Sool Explained

Sool
Native Name:
Settlement Type:Region
Mapsize:250px
Pushpin Map:Somaliland#Horn of Africa#Africa
Pushpin Map Caption:Location within Somaliland##Location within the Horn of Africa##Location within Africa
Pushpin Relief:1
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name: (partially controlled)[1]
Somalia (partially controlled)
Seat Type:Administrative centre
Seat:Las Anod
Leader Title:Governor (disputed since January 2023)
Leader Name:Abdikarim Adan Haji Diriye[2] [3]
Area Total Km2:39240
Population As Of:2019[4]
Population Total:618,600
Population Density Km2:auto
Timezone:EAT
Utc Offset:+3
Blank Name Sec2:HDI (2021)
Blank Info Sec2:0.338[5]
· 8th of 18

Sool (Somali: Sool, Arabic: صول) is one of the 18 regions of Somalia.Sool is located is the second largest region in north west Somalia after Sanaag[6] [7] [8] It borders Togdheer to the west, Sanaag to the north, Ethiopia to the south and Nugal, Bari to the east. Its capital city is Las Anod. The region is disputed by the self-declared Republic of Somaliland and SSC-Khatumo. The region is partially controlled by both, with ssc-khatumo conteolling three districts and the capital of the region while somaliland controlling only Caynabo district. polities.

History

From 1944 to 1974, the Sool region was formerly Las Anod district. It was one of three districts under British protection. The other two districts were the Burao and hargeysa districts.[9]

In 1974 most Sool was part of the larger Nugaal region, with its capital at Garowe. It was established as a separate region in 1984 with its capital at Las Anod.[10]

Territorial dispute

See main article: Somaliland-Puntland dispute.

Sool is disputed by Somaliland and Puntland. The former basis its claim on the British Somaliland protectorate borders, and the later on the territory inhabited by the Harti clan that established the state in 1998.[11] Khatumo State and its predecessor SSC Movement which rejected both claims also made attempts to establish a separate administration in the region.

In 2003, Puntland sent troops to Las Anod under the pretext of conflict mediation and occupied it outright. Somaliland and Puntland were in conflict west of Las Anod. In 2007, Somaliland took military control of Las Anod. Somaliland and Puntland were in conflict near Tukaraq. In 2018, the Somaliland army captured Tukaraq.[12] In April 2019, the Somaliland army took control of Taleh.[13] In May 2022 Somaliland captured Bo'ame, the last town in the region outside of Somaliland control.[14]

Las Anod conflict

See main article: Las Anod conflict (2023–present).

Due to the prolonged conflict between Somaliland and Puntland, many Dhulbahante and Warsangeli living in the region did not recognize the Sool region and eastern Sanaag, as either Somaliland or Puntland.[15] On 5 January 2023, Somaliland forces administered a brutal attack on the city of Las Anod after mass civil unrest in the city. This civil unrest was due to Somaliland being accused of murdering influential individuals that are native to Sool. After the people of Sool decided that they no longer recognize Somaliland as a genuine and capable state government that can rule without bias. This led to Somaliland attempting one of the most brutal genocide that took place in 2023, which started with shooting protestors, many of which were minors. After the civilian massacre the youth of the city armed themselves and were able to expel Somaliland from the city of Laascaanood. Somaliland then retrieved to its army base in Goojacade where they began to shell and bomb the city of Laascaanood for approximately 6 months killing civilians, shelling mosques, schools and residential homes indiscriminately. This continued up until the armed SSC resistance forces have captured majority of the weapon inventory of Somaliland and captured nearly on third of the Somaliland army, including high ranking generals and soldiers. [16] On October 19, the government of Somalia recognized the state of SSC-Khaatumo as a federal member.[17] Since the defeat of Somaliland troops in the base in Goojacde, much of Sool has been under the control of SSC-Khatumo.[18]

Demographics

The Eastern part of the Sool region is almost exclusively inhabited by Dhulbahante.[19] [20] [21] [22] Michael Walls reports:

"The residents of Sool overwhelmingly hail from a single clan grouping in the form of the Dhulbahante [...]. Sool boasts a degree of kinship homogeneity that is rare even in the Somali Horn".[23]
The Habr Je'lo clan of the Isaaq clan-family make up the vast majority of the population in western Sool, including the region's second largest town Aynaba,[24] as well as the wider Aynaba District.[25]

