robles, along with three accomplices on the city council, accepted bribes and in turn gave taxpayer money to friends and relatives to perform city contracts. The three accomplices formed a majority of the five-member city council, so they could effectively run the city as they wanted. For example, in 2002, Robles was arrested on felony threat charges but was appointed by the city council to the deputy city manager position and had his legal bills covered by the city. The city council gave themselves a 2000% pay raise, and cut the pay of City Clerk Carmen Avalos by 90%, after she complained about corruption and election fraud in the city to the California Secretary of State.[38] [39]

On January 28, 2003, voters recalled Robles along with his political allies, former Mayor Xochitl Ruvalcaba, former Vice Mayor Raul Moriel, and former city councilwoman Maria Benavides.[40]

Robles was convicted of bribery in July 2005.[41] In November 2006 he was sentenced to 10 years in federal prison, ordered to pay the city of South Gate $639,000 in restitution, and was immediately put into custody.[42]

In March 2006, Rudy Navarro, who was elected to replace Albert Robles as city treasurer, was caught making a false statement on his biography as posted on the city's official web site. He claimed that he earned a degree from San Diego State University, when he actually had not completed all the requirements.[43] [44]

South Gate's recent political history has been characterized by political observers and editors as having elements of "Third World politics".[45] [46] [47]

County representation

In the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, South Gate is in the Fourth District, represented by Janice Hahn.[48]

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Whittier Health Center in Whittier, serving South Gate.[49]

Infrastructure

Roads

Buses

South Gate is served by Metro Local and Metro Rapid buses. The City of South Gate operates the Get Around Town Express (GATE) to provide local service.[50]

City parks

South Gate offers nine city parks for the enjoyment of its citizens.[51]

Education

Schools located in South Gate include: 21 public (13 elementary, 3 high school, 3 charter schools and 2 middle school and 1 span school and 1 continuation high school) and two parochial schools. Adult Education classes are conducted at both the junior and senior high schools. The city is also served by 3 community colleges (Compton, Cerritos and East Los Angeles—main campus and South Gate satellite) and 3 California State Universities (Dominguez Hills, Long Beach and Los Angeles.)

Public schools

Most of South Gate is served by the Los Angeles Unified School District public school system. A small section of South Gate is served by the Paramount Unified School District and another, by Downey Unified School District.[52]

Los Angeles Unified School District

LAUSD primary schools
LAUSD charter schools
LAUSD middle schools
LAUSD high schools

When South East High School opened, within the City of South Gate, the school's attendance boundary took land formerly zoned to South Gate High School, Huntington Park High School, and David Starr Jordan High School.[60]

LAUSD span school

LAUSD continuation high school

Paramount Unified School District

Private schools

Private primary schools
Private high schools

Colleges and universities

Public libraries

County of Los Angeles Public Library operates:[61] [62]

