Sophia Bekele Explained

Sophia Bekele
Birth Name:Sophia Bekele Eshete
Birth Place:Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Alma Mater:San Francisco State University (BSc.)
Golden Gate University (M.B.A.)
Occupation:Entrepreneur, Businesswoman, Corporate Executive, ConsultantFounder, CEO of CBS International (CBSegroup)
  • Founder, CEO of DCA Group
  • Founder, CEO of CBSegroup
  • Founder, and CEO of SbCnet
Notable Works:Ethiopian Parliament Bid, IDNs, .africa, Miss.Africa Digital
Years Active:1990–present

Sophia Bekele Eshete (Amharic: ሶፍያ በቀለ; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) is an entrepreneur, corporate executive, governance and risk management specialist, policy advisor on ICT, commentator and philanthropist.[1] [2]

As an entrepreneur, Bekele has founded and run various companies and initiatives. She is presently the founder and Executive Director of DotConnectAfrica (DCA) Group based in Mauritius and Kenya. She is the founder of a 6 year "Yes2dotAfrica" global awareness campaign, for re-branding Africa using the .africa top-level internet domain name[3] [4] [5] and founder and CEO of tech start-ups, CBSegroup in California and SbCommunications Network (SbCnet) plc, based in Addis Ababa.[6] [7] [8] [9] Aside from her entrepreneurship ventures, Bekele worked for multinational Fortune 500 Companies in the US.[10] [11]

She has frequently been quoted in the media for her views, as well as spoken regularly on international forums[12] [13] [14] [5] and made public affairs commentary through published articles[15] [16]

Early life and family

Bekele is the daughter of Ato Bekele Eshete Wolde Michael a founder and former Board Director of United Bank,S.C and United Insurance,S.C in Ethiopia and Sister Mulualem Beyene Engida, a medical nurse. She attended a private Catholic high school, and then traveled to America to acquire her higher education.[17] [18] [19]

Higher education

Bekele holds a Bachelor's Degree in Business Analysis and Information Systems from San Francisco State University and a Master of Business Administration from Golden Gate University.[20] [21]

She is a Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA), Certified Control Specialist (CCS), and certified in the Governance of Enterprise IT (CGEIT), certifications issued to professionals in the field of IS Audit, Security & Enterprise IT governance principles and practices.[22]

Honorary mentions

In 2023, Bekele was also recognized and awarded as the "10 Most Powerful Women Leaders in Business to Follow, 2023, by US based Success Pitchers Magazine selecting her for their cover feature story as a "Serial Lifestyle Techprenure, changing lives and businesses through innovation".[23] In 2022, She was enlisted as one of the "100 Most Influential African Women Leaders & Pioneers"  by the Leading African PR & Rating firm, Avance Media, noting "Sophia is among the Most Influential African Women, working to inspire the continent through her Excellence business leadership and performance, Personal accomplishments, her commitment to sharing knowledge and her continuous effort to break the gender digital divide in Africa".[24] In 2021, Bekele was dubbed as "Women of Influence" Honoree, by Silicon Valley Business Journal, which celebrates women of outstanding achievement in their industry and community.[25] In 2021 CEO Today Africa Awarded her for exceptional business leadership and growth, and those individuals who shine as examples of excellence when faced with unprecedented challenges.[26] In 2018, Bekele received a Champion of Development Award by the AfricaLink Solidarity Awards in Switzerland for her work on Miss.Africa Digital program, which enables young women and girls to benefit from training opportunities or financial grants administered via annual competition.[27] [28] [29] [30] In 2017 the UN ITU and UN Women also recognized her for the same, as Miss.Africa was named finalist by the Equals in Tech Awards.[31] [32] The same year, the CIO East Africa recognized Bekele as an "Industry Trailblazer" and "Internet Governance Pioneer [33] [34] In 2013, she was named as "leading ladies in Africa's ICT sector" by Bloomberg TV,[35] [36] [37] [38] In the same year she was listed among the "50 Trailblazers – A future made in Africa" by the UK's NewAfrican Magazine, an IC Publications group, which published a "Collector's Edition" that coincided with the continent's 50th anniversary celebrations of the African Union".[39] In 2005, Bekele was presented with a Paul Harris Fellow award for her contributions in the various works of International Rotary Clubs [40]