The Habr Yunis sub-division of the Garhajis Isaaq also inhabit the western parts of Hudun and Las Anod districts in northern Sool.[26]

The Dhulbahante sub-division of the Harti Darod clan primarily inhabits the Taleh, eastern Hudun and Las Anod districts in eastern Sool.[27] [28] [29] The Fiqishini sub-clan of the Habar Gidir Hawiye[30] integrated into Baho Nugaaled Dhulbahante,[31] inhabit the area around Adhi'adeye.[32] [33]

Somaliland Districts

The Sool region consists of 4 districts.[34]

District Grade Capital Comments Location
A Regional capital
AynaboB
C
C

Villages

See also

External links

8.3961°N 47.6914°W

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2023-10-18 . On the Horizon: October 2023-March 2024 Crisis Group . 2024-01-27 . www.crisisgroup.org . en . 19 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240119065144/https://www.crisisgroup.org/horizon-october-2023-march-2024 . live .
  2. Web site: Sool Governor Abdikarim Adan Haji Diriye in yagoori conference.. 28 January 2022. 21 October 2022. 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012162704/https://somalilandstandard.com/yagoori-peace-conference-for-the-fraternal-communities-concludes-successfully/. live.
  3. Web site: Gudomiyaha Gobalka sool Abdikarin Haji Diiriye koormeray taliska sool.. 24 February 2022. 21 October 2022. 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012162319/https://wargeyskadawan.com/2022/02/24/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sool-oo-kormeeray-taliska-booliska/. live.
  4. Web site: Somalia: Subdivision and cities . 2024-02-14 . www.citypopulation.de . 25 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240425194524/https://citypopulation.de/en/somalia/ . live .
  5. Web site: Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab. hdi.globaldatalab.org. en. 2018-09-13. 23 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/. live.
  6. Web site: June 22, 2022 . Catching up on human rights needs in Sool and Sanaag after four years . 2023-01-09 . 30 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220630153721/https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/catching-human-rights-needs-sool-and-sanaag-after-four-years . live .
  7. News: Detailed Site Assessment (DSA): Sool region, Somaliland (March 2022) . reliefweb.int . 2022-04-20 . 2022-12-07 .
  8. Web site: European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) Sool . 25 December 2023 . 25 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231225044318/https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia-2022/sool . live .
  9. Web site: Development map, roads, 1944 . 2022-03-17 . Library of Congress . 12 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012163142/https://www.loc.gov/resource/g8352bm.gct00214/?sp=16 . live .
  10. Web site: Somalia (1988). December 1988. CIA. 21 February 2007. 1 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160401150117/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia.jpg. live.
  11. Web site: Markus Virgil Hoehne . 2015 . Between Somaliland and Puntland . 2021-08-22 . 1 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200701124058/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Between%20Somaliland%20and%20Puntland%20by%20Markus%20Hoehne%20-%20RVI%20Contested%20Borderlands%20(2015)%20(1).pdf . live .
  12. News: 2018-05-25 . Somalia: Puntland and Somaliland forces clash in Tukaraq . 2021-07-31 . crisis24.garda.com . 14 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211114120811/https://crisis24.garda.com/fr/perspectives-renseignements/renseignements/alertes/tdbyn2gdcog2isdsm/somalia-puntland-and-somaliland-forces-clash-in-tukaraq-may-24-published-update-2 . live .
  13. News: 2019-04-04 . Somaliland Oo Xoog Kula Wareegtay Degmada Taleex Ee Gobolka Sool . 2021-05-16 . mareeg.com.
  14. Web site: 2022-05-18 . Ciidamada Somaliland oo qabsaday degmada Boocame ee Gobolka Sool . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20220622031614/https://puntlandpost.net/2022/05/18/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-qabsaday-degmada-boocame-ee-gobolka-sool/ . 22 June 2022 . 2022-06-13 . Puntland Post . en-US.
  15. Web site: Ahmed M. Musa . 2021 . Lasanod: City at the margins . 2021-11-28 . 14 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208003741/https://riftvalley.net/sites/default/files/publication-documents/RVI%202021.10.01%20Lasanod_City%20at%20the%20Margins_0.pdf . dead .
  16. Web site: 2023-01-31 . February Alerts and January Trends 2023 . 2024-01-27 . www.crisisgroup.org . en . 19 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240119064934/https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/february-alerts-and-january-trends-2023 . live .
  17. Web site: Somali Federal Government Recognizes New SSC-Khatumo Administration . 19 October 2023 . 8 December 2023 . 29 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231029191055/https://horseedmedia.net/somali-federal-government-recognizes-new-ssc-khatumo-administration-383891 . live .