Notable people

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: California Cities by Incorporation Date . Word . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . August 25, 2014. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc . November 3, 2014.
  2. Web site: 2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files. United States Census Bureau. July 1, 2020. January 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116044541/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_06.txt. dead.
  3. November 2, 2014.
  4. Web site: South Gate (city) QuickFacts. United States Census Bureau.
  5. Web site: Population and Housing Unit Estimates. May 24, 2020. United States Census Bureau. May 27, 2020. July 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210701194657/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html. live.
  6. Web site: USPS - ZIP Code Lookup - Find a ZIP+ 4 Code By City Results . January 18, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110608215602/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/zcl_1_results.jsp?visited=1&pagenumber=0&state=ca&city=South%20Gate . June 8, 2011 . dead .
  7. Web site: About South Gate. www.cityofsouthgate.org. City of South Gate. August 11, 2016. August 17, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160817185232/http://www.cityofsouthgate.org/257/About-South-Gate. live.
  8. Web site: City history page. https://web.archive.org/web/20110722021239/http://www.sogate.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/detail/navid/34/cid/69/. dead. July 22, 2011.
  9. Web site: City Information | City of South Gate . Sogate.org . August 10, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100707141115/http://www.sogate.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/nav/navid/34/ . July 7, 2010 .
  10. Web site: All-America City: Past Winners. https://web.archive.org/web/20100707222907/http://www.ncl.org/aac/past_winners/past_winners.html. dead. July 7, 2010.
  11. Beherec . Marc A. . 2020-03-01 . Ethnohistoric South Gate? . Society for California Archaeology Proceedings . en . 34 . 81 . 2024-06-26 . EBSCOhost.
  12. Web site: Timeline . Bell.k12.ca.us . July 29, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100822150646/http://www.bell.k12.ca.us/decades/history/timeline.htm . August 22, 2010 .
  13. Web site: South Gate -The Early Years . Sogate.org . August 10, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090925015910/http://www.sogate.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Detail/CID/67/NavID/34/ . September 25, 2009 .
  14. Book: Nicolaides. Becky M.. My blue Heaven : life and politics in the working-class suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920-1965. 2002. University of Chicago press. Chicago. 9780226583013. October 1, 2017. October 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171002070504/http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo3621258.html. live.
  15. Book: Gudde, Erwin Gustav. William Bright . California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. University of California Press. 2004. 371. 978-0-520-24217-3.
  16. News: South Gate charts new course to rear native fish that thrived before L.A.'s explosive growth. Sahagun. Louis. September 17, 2019. Los Angeles Times. en-US. September 17, 2019. September 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190917180633/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-09-16/south-gate-trout-rare-fish. live.
  17. Web site: Climate and Average Weather Year Round in South Gate . Weather Spark . January 11, 2023.
  18. Web site: P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – South Gate city, California . .
  19. Web site: P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – South Gate city, California . .
  20. Web site: P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – South Gate city, California . .
  21. Web site: 2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - South Gate city. https://archive.today/20140715033313/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0673080. dead. July 15, 2014. U.S. Census Bureau. July 12, 2014.
  22. Web site: US Census Bureau QuickFacts: South Gate city, California. February 10, 2021.
  23. Web site: American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau . South Gate city, California - QT-P10. Households and Families: 2000 . Factfinder.census.gov . August 10, 2010 . https://archive.today/20200212043331/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP10&-geo_id=16000US0673080&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-redoLog=false . February 12, 2020 . dead .
  24. Web site: American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau . South Gate city, California - QT-P5. Race Alone or in Combination: 2000 . Factfinder.census.gov . August 10, 2010 . https://archive.today/20200212044236/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP5&-geo_id=16000US0673080&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-redoLog=false . February 12, 2020 . dead .
  25. Web site: American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau . South Gate city, California - QT-P9. Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2000 . Factfinder.census.gov . August 10, 2010 . https://archive.today/20200212042407/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP9&-geo_id=16000US0673080&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-redoLog=false . February 12, 2020 . dead .
  26. Web site: Religion in South Gate, California. BestPlaces. March 3, 2022. October 14, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121014062559/http://www.bestplaces.net/religion/city/california/south_gate. live.