Public service

In public service to various organizations, Bekele was appointed in 2018 as a founding advisory member to the EurAfrican Forum Board.[41] Elected to the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Council of the gNSO (Generic Names Supporting Organization), a body that advised on global internet policy on domain names in 2005[42] [43] Co-Founded and served as a director on the Internet Society ISOC San Francisco chapter based in San Francisco in 2008.[44] Bekele represented the private sector in discussions about ICT and the economic development of Africa while on the UN-ICT Taskforce and UNECA-sponsored African Information Society Initiative (AISI) in 2002.[45] [46] and appointed in 2003 on the UNECA sponsored East African Representative to the African Regional Network (ARN). Bekele has advised to the Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development (UNGAID) and the joint initiative of United Nations Public Administration Network and International Telecommunication Union (UNPAN/ITU) in 2009, representing the private sector in discussions about Public Private Partnerships (PPP), e-government and MDG implementation.[47] She was elected for two terms to serve on the Golden Gate University's alumni Board.[48] [49] [50] [51] [52]

Career

Bekele was recruited out of college by Bank of America and later held managerial positions with UnionBanCal Corporation and PriceWaterhouseCoopers working in Information Security.[48]

Entrepreneurship

In 2006, Bekele founded DotConnectAfrica, a private Trust organization, which she formed to champion Internet access in Africa and serve as a platform to realize charitable projects aimed at giving back to the community such as the miss.africa and the generation.africa program to empower girls and young people in Africa in the field of technology.[53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] She soon set up DCA Registry to apply for the .africa Internet Top Level Domain Name at ICANN in 2012. In 2021,  she reorganized the DCA Trust under DCA Group to serve as CSR while the DCA Group started offering technology related products and service.[59]

Previously, she set up and run CBS International, currently, CBSegoup, a California based company, focused on technology transfer to emerging economies to provide international technology procurement, project-based capacity building, technological project management, internet/intranet systems integration and Internet related solutions. Concurrently she launched SbCommunications Network, plc, (SbCnet) based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia which specialized in systems integration, technology integration and support services. Through her two companies, she bid and successfully commissioned international contracts for building large scale projects including information technology infrastructure for the Organization of African Unity (AU) General Secretariat and an e-government Internet-working project initiative, sponsored by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) for the Ethiopian parliament, House of Peoples' Representatives and House of Federation. Both projects involved the implementation of a complex fiber-optic-based campus wide area network and an integrated data networking infrastructure. Her companies CBSegroup handled technological inputs and services procurement from US, while SbCnet provided strategic technology integration services and field management[60] [61]

International Domain Names (IDNs)

During her tenure at ICANN from 2005-2007 and the Council of the GNSO (Generic Names Supporting Organization), Bekele was among those who initiated a policy dialogue over IDNs as well as developing the framework for leading a language group to introduce IDNs under which new Internet Domain names in Arabic, Cyrillic, Russian, Chinese and non-Latin alphabets will become available, thereby providing non-English/non-Latin language native speakers an opportunity to access and communicate on the Internet in their native languages. This global IDN group, called International Domain Resolution Union (IDRU) gave a testimonial to Bekele's work over IDNs.[62] [63] The IDNs are now introduced by ICANN under the auspices of the current new GTLD program[64] [65] [66]

.africa

In 2006, while at ICANN, Bekele turned her focus to initiate and champion the .africa – a new generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD) for the Africa geographic name.[67] [64] [65] [66] The project has been introduced and is now delegated for operation under ICANN's new gTLD programme.

