| Souletin | |
| Also Known As: | Zuberoan |
| Nativename: | Zuberera |
| Region: | Soule, France |
| Date: | 1991 |
| Familycolor: | grey |
| Fam1: | Basque (language isolate) |
| Map: | Zuberera.svg |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Iso3: | bsz (deprecated for eus in 2007)[1] |
| Glotto: | basq1250 |
| Glottorefname: | Basque, Souletin |
Souletin or Zuberoan (Basque: Zuberera) is the Basque dialect spoken in Soule, France. Souletin is marked by influences from Occitan (in particular the Béarnese dialect), especially in the lexicon. Another distinct characteristic is the use of Basque: xuka verb forms, a form of address including in third person verbs the interlocutor marker embedded in the auxiliary verb: Basque: jin da → Basque: jin düxü (s/he came → s/he came to you).
In English sources, the Basque-based term Zuberoan is sometimes encountered. In Standard Basque, the dialect is known as Basque: zuberera (the province name Basque: Zuberoa and the language-forming suffix Basque: -era). Various local forms are Basque: üskara, Basque: xiberera and Basque: xiberotarra.In French, it is known as French: souletin.In Spanish, the dialect is called Spanish; Castilian: souletino or Spanish; Castilian: suletino.
The southern dialect Roncalese was sometimes included within Zuberoan. A Basque language variety close to Zuberoan may have extended more to the east, into the Central Pyrenees, as attested by placenames and historical records about the Basque peoples (in the Royal Frankish Annals).
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In addition to the five vowels present in all other Basque dialects, Zuberoan also has a close front rounded vowel pronounced as //y// (written Basque: ü), which is markedly noticeable to speakers of other varieties. All six vowels can be nasalized (pronounced as //õ// is absent in some Souletin varieties), with nasalization being phonemic.[2] It is likely that the sixth vowel arose influenced by the Béarnese vowel shift some centuries ago instead of being an ancient vowel lost in other dialects of Basque.
Souletin features the voiceless aspirated stops pronounced as //pʰ/,/tʰ/,/kʰ//, which contrast with their unaspirated counterparts. The alveolar tap pronounced as //ɾ// present in other dialects has been lost in Souletin. The voiced fricatives pronounced as //z̻/,/z̺// are found almost exclusively in loanwords, they are present in other varieties only as allophones of their unvoiced counterparts. The phoneme pronounced as //ʒ// (written as Basque: j) corresponds to pronounced as //x// in other varieties. The voiceless nasal glottal approximant pronounced as //h̃// is found exclusively in intervocalic position, and triggers the nasalization of the adjoining vowels.
This example of the "Orreaga"[3] ballad composed by Arturo Campion shows some differences between this dialect and the standard Basque (Euskara batua).