  27. https://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/neighborhood/south-gate/index.html South Gate Profile - Mapping LA - Los Angeles Times
  28. Web site: Homeless Count by City/Community . April 14, 2023 . LAHSA.
  29. Web site: lasub. https://web.archive.org/web/20090724110131/http://www.calmis.ca.gov/file/lfmonth/lasub.xls. dead. July 24, 2009. July 24, 2009 .
  30. Web site: California City and County Sales and Use Tax Rates - Cities, Counties and Tax Rates - California State Board of Equalization. https://web.archive.org/web/20090722223944/http://www.boe.ca.gov/cgi-bin/rates.cgi?LETTER=S&LIST=CITY. dead. July 22, 2009. July 22, 2009.
  31. Web site: Best Places to Live in South Gate, California . Bestplaces.net . August 10, 2010 . August 22, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100822040826/http://www.bestplaces.net/city/South_Gate-California.aspx . dead .
  32. Web site: California City and County Sales and Use Tax Rates . California State Board of Equalization . 15–17 . April 15, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090411002052/http://www.boe.ca.gov/pdf/pub71.pdf . April 11, 2009 . dead .
  33. Web site: Special Meeting Agenda. City of South Gate. https://web.archive.org/web/20110722015601/http://www.sogate.org/download/index.cfm/fuseaction/download/cid/1296/. dead. July 22, 2011. July 22, 2011.
  34. Web site: Partisan Voting Index: Districts of the 113th Congress . Cook Political Report . December 1, 2014. June 5, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130605142625/http://cookpolitical.com/file/2013-04-49.pdf . dead .
  35. Web site: City Council . City of South Gate . sogate.org . August 10, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100708234849/http://www.sogate.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/nav/navid/30/ . July 8, 2010 .
  36. Web site: City Clerk . City of South Gate . sogate.org . August 10, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100707142644/http://www.sogate.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/nav/navid/18/ . July 7, 2010 .
  37. Web site: City Treasurer . City of South Gate . sogate.org . August 10, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100719125513/http://www.sogate.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/nav/navid/35/ . July 19, 2010 .
  38. News: Marosi . Richard . South Gate Clerk Gets a Tough Lesson in Politics . March 3, 2022 . Los Angeles Times . January 20, 2003.
  39. News: South Gate Voters Clean House; Ousted Robles Said He May Seek Office Again . KNBC Los Angeles . January 29, 2003. December 1, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060526214850/http://www.nbc4.tv/news/1942556/detail.html . May 26, 2006.
  40. Web site: County of Los Angeles Department of Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk JANUARY 28, 2003 - SPECIAL ELECTION Final Official Election Returns (Los Angeles County Only) . County of Los Angeles Department of Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk . January 28, 2003. December 1, 2006. September 28, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060928174637/http://rrcc.co.la.ca.us/elect/03010262/rr0262pa.html-ssi . live .
  41. News: Rosenzweig, David . Ex-South Gate treasurer convicted in bribery case . July 29, 2005, issue . . July 29, 2005. December 1, 2006. May 27, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060527083431/http://www.cityethics.org/southgate . live .
  42. News: Becerra, Hector . Robles sentenced to 10 years; The former South Gate treasurer, convicted of stealing millions from the city, is taken into custody. He insists his power was exaggerated. . November 29, 2006, issue . Los Angeles Times . November 29, 2006. December 2, 2006.
  43. Web site: South Gate city treasurer . City of South Gate . December 1, 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20051201092657/http://www.cityofsouthgate.org/Navarro.htm . December 1, 2005 .
  44. Web site: Treasurer Elected to Help Clean Up South Gate Admits Resume Fib . Cactus Thorns; Irreverent Barbs On Desert Politics . December 1, 2006. March 20, 2006. September 27, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043114/http://www.vote29.com/blog/archives/archive_2006-m03.php . dead .
  45. News: Bebitch Jeffe, Sherry . Southgate . California Journal . March 2004 issue . March 2003 . December 4, 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070128021947/http://www.capitoljournal.com/news/features/_J.e.f.f.e./?7 . January 28, 2007 .
  46. News: Marosi, Richard . The Freebies Pile Up as South Gate Goes to Polls ; Some residents say the city's largess before a recall vote resembles the graft they saw in Mexico. . Los Angeles Times . January 25, 2003, issue . January 25, 2003. December 4, 2006. Have Third World politics come to South Gate? As three council members and the treasurer face a closely watched recall election Tuesday, many residents say the answer is yes . October 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071001045601/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/280534801.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+25,+2003&author=Richard+Marosi&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=THE+NATION . dead .
  47. News: Anderson, Jeffrey . The Town the Law Forgot . L.A. Weekly . February 21, 2007. February 28, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070225065239/http://www.laweekly.com/general/features/the-town-the-law-forgot/15731/ . February 25, 2007. dead . mdy-all.
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