  18. Web site: Somalia: SSC Forces Capture Somaliland's Goojacade military Base . 25 August 2023 . 8 December 2023 . 26 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230826043526/https://horseedmedia.net/somalia-ssc-forces-capture-somalilands-goojacade-military-base-381967 . live .
  19. The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland . Institute for Security Studies . 10 . 15 June 2021 . 20 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230420183636/http://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/P200.pdf . live .
  20. Hohne . Markus V. . 54173895 . Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia . Journal of Modern African Studies . 2006 . 44 . 3 . 405 . 10.1017/S0022278X06001820 .
  21. News: Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia . 20 September 2019 . Horn of Africa Bulletin . 20 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190920170225/http://www.life-peace.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/hab_2008_2.pdf . dead .
  22. International Crisis Group . Somaliland: The Strains of Success . 4 . 20 September 2019 . 12 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012163647/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/194148/b113-somaliland-the-strains-of-success.pdf . live .
  23. Web site: Walls . Michael . Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states? . Africa Research Institute . 20 September 2019 . 12 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231012162847/https://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/blog/sool-region-sovereign-ambiguity-vs-a-geopolitical-system-of-nation-states/ . live .
  24. Book: Renders, Marleen. Consider Somaliland : state-building with traditional leaders and institutions. 2012. BRILL. 978-90-04-22254-0. Leiden. 775301944. Eastern Sanaag and Sool had not been Egal’s priority. The president did not strictly need these regions to be under his military control in order to preserve and consolidate his position politically or in terms of resources.. 15 August 2021. 10 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200710110803/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/775301944. live.
  25. Web site: February 2016. EASO Country of Origin Information Report - Somalia Security Situation. 15 August 2021. 11 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230711180414/https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf. live.
  26. February 2016. EASO Country of Origin Information: Report Somalia Security Situation. European Asylum Support Office. 74. 15 June 2021. 9 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230309060935/https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1158113/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf. live.
  27. Web site: Walls. Michael. Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states?. 20 September 2019. Africa Research Institute. 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012162847/https://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/blog/sool-region-sovereign-ambiguity-vs-a-geopolitical-system-of-nation-states/. live.
  28. News: Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia. Horn of Africa Bulletin. 20 September 2019. 20 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190920170225/http://www.life-peace.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/hab_2008_2.pdf. dead.
  29. The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland. Institute for Security Studies. 10. 15 June 2021. 20 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230420183636/http://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/111689/P200.pdf. live.
  30. Book: Höhne, Markus Virgil. Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision. 2015. 978-1-907431-13-5. London. 99. 976483444.
  31. Political Orientations and Repertoires of Identification: State and Identity Formation in Northern Somalia, 2011, Markus Hoehne, p. 285, "Schlee (1994 [1989]: 223) confirmed that... Fiqishiini ’."
  32. News: 2016-05-11. Waqtiga Celeema saarka Sultaanka Beesha FIQISHINI oo la shaaciyey.. halgan.net. 2021-07-25. 12 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231012162704/https://halgan.net/2016/05/waqtiga-caleema-saarka-suldaanka-beesha-fiqishini-oo-la-shaaciyey-daawo/. live.
  33. News: 2016-05-17. Qaban-Qaabada Suldaanka Beesha Fiqishini Oo Laga Dareemayo Degmada Laascaanood Iyo Wufuud Kusii Qulqulaysa Adhicadeeye. laascaanood.com. 2021-07-25. 26 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230126075531/https://www.laascaanood.com/qaban-qaabada-suldaanka-beesha-fiqishini-oo-laga-dareemayo-bariga-somaliland-iyo-wufuud-kusii-qulqulaysa-adhicadeeyedaawo-sawiro/. dead.
  34. Web site: Sool Region. 30 December 2013. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060732/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/121024_Administrative_Map_Sool_A4.pdf. live.

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