Bekele started the DotAfrica initiative following experiences gained from her work as gNSO advisor to ICANN. Bekele made a clear case for a DotAfrica (.africa) gTLD for Africa within ICANN and also the global Internet Community on behalf of the global African and Pan-African constituency. She soon led the .africa initiative with DotConnectAfrica introducing it to the Pan-African inter-governmental organizations – the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and the African Union Commission (AUC) and received endorsement for DCA. Enterprise Technology Magazine called her "Sophia Bekele: Champion of .africa initiative" [68] CIO East Africa calling her views "controversial" on who should run gTLDs, saying "Sophia Bekele has been in the news if not for promoting DotConnectAfrica's bid for the DotAfrica geographical gTLD for the past three years, then in a controversial statement about the same":

As the CEO of the DCA Registry Services Limited based in Kenya, Bekele had led a multi-national team of experts to prepare and submit an application for the DotAfrica (.AFRICA) generic Top-Level Domain. DotConnectAfrica has already submitted an application in May 2012 for the .africa (pronounced as 'DotAfrica') geographic name string to the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) [69]

Philanthropy

Miss.Africa Digital

In 2007, Bekele initiated and launched the Miss.Africa Digital program as a gender-focused initiative primarily targeted at female youth audiences across the African continent. The program aims to increase girls' personal involvement in early technology use and adoption, with the goal of enhancing their digital self-awareness, empowerment, and bridging the economic divide through employment or entrepreneurship.[70] [71] The initiative was first launched and publicized during the ICANN gala event in Singapore and continued through ICANN Dakar.[72] In 2015, the Miss.Africa Annual Seed Fund competition program was inaugurated, running Africa-wide and providing grants to women and girls who have submitted original projects in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). The grant aims to support these women in launching or furthering their own initiatives. The program has been globally recognized as a finalist by the ITU and UN Women Equals in Tech Awards.[31] [32] Currently, the program is sponsored and administered by the DCA Digital Academy, which operates under the umbrella of DCA Trust, the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) arm of DCA Group. As of 2022, the seed-fund program has made a positive impact in 15 African countries.[73]

Overcoming challenges

Bekele's eight year .africa journey was not without challenges over the issues of accountability and transparency on the bid for .africa, including the African Union Commission(AUC) who allegedly disavowed the first endorsement they gave her organization DotConnectAfrica in 2009 to apply for the .africa gTLD,[74] to subsequently request for the same directly from ICANN, at the ICANN 42 International meeting held in Dakar Senegal from 23–28 October 2011.

AUC requested ICANN to include all similar name strings ".africa", ".afrique" and ".afriqia", in the list of "reserved names", to afford special legislative protection to the AUC to own these strings so as to make it unavailable to anyone, through a method of bypassing the formal application process of the ICANN's new generic top level domains (gTLDs). Bekele opposed to the AUC's request as it became known later that ICANN could not reserve the names for the AU, however ICANN did recommend to the AUC to use Government Advisory Committee to raise concerns that an applicant is seen as potentially sensitive or problematic, or to provide direct advice to the Board, so as to change the outcome of the gTLD.[75] AUC implemented the advice during the GAC objection period at the detriment of DCA and subsequently went ahead to directly endorsed another firm from SouthAfrica to apply to ICANN, who was also supported by its own AU Dotafrica Task Force.[76] [77] [78]

According to the public part of their application, the South African company submitted a "non-community" application to ICANN naming AUC as a "co-applicant" and giving the .africa registry and intellectual property rights to the AUC in a separate contract[79] These were later challenged through the DCA Vs ICANN IRP case overseen by the constituted .africa International Tribunal. On 9 July 2015, the .Africa IRP International Tribunal in its final declaration[109] ruled that DCA Trust, was the prevailing party. The Tribunal also recommended that ICANN continue to refrain from delegating the .AFRICA gTLD and permit DCA Trust's application to proceed through the remainder of the new gTLD application process. The Tribunal further declared that ICANN is to bear, pursuant to Article IV, Section 3, paragraph 18 of the Bylaws, Article 11 of Supplementary Procedures and Article 31 of the ICDR Rules, the totality of the costs of this IRP and the totality of the costs of the IRP Provider.[80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96]

