South American land mammal age explained

The South American land mammal ages (SALMA) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene (0.011 Ma). These periods are referred to as ages, stages, or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained.^[1]

The basic unit of measurement is the first/last boundary statement. This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another. If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.

Background

South America was an island continent for much of the Cenozoic, or the "Age of Mammals". As a result, its mammals evolved in their own unique directions, as Australia and Madagascar still have today.

Paleogeographic timeline

A simplified paleogeographic timeline of South America:^[2]

• 66 Ma – South America was connected to both North America and Antarctica. Soon after this point, it lost its connection to North America.
• 66–50 Ma – Tiupampan to Casamayoran - South America was connected to Antarctica which, in turn, was connected to Australia. The Antarctica–Australia connection was lost around the end of this interval or perhaps as much as 15 million years later.
• 50–34 Ma – Casamayoran to Tinguirirican - South America was connected to Antarctica, which was not yet covered by ice.
• 34 Ma – Tinguirirican - South America and Antarctica became detached and glaciations started to form in Antarctica.
• 34–9 Ma – Tinguirirican to Chasicoan - South America had no land connections to any other continent.
• 9–3 Ma – Huayquerian to Chapadmalalan - islands formed between South and North America. A complete Isthmus of Panama most likely formed near the end of this interval, leading to the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI).
• 3 Ma to present – Uquian to Holocene - the land connection between South and North America is established and migration between the formerly separated continents occurs. Significantly higher rates of extinction due to climatic changes occur in South America compared to North America, resulting in an asymmetrical exchange of species between the continents. North American originating taxa diversify significantly in South America during this period.^[3] It was previously believed this asymmetry was due to the main migrational route being from north to south, rather than the opposite way.
• Pleistocene – the glacials and interglacials of the Pleistocene caused drastic eustatic sea level changes, widening and narrowing the land bridge at the 'bottleneck' of Panama. As a side-effect, the vegetation changed during this period of strong climatic changes.
• Late Pleistocene – the earliest humans arrived in South America and settled in various parts of the continent. Evidence for cohabitation with the latest Pleistocene megafauna has been found at multiple locations, such as Monte Verde in coastal Chile and Tibitó on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in Colombia.

Definitions

Epoch	SALMA	Top age (Ma)	Base age (Ma)	Etymology	Country	Location
				Luján Formation		Buenos Aires Province
				La Ensenada Formation		Buenos Aires Province
				Uquía Formation		Jujuy Province
				Chapadmalal Formation		Buenos Aires Province
				Monte Hermoso Formation		Buenos Aires Province
Late Miocene
					Mendoza Province
			Arroyo Chasicó Formation		Buenos Aires Province
			Río Mayo Formation		Chubut Province
						Huila Department
					Neuquén Province
						Aysén Region
					Santa Cruz Province
					Chubut Province
			Deseado Formation		Santa Cruz Province
						O'Higgins Region
				Divisadero Largo Formation		Mendoza Province
				Lake Musters		Chubut Province
				Casamayor Formation		Santa Cruz Province
					Rio de Janeiro State
			Río Chico Group		Chubut Province
						Late Paleocene
				Punta Peligro

Cenozoic fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America

The following formations have provided vertebrate, insect or plant fossils, formations with other invertebrates are excluded:

SALMA	Formations	Country	Location	Notes
	Luján Formation		Salado Basin
Chaco Formation
Chíu-Chíu Formation		Calama Basin
Dolores Formation
El Palmar Formation
Fortin Tres Pozos Formation
Los Hoyos beds		Upper Magdalena Valley
La Huaca Formation		Sechura Basin
La Invernada Formation
Ñuapua Formation
Pampa La Brea Formation
Rotinet Formation		Sinú-San Jacinto Basin
Saladillo Formation		Pampean Region
Salto Ander Egg Formation
San Sebastián Formation
Santa Clara Formation
Santa Vitória Formation
Sopas Formation
Tarija Formation		Tarija Basin
Tezanos Pinto Formation
Touro Passo Formation
Ulloma Formation
	La Ensenada Formation		Salado Basin
Belgrano Formation
Chíu-Chíu Formation		Calama Basin
Graxaim Formation
Mesa Formation
Miramar Formation		Claromecó Basin
Tarija Formation		Tarija Basin
Ulloma Formation
Umala Formation
Uquía Formation
Vorohué Formation		Claromecó Basin
Yupoí Formation
	Uquía Formation
Charana Formation
Chíu-Chíu Formation		Calama Basin
Hernandarías Formation
La Paz Formation
Sacaba Formation
San Andrés Formation		Claromecó Basin
		Falcón Basin
Umala Formation
Vorohué Formation		Claromecó Basin
	Chapadmalal Formation		Claromecó Basin
Puerto Alvear Formation
Andalhuala Formation		Santa María-Hualfín Basin
Brochero Formation
Chíu-Chíu Formation		Calama Basin
Horcón Formation		Valparaíso Basin
La Paz Formation
		Tiburón Basin
Río Quinto Formation		Pampa de Las Salinas Basin
		Falcón Basin
San José Formation		Salado Basin Santa Lucía Basin
Toro Negro Formation		Sierra de Los Colorados
Umala Formation
	Monte Hermoso Formation		Claromecó Basin
Aconquija Formation		Sierra del Aconquija
Andalhuala Formation		Santa María-Hualfín Basin
		Tiburón Basin
Casira Formation
Codore Formation		Falcón Basin
Corral Quemado Formation		Santa María-Hualfín Basin
Ipururo Formation		Ucayali Basin
La Paz Formation
		Nabón Basin
		Borbón Basin
Palo Pintado Formation
Paraguaná Formation		Falcón Basin
Puerta del Diablo Formation		Valdés Basin
Raigón Formation
Remedios Formation
Río Negro Formation
Río Quinto Formation		Pampa de Las Salinas Basin
San José Formation		Salado Basin Santa Lucía Basin
		Solimões Basin
Umala Formation
	Huayquerías Formation
Andalhuala Formation		Santa María-Hualfín Basin
Camacho Formation		Norte & Santa Lucía Basins
Chiquimil Formation		Santa María-Hualfín Basin
Las Flores Formation
		Claromecó Basin
Içá Formation
Iñapari Formation		Madre de Dios Basin
India Muerta Formation
Kiyu Formation		Santa Lucía Basin
Madre de Dios Formation		Madre de Dios Basin
Maimará Formation
Mauri Formation
Miramar Formation		Sechura Basin
El Morterito Formation		Cajón Valley
Muyu Huasi Formation		Muyu Huasi Basin
Palo Pintado Formation
Paraná Formation
Piquete Formation
Quehua Formation
Raigón Formation
Rosa Pata Formation
Saldungaray Formation
Salicas Formation
		Solimões Basin
		Falcón Basin
	Arroyo Chasicó Formation
Caujarao Formation		Falcón Basin
Loma de Las Tapias Formation		Tulum Valley
Madre de Dios Formation		Madre de Dios Basin
Mauri Formation
Palo Pintado Formation		Angastaco Basin
Paraná Formation
Puerto Madryn Formation		Valdés Basin
