Soup and bouilli explained

Soup and Bouilli in England is a dish of boiled beef and root vegetables based on the traditional French dish pot-au-feu. The name comes from the general method in France of serving pot-au-feu as two courses—la soupe et le bouilli. In England as in France, bouilli referred to the boiled meat.

History

Early references to Soup and Bouilli in English are from books by Tobias Smollett. In The Adventures of Roderick Random published in 1748, a meal in Rheims, France, is described as "some soup and bouillé, a couple of pullets roasted, and a dish of asparagus",[1] and in The Adventures of Ferdinand, Count Fathom, at Hotwells Spa, "a mess of broth" made with mutton chops is referred to as "soup and bouilli".[2]

In 1778 in The Camp (play), by Richard Sheridan, a waiter at an Inn in Maidstone, Kent, proposes "soup and bouilli" as an entree.[3]

A recipe for Soup and Boullie was included in The Ladys Assistant[4] by Charlotte Mason in 1773, with the spelling changed to Soup and Bouillie in later editions, and another dish called Bouillie Beef was in The Experienced English Housekeeper[5] by Elizabeth Raffald in 1778. In both recipes the soup and the meat were served as separate dishes.

These recipes were soon copied into other books. With acknowledgements to Mason and Farrald, Mary Cole's The Lady's Complete Guide of 1788[6] includes both recipes and Bouillie Beef appears in John Farley's, "The London Art of Cookery" from 1783 and Soup and Bouillie is in the 1789[7] and later editions. The Cook's Oracle by William Kitchiner contained versions of both dishes.

The dish would remain on the menu throughout the 19th century. Alexis Soyer in 1846 extolled its excellence[8] and George Augustus Sala would write in 1856 in a fictional piece that it was at a restaurant in Paris, in the soup and bully, the Bourgeoise Bouillon Boeuf, that he found "true beef".[9]

Soup and Bully

Naming her recipe 'Soup and Boullie', Charlotte Mason in 1773 was possibly reflecting the pronunciation of 'bouilli' in England at the time.

Still earlier in 1753 'bully' was being used especially by those who were ignorant of French manners and customs and disparaged the dish as overcooked and tasteless. In that year in an article by Arthur Murphy (writer), George Briton, a condescending Englishman in Paris, wrote "I could by no means live upon their soup and bully",[10] and in "The Adventures of Ferdinand Count Fathom", Sir Stentor Stile, a rich buffoon knight abroad in Paris, complained that he "could get no eatables upon the ruoad, but what they called bully, which looks like the flesh of Pharaoh's lean kine[11] stewed into rags and tatters".[12]

Although Briton and Stiles were being held up to ridicule, this view was supported in 1825 by French gastronome Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin who wrote that Bouilli is flesh minus its juice ... and has disappeared from truly fashionable dinners (Le bouilli est de la chair moins son jus...et a disparu dans les dîners véritablement soignés)".[13]

In 1838 Dudley Costello's coach driver on an excursion to Antwerp and being served little square slices of bouilli explains to his friends "bully means beef with the strength b'iled out on it",[14] and in 1870 a London newspaper, in an article comparing the consumption of meat in England and France, could still write "the poorest englishman esteems "bully beef" as being fit only for the pigs".[15]

The dish had its supporters in England, though in some circles to call it 'bully beef' was a "barbarism",[16] and in 1829 Sydney, Lady Morgan would write of her shame and horror when, entertaining "English epicures", an old friend also at the table, amongst other gaffes, called bouilli, "bully beef"[17]

Preserved Soup and Bouilli

The commercial canning of food began in England in 1812.[18] The company was Donkin, Hall and Gamble, and amongst their first products were canisters of Soup and Bouilli.

By 1813 they were supplying the Royal Navy, and in 1814 Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane recommended that "the Patent Prepared Meats and Soups......., especially the Soup and Bouilli :.....be sent out here [Bermuda] for the sick on board ships of the squadron",[19] beginning the practice of serving soup and bouilli to the sick and convalescent.