Following July 2015 IRP ruling, Bekele Bekele's organization DCA Trust took ICANN to court over the way it handled the IRP declaration, on April 12, 2016. Following this, a United States District Court, Central District Of California - Western Division has granted a Preliminary Injunction for DotConnectAfrica, the decision for case no. 16-CV-00862 RGK (JCx) [PDF] [97] The ruling detailed among other things that The balance of equities tips in favor of granting the preliminary injunction.[98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] [105] [106] [107] [108] [109] This also follows a March 4, 2016 ruling which her organization was granted as an Ex Parte Application for Temporary Restraining Order (TRO), Interim Relief [PDF Case No: CV 16-00862 RGK (JCx)][110] that ICANN should hold off from delegating the .AFRICA top-level domain (TLD) to the competing application sponsored by the AUC - ZA Central Registry (ZACR).[111] [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [122] [123]

Since then, the case has been remanded from Federal court due to lack of jurisdiction. The Judge stated that in the event that DCA ultimately prevails in this action, the gTLD can be re-delegated.[124] [125] [126] The case will be set in a jury trial in 2019 [127] Ten years later after the legal dispute started,  the journey of .africa has gone through literally three courts in California, and a number of Judges had ruled in favor and also contrary to the case. Therefore, despite the multiple precedential wins on her battle over the .Africa Domain, unfortunately, the final outcome did not favor her organization.  Bekele lost the US court battle for .Africa in 2021  when the Appeals court affirmed Lower court's decision that  stopped her case from moving forward to a Jury trail without the merits being heard.[128] [129] [130]