		Falcón Basin
	Río Mayo Formation
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
Huaylas Formation
Mauri Formation
Paraná Formation
Puerto Madryn Formation		Valdés Basin
		Falcón Basin
			Upper Magdalena Valley
Honda Group - Quebrada Honda fauna		Quebrada Honda Basin
Aisol Formation
Capadare Formation		Falcón Basin
Choquecota Formation
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
Ipururo Formation		Ucayali Basin
Mariño Formation
Mauri Formation
Paraná Formation
Santa Inés Formation
Sincelejo Formation		Sinú-San Jacinto Basin
Socorro Formation		Falcón Basin
		Falcón Basin
	Collón Curá Formation
Cerdas beds
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
Mariño Formation
Mauri Formation
Nazareno Formation		Tupiza Basin
	Río Frías Formation
Chilcatay Formation
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
Parángula Formation		Barinas-Apure Basin
Río Foyel Formation		Patagonian Andes
Río Yuca Formation		Barinas-Apure Basin
	Santa Cruz Formation
Aisol Formation
Cantaure Formation		Falcón Basin
		Falcón Basin
Cerro Boleadoras Formation
Chaguaramas Formation
Chilcatay Formation
Chucal Formation - Chucal fauna
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
Mariño Formation
Pinturas Formation
Río Yuca Formation		Barinas-Apure Basin
	Colhué Huapí Member
		Cuenca Basin
		Falcón Basin
Chilcatay Formation
		Valdés Basin
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
Monte León Formation
Montera Formation		Sechura Basin
Pirabas Formation
Río Jeinemeni Formation
	Deseado Formation
		Upper Magdalena Valley
Chambira Formation		Ucayali Basin
Chilcatay Formation
		Progreso Basin
Fray Bentos Formation
		Valdés Basin
Mariño Formation
Monte León Formation
Moquegua Formation
Mugrosa Formation
Petaca Formation		Subandean Belt
"Puca Group" - Lacayani fauna		Subandean Belt
Río Baguales Formation
Salla Formation		Salla-Luribay Basin
Tremembé Formation/São Paulo Formation		Taubaté Basin
		Bagua Basin
Entre-Corrégos Formation		Aiuruoca Basin
Gualanday Group
El Milagro Formation		Bagua Basin
Otuma Formation
		Progreso Basin
	Divisadero Largo Formation
Andesitas Huancache Formation
		Bagua Basin
Leticia Formation
Paracas Formation
Pozo Formation		Ucayali Basin
Yumaque Formation
	Sarmiento Formation
Andesitas Huancache Formation
		Bagua Basin
Paracas Formation
Pozo Formation		Ucayali Basin
Vaca Mahuida Formation
Ventana Formation
		Ucayali Basin
	Casamayor Formation
Cayara Formation
		Bagua Basin
Fonseca Formation		Fonseca Basin
		Curitiba Basin
Los Cuervos Formation
Lumbrera Formation
Maíz Gordo Formation
Quebrada de los Colorados Formation
	Río Chico Group
Bororó Formation
		Bagua Basin
Koluel Kaike Formation
Maíz Gordo Formation
Mogollón Formation		Talara & Tumbes Basins
Muñani Formation
Peñas Coloradas Formation
	Itaboraí Formation		Itaboraí Basin
		Bagua Basin
Koluel Kaike Formation
Las Flores Formation
Maíz Gordo Formation
Mogollón Formation		Talara & Tumbes Basins
Muñani Formation
Peñas Coloradas Formation
	Peñas Coloradas Formation
		Bagua Basin
		Potosí Basin
	Santa Lucía Formation		Potosí Basin
		Bagua Basin
		Paraíba Basin

