| Sos Alikhanian | |
| Native Name: | Сос Алиханян |
| Birth Date: | 26 November 1906 |
| Birth Place: | Baku, Russian Empire |
| Death Place: | Moscow, Soviet Union |
| Nationality: | Armenian |
| Field: | Genetics |
| Known For: | One of the founders of molecular genetics in the USSR |
| Work Institutions: | State Research Institute of Genetics (GosNIIgenetika) |
Sos Isaakovich Alikhanyan (Russian: Сос Исаакович Алиханян; 26 November 1906 – 26 January 1985) was a Soviet Armenian geneticist and one of the founders of molecular genetics in the USSR. Alikhanyan worked at the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, Moscow State University, and the State Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms. Alikhanyan took active part in organizing and directing the national journal "Genetics".
Sos Alikhanyan was born in Baku in 1906. He graduated from the school in Tbilisi In 1930 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of National Economy. From 1931 to 1948, he worked at the Department of Genetics in the Moscow State University. In 1956, he worked at the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy and remained there until 1968. Thereafter, he headed the State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms which was organized with his efforts in 1968 and thus remained there until 1975. Currently the institute is a leading biotechnology institute of the Russian Federation and the center of modern molecular genetics of microorganisms.