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Uniting Africa through IT. Nation.co.ke. en.
  2. News: Sophia Bekele-Eshete: Restructuring Africa's Social, Political and Economic Landscape. Konnect Africa. en.
  3. Web site: Juliana Rotich, Jason Njoku, Alex Okosi, Sophia Bekele & Barrack [''sic''] Obama Named Top "50 African Trailblazers" By UK's NewAfrican Magazine ]. TechMoran . 2018-12-05.
  4. Web site: Announcing the birth of the dot.africa generation . The East African. 2018-12-05.
  5. Web site: Towards a Digital Africa -Page 42/43 . Diplomat East Africa Magazine. 2018-12-05.
  6. Web site: Africa domain attracts interest . https://web.archive.org/web/20121128201654/http://www.cio.co.ke/news/main-stories/Africa-domain-attracts-interest. dead. 2012-11-28. CIO East Africa. 2018-12-05.
  7. Web site: Sophia Bekele in conversation with Robert Wolf and Dante Paradiso . NYF Gabon. 2018-12-05.
  8. Web site: Next Up: NewDomains.Org Conference in Munich Next Week . The Domains. 2018-12-05.
  9. Web site: African domain gets a nod . The ItWeb . 12 August 2010. 2018-12-05.
  10. Web site: Internet Governance and the Policy Divide . Golden Gate University. 2018-12-05.
  11. Web site: Sophia Bekele-Eshete: Restructuring Africa's Social, Political and Economic Landscape. KonnectAfrica. 24 July 2014. 2018-12-05.
  12. Web site: UNESCO 3rd International Conference on Learning Cities, Cork, 18 – 20 September. UNESCO Learning Cities. 2018-12-05.
  13. Web site: New York Forum Africa Libreville, Gabon. NYF. 2018-12-05.
  14. Web site: 21st session of the UN Commission on Science and Technology for Development (CSTD). UNCTAD. 15 May 2018. 2018-12-05.
  15. Web site: ICANN is already under foreign government influence: the proof is in the pudding. The Hill. 30 September 2016. 2018-12-05.
  16. Web site: Sophia Bekele. CircleID. 2018-12-05.
  17. News: Fem Bosses: Sophia Bekele – Executive Director & Founder of DotConnectAfrica. Innov8tiv magazine. en.
  18. Web site: Diaspora Snatches Shares Back from Central Banks' Clutches. Addis Fortune. 2018-12-05.
  19. Web site: Keynote Remarks to Nazareth School from Ms. Sophia Bekele. EntSun News. 2019-01-08.
  20. News: Sophia Bekele: From model to tech entrepreneur. CapitalFM. en.
  21. News: The determined executive. The Reporter Ethiopia. en.
  22. Web site: KonnectAfrica Business Magazine. July 24, 2014. Okafor. Lovelyn . Sophia Bekele-Eshete: Restructuring Africa's Social, Political and Economic Landscape. July 28, 2014.
  23. Web site: The 10 Most Powerful Women Leaders in Business to Follow 2023 . 2023-06-30 . magazines.successpitchers.com.
  24. Web site: 100Women Avance Media Sophia Bekele . 2023-06-30 . en-US.
  25. Web site: 2021 Women of Influence Award:Silicon Valley Business Journal . Silicon Valley Business Journal. 2021-06-17.
  26. Web site: Sophia Bekele was honored with the CEO Today Africa Awards. . CEO Today magazine. 2021-06-30.
  27. Web site: 2018 Solidarity Awards: Africa Link Commended for Services . Africa Link. 2018-12-05.
  28. Web site: Sophia Bekele: 6th Winner of Africa Link Solidarity Award 2018 . Africa Link. 2018-12-05.
  29. Web site: Sophia Bekele honoured at 2018 Solidarity Awards for Miss.Africa digital initiative . AptanTech. 2018-12-05.
  30. Web site: Sophia Bekele honoured with Champion of Development Award at the 2018 AfricaLink Solidarity Awards in Switzerland. ITB. 12 October 2018. 2018-12-05.
  31. Web site: Meet the EQUALS in Tech Award finalists: the Miss.Africa Digital programme. ITU. 2018-12-05.
  32. Web site: Press release: Finalists announced for 2017 EQUALS in Tech Awards. UN Women. 2018-12-05.
  33. Web site: Meet Sophia Bekele: "Industry Trailblazer and Internet-Governance Pioneer" CIO EA May Edition 2017 (Page 34 of 44). CIO EA Direct. 2018-12-05.
  34. Web site: CIO Names Founder & CEO of DotConnectAfrica Sophia Bekele "Industry Trailblazer and Internet-Governance Pioneer". ITB Direct. 2018-12-05.
  35. Web site: Nov 26, 2013. Bloomberg TV Africa. "African Women to Watch" - Sophia Bekele on Bloomberg TV. Nov 24, 2013.