Fossil content

SALMA	Group	Fossils	Formation	class=unsortable	Notes
	Mammals	Calomys callosus, Chaetophractus villosus, Ctenomys lujanensis, C. magellanicus, Dilobodon lujanensis, Doedicurus clavicaudatus, Dolichotis patagonum, Dusicyon avus, Eligmodontia typus, Equus (Amerhippus) cf. curvidens, Equus caballus, Eulamaops paralellus, Eutatus seguini, Galea musteloides, Glossotherium myloides, G. robustum, Glyptodon clavipes, G. perforatus, G. reticulatus, G. rudimentarius, Hemiauchenia paradoxa, Hippidion devillei, H. principale, Holochilus brasiliensis, Lagostomus maximus, Lama glama, L. gracilis, L. guanicoe, Lestodelphys halli, Lestodon armatus, L. gaudryi, L. trigonidens, Lontra longicaudis, Lycalopex gymnocercus, Lyncodon patagonicus, Macrauchenia patachonica, Megatherium americanum, Microcavia australis, M. robusta, Morenelaphus azpeitianus, M. lujanensis, Myocastor coypus, M. priscus, Neochoerus aesopi, Neochoerus sulcidens, Neuryurus rudis, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panochthus tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Panthera platensis, Pediolagus salinicola, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Reithrodon auritus, R. cf. physodes, Scelidotherium leptocephalum, Smilodon populator, Stegomastodon superbus, Tayassu tajacu, Tolypeutes tricinctus matacus, Toxodon bilobidens, T. platensis, Arctotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp.	Luján
Holmesina rondoniensis		Rio Madeira
Birds	Cathartes fossilis, Lagopterus minutus, Nannopterum brasilianum, Sarcorhamphus fossilis	Luján
Insects	Cyclocephala signaticollis, Diloboderus abderus, Epipedonota cristallisata, Nyctelia picipes, Scotobius pilularius	Luján
	Mammals	Epieurycerus truncus, Tonnicinctus mirus	Ensenada
		Graxaim
Homotherium venezuelensis, Smilodon gracilis, Tapirus sp.		Mesa
Eutatus sp., Mesotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Palaeolama sp.		Miramar
Equus (Amerhippus) andium, Equus (Amerhippus) insulatus, Andinomys cf. edea, Arctodus tarijensis, A. wingei, Arctotherium tarijense, A. wingei, Calomys cf. lancha, Canis dirus, Canis proplatensis, Chaetophractus tarijensis, C. villosus, Charitoceros tarijensis, Chlamydotherium cf. sellowi, Chrysocyon brachyurus, Coendou magnus, Conepatus suffocans, Ctenomys brachyrhinus, C. subassentiens, Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, Dasypus cf. villosus, Dicotyles cf. major, Euphractus sexcinctus, Euryzygomatomys hoffstetteri, Felis platensis, Felis yaguaroundi, Glossotherium robustum, G. tarijensis, Glyptodon clavipes, G. reticulatus, Hemiauchenia cf. paradoxa, Hippidion bonaerensis, H. devillei, H. principale, Hoplophorus echazui, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Kunsia fronto, Lama castelnaudi, L. glama, L. intermedia, L. mesolithica, L. cf. oweni, L. provicugna, Lestodon armatus, Lutreolina crassicaudata, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, M. tarijensis, Myocastor