| Full Name: | Sophie Friederike Dorothea Wilhelmine |
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| Father: | Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria |
| Mother: | Caroline of Baden |
| House: | Wittelsbach |
| Birth Date: | 27 January 1805 |
| Birth Place: | Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, Electorate of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire |
| Death Place: | Vienna, Austria-Hungary |
| Burial Place: | Imperial Crypt |
Princess Sophie of Bavaria (Sophie Friederike Dorothea Wilhelmine; 27 January 1805 – 28 May 1872) was the daughter of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria and his second wife, Caroline of Baden. The identical twin sister of Queen Maria Anna of Saxony, Sophie became Archduchess of Austria by marriage to Archduke Franz Karl of Austria. Her eldest son, Franz Joseph, reigned as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary; her second son, Maximilian, briefly reigned as Emperor of Mexico.
The fourth child of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria and Princess Caroline of Baden, Princess Sophie Friederike Dorothea Wilhelmine was born on 27 January 1805 in Nymphenburg Palace, Munich. She was said to be her father’s favorite daughter although she was more attached to her mother, whom she loved dearly. Sophie adored her twin sister Maria Anna and was very close to all her sisters.
On 4 November 1824, she married Archduke Franz Karl of Austria. Her paternal half-sister, Caroline Augusta of Bavaria, had married the groom's widowed father, Francis II, in 1816. Sophie and Franz Karl had six children. Emperor Francis II was truly fond of Sophie. Although Sophie had little in common with her husband, she was a caring and devoted wife to Franz Karl who loved and respected her.[1]
Unlike her husband, Sophie was attached to all of her children, especially Franz Joseph, as well as Ferdinand Maximilian, who was her favorite son. She had a reputation for being strong-willed and authoritarian by nature but she was also known as a familiar and sociable person devoted to her family and the Habsburg empire she married into. She enjoyed court life, dance, art and literature as well as horse riding.[2]
Her ambition to place her oldest son on the Austrian throne was a constant theme in Austrian politics.[3] At the time she was called "the only man at court".[4] During the Revolution of 1848, she persuaded her somewhat feeble-minded husband to give up his rights to the throne in favour of their son Franz Joseph.[5]
After Franz Joseph's accession, Sophie became the power behind the throne. Historically, Sophie is remembered for her extremely adversarial relationship with Franz Joseph's wife Sisi, who was also her niece. Elisabeth hated Sophie for being demanding and the upbringing of Elisabeth's children, but there is no evidence that the Archduchess had the same feelings, as Elisabeth is usually described quite pleasantly in Sophie's diary and letters. Nonetheless, she had better relationships with her other daughters-in-law and was a caring mother-in-law to Archduchess Maria Annunziata.
Sophie kept a detailed diary most of her life, which reveals much about Austrian court life. She was deeply affected in 1867 by the execution in Mexico of her second son Maximilian. She never recovered from that shock, and withdrew from public life. She died from pneumonia in 1872.
She was also noted for her close relationship with Napoleon II, who lived at the Austrian Court as the Duke of Reichstadt. There were rumors of a sexual affair between them. There was even suspicion that Maximilian, born two weeks before Reichstadt's death in 1832, was actually his child. These claims were never verified, but it is certain that they were very good friends and that his death affected her very much. She is said to have turned into the hard, ambitious woman described in fiction after he died.
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 August 1830 | 21 November 1916 | Succeeded as Emperor of Austria Married his first cousin Elisabeth, Duchess in Bavaria, and had issue | ||
| 6 July 1832 | 19 June 1867 | Proclaimed Emperor of Mexico Executed by firing squad Married Charlotte, Princess of Belgium, and had no issue | ||
| 30 July 1833 | 19 May 1896 | Married: 1) his first cousin Margaretha, Princess of and Duchess in Saxony (1840–1858) from 1856 to 1858, no issue 2) Maria Annunziata, Princess of the Two Sicilies (1843–1871) from 1862 to 1871, had issue (three sons and one daughter) 3) Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal (1855–1944), from 1873 to 1896, had issue (two daughters). He was the father of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, whose assassination in 1914 sparked World War I.Through his son Archduke Otto Franz, Archduke Karl Ludwig was also the grandfather of Austria's last Emperor, Charles I. Through his daughter Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie, Archduke Karl Ludwig is an ancestor of the House of Liechtenstein. | ||
| 27 October 1835 | 5 February 1840 | Died in childhood | ||
| Stillborn son | 24 October 1840 | 24 October 1840 | ||
| 15 May 1842 | 18 January 1919 | Died unmarried |