  36. Web site: Nov 29, 2013. CircleId Reporter. "African Women to Watch" - Sophia Bekele on Bloomberg TV. Nov 30, 2013.
  37. Web site: Internet News. Nov 30, 2013. DomainNewsAfrica, Evans Taylor. Sophia Bekele – Leading Change in Africa. Feb 17, 2014.
  38. Web site: December 2013. US-Africa Gateway. Tessema. Christos. African Women in Technology. Feb 17, 2014.
  39. Web site: DCA's Sophia Bekele named among "50 African Trailblazers" by NewAfrican Magazine=Techmoran. 2018-12-18.
  40. Web site: Profile. August 2012. Mary-Jane. Wagle. Betel. Bekele. Ethiopian Women Unleashed: Sophia Bekele Eshete . https://archive.today/20150409074723/http://www.ethiopianwomenunleashed.org/database/sophia-bekele-eshete/. dead. 2015-04-09. Feb 17, 2013.
  41. Web site: Advisory Board. Eurafrican Forum . 2018-12-18.
  42. Web site: ICANN Public Forum 25 June 2008 Paris, France.. ICANN . 2018-12-18.
  43. Web site: Nominees of the Committee. ICANN . 2018-12-18.
  44. Web site: 2008. ISOC SF Bay. Founding Members ISOC San Francisco Bay. 2018-12-18.
  45. Web site: UNECA. May 8, 1996. UNECA. Common Position for Africa's Digital Inclusion. June 14, 2012.
  46. Web site: UNECA. May 12, 2001. UNECA. Implementation of the African Information Society Initiative (AISI)812 (XXXI). June 14, 2012.
  47. Web site: Meeting of the African Technical Advisory Committee (ATAC) and African Members of the DOT Force. UNECA. 2019-01-05.
  48. Web site: Internet Governance and the Policy Divide . Golden Gate University. 2018-12-05.
  49. Web site: University Journal. 2010. Kay Kauffman. Prodigal Prodigy- Golden Gate University Alumni Magazine. Feb 17, 2014.
  50. News: Sophia Bekele: From model to tech entrepreneur. CapitalFM. en.
  51. Web site: From International IT Auditor to Global Entrepreneur Sophia Bekele. TandaaBiashara. 2018-12-18.
  52. Web site: Famous Golden Gate University Alumni. Ranker. 2018-12-18.
  53. Web site: Open Letter. Jan 18, 2011. ICANN. Open Letter for NITA-A preliminary case for an urgent need for .africa gTLD. Feb 17, 2014.
  54. Web site: Jun 25, 2008. ICANN. ICANN Public Forum . Feb 17, 2014.
  55. Web site: Andys Global View. Sep 7, 2007. Amglobal. Andrew Mack. In a world of .com and .org, why not .Africa?. Feb 17, 2014.
  56. Web site: Domain News. Dec 7, 2009. Name Talent, Mike Law. DotConnectAfrica Preparing to Launch .Africa. Feb 17, 2014.
  57. Web site: Domain News. Mar 22, 2010. RNW Africa Desk. A DotAfrica generation soon to be born. Feb 17, 2014.
  58. Web site: Domain News. Apr 26, 2010. BCNN5. Conference to Discuss .africa Domain Space. Feb 17, 2014.
  59. Web site: CEO Today - Africa Awards 2022 . 2023-07-10 . FlippingBook.
  60. Web site: Business Journal. Aug 5, 2001. The Capital. CBS wins OAU's largest IT project Part I. March 31, 2014.
  61. Web site: Business Journal. June 2013. NewAfrican Magazine. Recommendation for the work performed for the then OAU by Sophia Bekele's organizations by former Sierra Leonean Ambassador to Ethiopia . March 31, 2014.
  62. Web site: April 6, 2013. The Reporter Daily. An Ethiopian woman fighting for .africa, a new generic Top-Level Domain. Feb 14, 2014.
  63. Web site: September 2013. ICANN Wiki. Sophia Bekele ICANN Wiki . Feb 17, 2014.
  64. Web site: Policy. Nov 16, 2007. The Register, Cade Metz. ICANN speeds IDN ccTLDs. Feb 28, 2014.
  65. Web site: ICT Journal. Oct 30, 2009. CNET, Lance Whitney. ICANN approves non-Latin domain names. Feb 28, 2014.
  66. Web site: ICT Journal. Oct 21, 2013. The Domains, Michael Berkens. First 4 New gTLD's (ALL IDN's) Cleared By ICANN To Go To Delegation. Feb 28, 2014.
  67. Web site: April 6, 2013. The Reporter Daily. An Ethiopian woman fighting for .africa, a new generic Top-Level Domain. Feb 14, 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140805000639/http://thereporterethiopia.com/index.php/living-and-the-arts/lifestyle/item/324-an-ethiopian-woman-fighting-for-africa-a-new-generic-top-level-domain. August 5, 2014.