coypus, M. perditus, Nectomys cf. squamipes, Neochoerus tarijensis, Neothoracophorus cf. elevatus, Nothropus tarijensis, Oxymycterus cf. paranensis, Palaeolama crequii, P. weddeli, Pampatherium cf. humboldtii, Panochthus cf. tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Phyllotis cf. darwini, Platygonus tarijensis, Propraopus sulcatus, Protocyon tarijensis, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Puma concolor, Reigomys primigenus, Scelidodon tarijensis, Scelidotherium patrium, Smilodon populator, Tapirus tarijensis, Tapirus terrestris terrestris, Theriodictis tarijensis, Toxodon cf. platensis, Haplomastodon sp., Hippocamelus sp., Hydrochoerus sp., Nasua sp., Notiomastodon sp.		Tarija
		Uquía
Glyptodon munizi		Vorohué
Hippidion principale, Holmesina paulacoutoi, Lestodon armatus, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, Neolicaphrium recens, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panthera onca, Smilodon populator, Tayassu pecari, Toxodon platensis, Arctotherium sp., Dolichotis sp., Euphractus sp., Galea sp., Glyptodon sp., Lama sp., Mazama sp., Myocastor sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Panochthus sp., Propraopus sp., Scelidodon sp., Stegomastodon sp., Theriodictis sp., Tolypeutes sp.		Yupoí
Birds	Neochen debilis	Belgrano
	Anas bahamensis, Anas cheuen, Callonetta talarae, Pleistoanser bravardi, Zonotrichia robusta	Miramar
	Vultur gryphus	Tarija
Reptiles &<br />amphibians	Leiosaurus marellii	La Ensenada
		Mesa
	Bufo cf. marinus, Ceratophrys sp.	Tarija
Fishes	Pogonias cromis	Graxaim
	Mammals	Chaetophractus cf. villosus, Ctenomys chapadmalensis, Hippidion devillei, Hydrochoeropsis dasseni, Lestodon ?castellanosi, Megatherium ?uquiensis, Paraglyptodon uquiensis, Platygonus uquiensis, Pyramiodontherium ?carlesi, Windhausenia delacroixi, Xiphuroides uquiensis, Erethizon sp., ?Panochthus sp., Urotherium sp., Doedicurinae indet., Euphractinae indet., Gomphotheriidae indet., Sclerocalyptinae indet.	Uquía
		Charana
Megatherium medinae		Chíu-Chíu
Aenigmys diamantensis, Eumysops sp.		Hernandarías
Thalassocnus yaucensis
Panochthus intermedius		Sacaba
Eumysops marplatensis, Neuryurus sp.		San Andrés
Palaeolama weddelli, Doedicurus sp.		San José
		Umala
Eumysops cavoides, E. marplatensis, Galictis sorgentini, Leopardus vorohuensis, Platygonus chapalmalensis, Protocyon scagliaruen, Smilodon riggii, Canis sp., Catagonus sp., Didelphis sp., Dolichotis sp., Dusicyon sp., Hippidion sp., Lagostomus sp., Lama sp., Megatherium sp., Mesotherium sp., Microcavia sp., Microtragulus sp., Paedotherium sp., Palaeolama sp., Pithanotomys sp., Tremacyllus sp., Toxodon sp., Windhausenia sp.		Vorohué
Birds	Phalacrocorax aff. bougainvillii
	Aratinga vorohuensis	Vorohué
Reptiles	Uquiasaurus heptanodonta	Uquía
	Mammals		Chapadmalal
Paedotherium typicum, Paramyocastor diligens, Eumysops sp.		Puerto Alvear
Abrothrix magnus, Chukimys favaloroi		Brochero