Over the next century preserved Soup and Bouilli in tin canisters would be produced by many manufacturers and become a staple on long sea voyages for crews and passengers. In 1910 it was still the "most used soup".[20]

Scale of Medicines

From 1835, merchant ships sailing from the United Kingdom were required to keep on board a supply of medicines, and from 1845 these were itemised in a schedule, The Scale of Medicines.[21] This became The Scale of Medicines and Medical Stores in the Merchant Shipping Act 1867, and from 1 January 1868 Preserved Soup and Bouilli was included,[22] even though Thomas Spencer Wells had noted in the 1861 edition that "the soup and bouilli for the emigrant ships ... is the very worst kind of provisions that could be selected, as ... the captain does not know how much meat he is supplying to his men or passengers".[23]

There also had been an earlier proposal by Christopher Biden in 1849 to add to the Merchant Shipping Act a requirement for ships to carry a Scale of Provisions which included Soup and Bouilli.[24]

Soap and Bullion

As noted above it was not only the amount of ingredients that could vary but also the quality, as revealed in 1852 in the Goldners Meats scandal,[25] which resulted in some seamen retaining "an invincible prejudice against preserved meats" from the time when "much of the meat was no better than carrion or the vilest offal".[26]

On long sea voyages passengers, too, developed an antipathy to the dish. It was seen as one of the "ills appertaining to cheap voyaging"[27] and was pitched overboard from the sailing vessel Norman Morison going from London to Vancouver in 1849–50.[28] In theatres and music halls in Australia in 1860, the mention of Soup and Bouilli would raise a laugh from what would have been a mainly immigrant audience.[29] It would still amuse one old colonist in 1912.[30]

William Clark Russell, who spent many years in the merchant navy, wrote of its 'disgusting flavour',[31] and that "canned meat or tins of soup and bouilli ... purchased in the cheapest markets may produce distempers more terrible than the scurvy they are supposed to combat".[32] It was the "most disgusting of the provisions served out to the merchant sailor" and referred to by sailors as soap and bullion.[33]

Soup and Bouilli Tins

Once emptied, the tin canisters that were used to preserve Soup and Bouilli and other provisions still had a value. In 1828 "70 Empty preserved meat canisters" were advertised for sale.[34] On one emigrant ship a tinman was "kept quite busy making into useful cases our empty soup and bouilli cans".[35] They had a practical value as cooking pots, paint pots, eating bowls, drinking cups, to bail leaky boats, as a pot for plants, etc., and by the 1850s, 'soup and bouilli tin' or 'bouilli tin' had entered the lexicon as a generic term for these used containers, especially with sailors, ships' passengers and emigrants, who had spent time at sea where soup and bouilli was familiar fare, some examples being:

Soup and bouilli tin was also employed figuratively. When used metaphorically it alluded to a rough and ready or no-frills construction or operation.

The expression was used by poets and novelists - possibly to add or support a maritime association.