  68. Web site: Enterprise Technology. 2011-11-30. Joyce Tonda. Sophia Bekele, Ethiopian champion of the dot africa \initiative. 2012-06-02.
  69. Web site: ICANN. 2012-06-13. DCA. ICANN New gTLDs - Application Details. 2012-07-22.
  70. Web site: Miss.Africa announces winners of seed funding. Disrupt Africa . 2018-12-20.
  71. Web site: Miss.Africa Digital Announces the Winners for the 2018 Seed Fund round. TechMoran. 2018-12-20.
  72. Web site: DotAfrica (.africa) made History with ICANN in Singapore!. Prlog. June 30, 2011. DotConnectAfrica.
  73. Web site: CEO Today - Africa Awards 2022 . 2023-08-01 . FlippingBook.
  74. News: ITWeb Online. August 12, 2010. African domain gets a nod. August 20, 2012.
  75. Web site: ICANN. March 8, 2012 . CircleID, Sophia Bekele. Steve Crocker to Elham M.A. Ibrahim . May 1, 2014.
  76. Web site: Technology News. Dec 5, 2011. The East African, Mwaura Kimani. Internet war: Scramble for .africa domain as January deadline looms. Feb 17, 2014.
  77. Web site: Technology News. April 27, 2012. The Human IPO. Guest Post: Who deserves control of .africa gTLD?. https://web.archive.org/web/20140505113538/http://www.humanipo.com/news/277/guest-post-who-deserves-control-of-africa-gtld/. dead. May 5, 2014. May 1, 2014.
  78. Web site: Technology News. Oct 24, 2012. CircleID, Sophia Bekele. The "ICANN Africa Strategy" Is Not the Same as the 'African Agenda'. May 1, 2014.
  79. Web site: ICANN. April 2012 . CircleID, Sophia Bekele. Application ID: 1-1243-89583, ZA Central Registry NPC trading as Registry.Africa. May 1, 2014.
  80. Web site: The Register . July 15, 2015. Unredacted: ICANN's hidden role in fierce battle over .Africa rights .
  81. Web site: CIO East Africa . July 15, 2015 . DCA Trust wins .africa IRP, ICANN to pay over Kshs 60 million in costs . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150723131222/http://cio.co.ke/news/main-stories/dca-trust-wins-.africa-irp,-icann-to-pay-over-kshs-60-million-in-costs . July 23, 2015 .
  82. Web site: DomainNewsAfrica . July 15, 2015. ICANN loses .Africa case: IRP panel rules in favor of DCA .
  83. Web site: Ethioinfodesk . July 15, 2015 . Ethiopian Born Entrepreneur Sophia Bekele Wins .Africa Domain Name Accountability Suit Against ICANN . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150716001556/http://ethioinfodesk.com/ethiopian-born-entrepreneur-sophia-bekele-wins-africa-domain-name-accountability-suit-against-icann/ . July 16, 2015 .
  84. Web site: Domainmondo . July 15, 2015. DCA Trust IRP Decision: ICANN Failed the Global Internet Community .
  85. Web site: IpjJustice . July 15, 2015. ICANN Loses Independent Review Panel Decision For Unfairly Treating TLD Applicant & Improper Deference to Governments .
  86. Web site: TandaaBiashara . July 15, 2015 . Breaking: DotConnectAfrica Trust victorious on its challenge of ICANN Board over .africa . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150723124145/http://tandaabiashara.com/breaking-dotconnectafrica-trust-victorious-on-its-challenge-of-icann-board-over-dotafrica/ . July 23, 2015 .
  87. Web site: BNA . July 15, 2015. Review Panel Chides ICANN Board, Government Reps .
  88. Web site: The Register . Aug 5, 2015. Having been slammed and embarrassed, ICANN tells the world: We've done nowt wrong .
  89. Web site: Circleid . Aug 5, 2015. Will 2016 Politics Trump Bipartisan Support for the MSM and DOTCOM Act? .
  90. Web site: Domain-Recht.de . Aug 5, 2015. ICANN gibt DCA-Bewerbung zweite Chance. 21 July 2015 .
  91. Web site: CircleID . Aug 5, 2015. Rage Against the ICANN Machine.
  92. Web site: BBC Click . Aug 5, 2015. ICANN's dotAfrica Dispute.
  93. Web site: Fairwinds Partners . Aug 5, 2015. What Brands Need to Know About ICANN's Treatment of the .AFRICA Applications. 30 July 2015 .
  94. Web site: DomainNewsAfrica . Aug 5, 2015. "Case far from Closed" says BBC: Unsuccessful ICANN interview on .africa Cover up . 5 August 2015 .
  95. Web site: BBC Click . Aug 5, 2015. ICANN Accountability: "Creative Ambiguity" at Work in the ".AFRICA" Decision .