Caviodon multiplicatus, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Dolicavia minuscula, Eucelophorus cf. chapalmalensis, Macrochorobates chapadmalensis, Macroeuphractus retusus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, Pascualia aff. laeviplicata, Tremacyllus impressus, Actenomys sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., Pithanotomys sp.		Río Quinto
Artigasia magna, Plesiomegatherium hansmeyeri, Pliomegatherium sp.		San José
Chorobates villosissimus, cf. Doellotatus inornatus, Lomaphorops corallinus, Neuryurus cf. giganteus, Pyramiodontherium scillatoyanei, Xyophorus aff. bandesioi, Eoauchenia sp., Paleuphractus sp., cf. Plesiomegatherium sp., Propediolagus sp., cf. Proscelidodon sp., Protabrocoma sp., cf. Urotherium sp.		Toro Negro
Ctenomys chapadmalensis, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Paraglyptodon uquiensis, Microcavia sp., Plaina sp., Scelidotheridium sp.		Uquía
Birds	Llallawavis scagliai	Playa Los Lobos Allo
Reptiles &<br />amphibians	Rhinella loba	Chapadmalal	^[4]
		Brochero
	Crocodylus falconensis
Fishes
	Mammals		Monte Hermoso
Xotodon caravela		Aconquija
Brachytherium laternarium, Cardiomys ameghinorum, Cavia cabrerai, Caviodon andalhualensis, Chapalmalania alteafrontis, Chorobates scalabrini, Cyonasua brevirostris, Eosclerocalyptus planus, Hemihegetotherium robustum, Microtragulus catamarcensis, Neophanomys biplicatus, Neotamandua conspicua, Orthomyctera andina, Palaeomyrmidon incomptus, Paradidelphys pattersonii, Paraeuphractus prominens, Phlyctaenopyga ameghinoi, Pithanotomys columnaris, Prodolichotis prisca, Promacrauchenia antiqua, Pyramiodontherium bergi, Scelidotherium pendolai, Sphenotherus zavaletianus, Stromaphorus compressidens, Tetrastylus intermedius, Tremacyllus latifrons, Typotheriopsis internum, Palaeocavia sp., Thylacosmilus sp., Toxodontherium sp., Xotodon sp.		Andalhuala
Hemisyntrachelus sp.
Plesiotypotherium casirense, Simomylodon uccasamamensis		Casira
Bolivartherium codorensis, Boreostemma pliocena, Falcontoxodon aguilerai, cf. Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni, Mirandabradys zabasi, Proeremotherium eljebe, Alitoxodon sp., Plesiomegatherium sp.		Codore
Borhyaenidium riggsi		Corral Quemado
Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi, Macroeuphractus aff. moreni, Neosclerocalyptus sp., cf. Plohophorops sp., cf. Promacrauchenia sp.		La Paz
		Paraguaná
		Remedios
Plohophorus aff. figuratus		Río Negro
Oxyodontherium zeballosi		Río Quinto
Catonyx tarijensis		San José
		Umala
Birds		Monte Hermoso
	Opisthodactylus kirchneri	Andalhuala
	Pygoscelis grandis, Spheniscus anglicus
	Spheniscus chilensis, Milvago sp., Phalacrocorax sp.
Reptiles &<br />amphibians		Monte Hermoso
		Ipururo
Fishes		Monte Hermoso
	Carcharodon carcharias, Prionace glauca
	Carcharodon carcharias
		Paraguaná
	Megalodon, Carcharodon hastalis, Hexanchus griseus, Pristiophorus sp.	Puerta del Diablo

