Sonchus arvensis explained

Sonchus arvensis, the field milk thistle,[1] field sowthistle, perennial sow-thistle, corn sow thistle, dindle, gutweed, swine thistle, or tree sow thistle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. S. arvensis often occurs in annual crop fields and may cause substantial yield losses.[2]

Description

The plant grows up to in height,[3] with leaves NaNcm (-2,147,483,648inches) long and NaNcm (-2,147,483,648inches) wide.[4] It produces conspicuous yellow flowerheads about NaNcm (-2,147,483,648inches) wide, which are visited by various types of insects—especially hoverflies of the genus Eristalis.[5]

Distribution

Sonchus arvensis is native to Eurasia, where it is widespread across most of the continent.[6] It has also become naturalized in many other regions, and is considered an invasive noxious weed in some places, such as North America (including Prince Edward Island),[7] Russia, New Zealand, and Australia.[8] [9] [10]

It grows in areas such as pastures, roadsides, bushlands and the shorelines of lakes, rivers[11] and sea coast.[12]

A study conducted in 2003 has shown that with future global atmospheric carbon levels, S. arvensis shows increased growth with increased atmospheric carbon which could potentially expand its range and outcompete native species.[13]

Uses

The young leaves, when less than a few inches long and not bitter in taste, can be mixed with other greens to make salad. They can also be boiled in a small quantity of water, changed once. The plant can contain toxic nitrates.

External links

Notes and References

  1. http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Sonchus+arvensis Sonchus arvensis
  2. Web site: Sonchus arvensis (perennial sowthistle) . . 2019-11-19 . 2020-11-17.
  3. Book: Stace, C. A.. Stace, C. A.. 2019. New Flora of the British Isles. Fourth. C & M Floristics. Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.. 978-1-5272-2630-2.
  4. Book: Elias. Thomas S.. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. Dykeman. Peter A.. Sterling. 2009. 978-1-4027-6715-9. New York. 103. 244766414. 1982.
  5. 10.1111/plb.12328. Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers. Plant Biology. 56–62. 2015. Van Der Kooi . C. J.. Pen . I.. Staal . M.. Stavenga . D. G.. Elzenga . J. T. M.. 25754608 . 18. 1.
  6. http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=sonchus+arvensis Altervista Flora Italiana, Sonchus arvensis L.
  7. Web site: Guardian . The . 'Giant dandelion' taking up space in P.E.I. . . 2020-11-17.
  8. Web site: List of invasive species in the Great Lakes Great Lakes United / Union Saint-Laurent Grands Lacs . 2009-02-07 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090429205753/http://www.glu.org/en/node/199 . 2009-04-29 .
  9. Davidse, G., M. Sousa-Peña, S. Knapp & F. Chiang Cabrera. 2015. Asteraceae. 5(2): ined. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp & F. Chiang Cabrera (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
  10. http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:745646# Atlas of Living Australia
  11. https://weeds.dpi.nsw.gov.au/Weeds/Details/45 Corn sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis)
  12. Web site: Sonchus arvensis . Online Atlas of the British Flora . Biological Records Centre and Botanical society of Britain and Ireland . 17 November 2020 .
  13. Ziska . L. H. . 2003-01-02 . Evaluation of the growth response of six invasive species to past, present and future atmospheric carbon dioxide . Journal of Experimental Botany . en . 54 . 381 . 395–404 . 10.1093/jxb/erg027 . 0022-0957.

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