Notes and References

  1. https://archive.org/details/adventuresofrode00smoliala/page/281/mode/1up?q=soup+and+bouille The Adventures of Roderick Random, Tobias Smollett, 1748
  2. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6761/6761-h/6761-h.htm The Adventures of Ferdinand Count Fathom, Tobias Smollett, 1753
  3. https://archive.org/details/dramaticworkso00she The dramatic works of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Leigh Hunt, page 108
  4. https://archive.org/details/ladysassistantf00masogoog The Lady's Assistant, Charlotte Mason
  5. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435058006958&view=1up&seq=7 The Experienced English Housekeeper, Elizabeth Raffald, 6th Edition
  6. https://archive.org/details/b21529681 The Lady's Complete Guide, Mary Cole, 1788
  7. https://archive.org/details/b2152967x The London Art of Cookery, John Farley, 6th Edition
  8. https://archive.org/details/gastronomicrege00soyegoog/page/n719/mode/2up?q=%22soup+and+bouilli%22 The gastronomic Regenerator, Monsieur A. Soyer, Fourth Edition, 1847
  9. https://books.google.com/books?id=yvNAAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22soup+and+bully%22&pg=PA310 In Search of True Beef by G. Sala, in Household Words (A Weekly Journal by Charles Dickens), 12 April 1856
  10. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.39376344&view=1up&seq=127&q1=%20%22%C5%BFoup%20and%20bully%22 The Gray's Inn Journal, Number XIII, Jan 13 1753 (1752 is a typo in reprint) in The Works of Arthur Murray Esq. VOL. V., 1786
  11. https://archive.org/details/1611TheAuthorizedKingJamesBible/page/n121/mode/2up?q=%22ieane++flethed+kine%22 cow - see Genesis 41.4 King James Bible
  12. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6761/6761-h/6761-h.htm The Adventures of Ferdinand Count Fathom, Chapter 24, Tobias Smollett, 1753
  13. https://archive.org/details/physiologiedugo00bril/page/56/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater&q=le+bouilli, Physiologie du Goût, Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, 1825
  14. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101076368065&view=1up&seq=653&q1=Belgian%20bully The Stage-Coachman Abroad, Dudley Costello, 1838
  15. https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0001112/18701123/028/0005?browse=true The Daily Telegraph (London), 23 November 1870, p. 5 col 2
  16. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092528777&view=1up&seq=164&q1=bully Sketches of Society and Manners in London and Paris, European Magazine and London Revue, December 1822
  17. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433107900858&view=1up&seq=139 The Book of the Boudoir, Lady Morgan, Vol II, 1829
  18. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21689069 The story of how the tin can nearly wasn't, Tom Geoghegan, BBC News Magazine, 2013
  19. https://books.google.com/books?id=mOJgAAAAcAAJ&dq=official+reports+and+letters+donkin+hall+and+gamble&pg=PA1 Copies of Official Reports and Letters relative to Donkin Hall and Gambles Preserved Provisions, 1817
  20. https://archive.org/details/b21539741 Ship's Cook and Stewards Guide, James B. Wilson, 1910
  21. https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Charles_MACARTHUR_Surgeon_Royal_Navy_The_Scale_of?id=uUJgAAAAcAAJ The Scale of Medicines with which Merchant Vessels are to be furnished, Charles McArthur
  22. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article225466591 Circular No. 285, Board of Trade, December 1867
  23. https://archive.org/details/scalemedicinesw00wellgoog/page/n70/mode/2up? The Scale of Medicines with which Merchant Vessels are to be furnished, T Spencer Wells F.R.C.S,1861
  24. https://books.google.com/books?id=1V1UAAAAcAAJ The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle, March 1850
  25. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1852/feb/12/preserved-meats-navy and British Meat Cannery in Moldavia (1844-52)
  26. https://archive.org/details/b21981942/page/14/mode/2up?q=invincible+prejudice The Lancet Reports on the Present Sanitary Condition of the Mercantile Marine
  27. Web site: Open Column. Star. 20 September 1856.
  28. The Reminiscences of Doctor John Sebastian Helmcken. (UBC Press, 1975). Edited by Dorothy Blakey Smith as seen at https://www.pressreader.com/canada/times-colonist/20080720/282132107216447
  29. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article201378085 Performance of Illustrious Stranger, Theatre Royal, Castlemaine, 1860
  30. Web site: Mr. James Chittleborough. Advertiser. 29 November 1912.
  31. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t15m6vw1k&view=1up&seq=153 The Emigrant Ship, W. Clark Russell, Vol II, 1893
  32. https://archive.org/details/inmiddlewatch00russgoog/page/n88/mode/2up?q=soup+and+bouilli In the Middle Watch, W Clark Russell, 1885
  33. https://archive.org/details/sailorslanguage00russgoog/page/n20/mode/2up?q=soap+and+bullion Sailors' Language, W Clark Russell, 1883
  34. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31760485 The Monitor (Sydney, NSW : 1826 - 1828), Sat 9 Aug 1828
  35. https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000296/18530809/017/0003 Dundee, Perth, and Cupar Advertiser - Tuesday 09 August 1853
  36. https://archive.org/details/cihm_63168/page/n9/mode/2up?q=bouilli+tin Franklins Footsteps, Clement Robert Markham, 1853
  37. https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.87602/page/66/mode/2up?q=soup+and+bouilli+tin Jack Afloat and Ashore, Richard Rowe, 1875
  38. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104554/page/n159/mode/2up?q=soup+and+bouilli+tin Proceedings Of The Royal Geographical Society Of London Vol.22, 1877-78
  39. https://archive.org/details/onbluewaternarr00keangoog/page/n178/mode/2up?q=bouilli+tin On Blue Water, J. F. Keane, 1883
  40. Web site: Geelong . Argus . 4 June 1853 .
  41. https://archive.org/details/slangdictionary00hott_0/page/322/mode/2up?q=ticket The Slang Dictionary, J. C. Hotten, 1875
  42. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZFL19100212.2.30
  43. Web site: Homeward Bound: Or, A Landlubber's Log . Sydney Morning Herald . 23 December 1858 .
  44. Web site: Little Loo . 1883 . New York, G. Munro .
  45. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18811110.2.17 New Zealand Herald, Volume XVIII, Issue 6235, 10 November 1881, Page 4
  46. Web site: The Maritime review . 1904 .
  47. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article158917491 Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 - 1904) Sat 9 Sep 1843
  48. Web site: Trove .
  49. Web site: Dauber by John Masefield .
  50. Web site: A modern buccaneer . 1895 .
  51. Web site: The author's daughter . 1868 . R. Bentley .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Soup and bouilli".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.