See also

• Biochronology
  • North American land mammal age (NALMA)
  • Asian land mammal age (ALMA)
  • European land mammal age (ELMA or ELMMZ)
• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia
• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Ecuador
• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Paraguay
• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Uruguay
• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Venezuela

Notes and references

Bibliography

SALMA

Paleogene

Argentina

Paleogene

Pleistocene

Austral Basin

Santa María-Hualfín Basin

Santa Fe Province

Aconquija Formation

Agua de la Piedra Formation

Aisol Formation

Andalhuala Formation

Andesitas Huancache Formation

Arroyo Chasicó Formation

Belgrano Formation

Bororó Formation

Brochero Formation

Casamayor Formation

Cerro Azul Formation

Cerro Bandera Formation

Chapadmalal Formation

Chichinales Formation

Chiquimil Formation

Collón Curá Formation

Deseado Formation

Divisadero Largo Formation

La Ensenada Formation

Las Flores Formation, Sierra del Tontal

Las Flores Formation, Golfo San Jorge Basin

Fortín Tres Pozos Formation

Gaiman Formation

Geste Formation

Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation

Hernandarias Formation

Huayquerías Formation

Huitrera Formation

India Muerta Formation

La Invernada Formation

Ituzaingó Formation

Koluel Kaike Formation

Laguna Brava Formation

Laguna del Hunco Formation

Lefipán Formation

Leticia Formation

Loma de Las Tapias Formation

Luján Formation

Lumbrera Formation

Maimará Formation

Maíz Gordo Formation

Mariño Formation

Mealla Formation

Miramar & San Andrés Formations

Monte Hermoso Formation

Monte León Formation

El Morterito Formation

Palo Pintado Formation

Paraná Formation

Peñas Coloradas Formation

Pinturas Formation

Piquete Formation

Playa de Los Lobos Allo Formation

Puerta del Diablo Formation

Puerto Madryn Formation

Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation

Río Chico Group

Río Foyel Formation

• • Book: Encinas . Alfonso . Folguera . Andrés . Bechis . Florencia . Finger . Kenneth L. . Zambrano . Patricio . Pérez . Felipe . Bernabé . Pablo . Tapia . Francisca . Riffo . Ricardo . Buatois . Luis . Orts . Darío . Nielsen . Sven N. . Valencia . Victor V. . Cuitiño . José . Oliveros . Verónica . De Girolamo Del Mauro . Lizet . Ramos . Victor A. . The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes . The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Marine Transgression of Patagonia . Springer International Publishing . Cham . 2018 . 978-3-319-67773-6 . 10.1007/978-3-319-67774-3_18 . 443–474.

Río Loro Formation

Río Mayo Formation

Río Negro Formation

Río Quinto Formation

Saladillo Formation

Salamanca Formation

Saldungaray Formation

Salicas Formation

Santa Cruz Formation

Sarmiento Formation & Colhué Huapí Member

Toro Negro Formation

Uquía Formation

Vaca Mahuida Formation

Ventana Formation

Vorohué Formation

Yupoí Formation

Bolivia

Casira Formation

Cerdas beds

Honda Group

Lacayani fauna

Ñuapua Formation

Quehua Formation

Salla Formation

Santa Lucía Formation

Tarija Formation

Umala Formation

Yecua & Petaca Formations

Brazil

Entre-Corrégos Formation

Fonseca Formation

Graxaim Formation

Guabirotuba Formation

Içá Formation

Itaboraí Formation

Maria Farinha Formation

Pirabas Formation

Rio Madeira Formation

Santa Vitória Formation

Solimões Formation

Touro Passo Formation

Tremembé Formation

Chile

Abanico Formation

Bahía Inglesa Formation

Caleta Herradura Formation

Chíu-Chíu Formation

Chucal Formation

Coquimbo Formation

Cura-Mallín Group

Horcón Formation

Huaylas Formation

Loreto Formation

Navidad Formation

La Portada Formation

Río Baguales Formation

Río Frías Formation

Colombia

Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Cesar-Ranchería Basin

Cocinetas Basin

Barzalosa Formation

Gualanday Group

Honda Group

Los Hoyos beds

Mugrosa Formation

Rotinet Formation

Sincelejo Formation

Ecuador

Biblián Formation

Dos Bocas Formation

Letrero Formation

Onzole Formation

Seca Formation

Paraguay

Chaco Formation

Peru

Peruvian Amazon

Sechura Basin

Chambira Formation

Chilcatay Formation

Chota Formation

Iñapari Formation

Madre de Dios Formation

Mogollón Formation

Moquegua Formation

Muñani Formation

Paracas Formation

Pisco Formation

Pozo Formation

Soncco Formation

Yahuarango Formation

Yumaque Formation

Uruguay

Pleistocene

Camacho Formation

Dolores Formation

Fray Bentos Formation

Raigón Formation

San José Formation

Sopas Formation

Venezuela

Chaguaramas Formation

Parángula Formation

Falcón Basin

Cantaure & Paraguaná Formations

Capadare Formation

Castillo Formation

Mesa Formation

Río Yuca Formation

San Gregorio Formation

Santa Inés Formation

Urumaco, Socorro & Codore Formations

Notes and References

1. Flynn & Swisher, 1995
2. https://dcpaleo.org/south-american-fossil-mammals/# Darin A. Croft - South American Fossil Mammals
3. Carrillo . Juan D. . Faurby . Søren . Silvestro . Daniele . Zizka . Alexander . Jaramillo . Carlos . Bacon . Christine D. . Antonelli . Alexandre . 2020-10-20 . Disproportionate extinction of South American mammals drove the asymmetry of the Great American Biotic Interchange . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . en . 117 . 42 . 26281–26287 . 10.1073/pnas.2009397117 . free . 0027-8424 . 7585031 . 33020313. 2020PNAS..11726281C .
4. Pérez Ben et al., 2019