  96. Web site: DNA. Aug 5, 2015. .Africa IRP: The Transcript that cost ICANN – GAC's "Creative ambiguity, We leave things unclear so we don't have conflict".
  97. Web site: ICANN. April 19, 2016. DotConnectAfrica Trust v. ICANN Court Case, Order re: Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Injunction [PDF, 45 KB]]. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160507095825/https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/litigation-dca-icann-motion-prelim-injunction-12apr16-en.pdf. May 7, 2016.
  98. Web site: Bloomberg BNA. April 19, 2016. Judge Halts .Africa Domain; Lengthy Litigation Likely.
  99. Web site: Domainmondo. April 19, 2016. News Review: dotAFRICA, Public Interest, Judge Holds ICANN Accountable.
  100. Web site: ItBusinessDirect. April 19, 2016. "Yedaly Declaration" on .Africa dismissed by US Federal Court as Conflict of Interest!. 14 April 2016.
  101. Web site: TheRegister. April 19, 2016. I bless the reins down on .africa ... Dot-word injunction hits ICANN.
  102. Web site: DNA. April 19, 2016. .Africa: US Court grants Injunction to DCA Trust, says Balance of Equities tips in favor of DCA. 13 April 2016.
  103. Web site: ItWeb. April 19, 2016. .africa domain frozen by US court injunction . 14 April 2016.
  104. Web site: Aptantech. April 19, 2016. US Court grants DCA preliminary injunction, ICANN can't delegate dotAfrica domain .
  105. Web site: DomainIncite. April 19, 2016. It's open season on ICANN as judge rules new gTLD applicants CAN sue . 13 April 2016.
  106. Web site: HTXT. April 19, 2016. US court puts a halt on .africa domain.
  107. Web site: Bloomberg BNA. April 19, 2016. Applicant for .Africa Domain Challenges ICANN Litigation Waiver.
  108. Web site: DomainingAfrica. April 19, 2016. DCA Alive! Court Grants Preliminary Injunction on .Africa. 13 April 2016.
  109. Web site: BNSK Blog. April 19, 2016. Preliminary Injunction Issued Barring Delegation of .Africa Top-Level Domain Until Case Resolution. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160417231658/http://bnsklaw.com/brown-neri-smith-llp-blog/preliminary-injunction-issued-barring-delegation-of-africa-top-level-domain-until-case-resolution. April 17, 2016.
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  112. Web site: FinancialMail. April 19, 2016. Domain names: What's in a name?.
  113. Web site: Nation Media. April 19, 2016. Kenya, S.Africa domain row intensifies.
  114. Web site: Bloomberg BNA. April 19, 2016. New Delay for Long-Awaited.Africa Internet Domain.
  115. Web site: TrademarksandBrandsOnline. April 19, 2016. ICANN told to wait on .africa delegation .
  116. Web site: ITWebNews. April 19, 2016. .africa domain held up again. 9 March 2016.
  117. Web site: HTXT. April 19, 2016. .africa dispute will be in court on 4 April.
  118. Web site: DomainingAfrica. April 19, 2016. Court Bars ICANN from Delegating .Africa Pending Federal Court Hearing. 7 March 2016.
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  122. Web site: Aptantech. April 19, 2016. Delegation of DotAfricagTLD blocked, DCA gets relief from US Court .
  123. Web site: DomainMondo. April 19, 2016. US Federal Court Enjoins ICANN From Delegating New gTLD dot AFRICA .
  124. Web site: DomainNewsAfrica. April 4, 2017. .Africa domains Launch Begins, but litigation continues . 4 April 2017.
  125. Web site: CIO East Africa. March 17, 2017. .Africa gTLD redelegation possible if DotConnectAfrica wins case .
  126. Web site: TheRegister. March 17, 2017. Third time lucky: ICANN beats off .africa ban .
  127. Web site: TheRegister. March 17, 2017. Dot-Africa saga going to jury trial... thousands of miles away in America .
  128. Web site: DotConnectAfrica Trust v. ICANN (Appellate Court Proceedings – 2019-2021) - ICANN . 2023-07-10 . www.icann.org.
  129. Web site: 2022-02-24 . Ethiopian News The Reporter - #1 Top News Site In Ethiopia . 2023-07-10 . www.thereporterethiopia.com . en-US.
  130. Web site: Eight-Year Legal Battle Recap: DCA Blocked From Being Heard on Its Merit . 2023-07-10 . circleid.com . en.

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