Sonangol Group Explained

Sociedade Nacional de Combustíveis de Angola E.P.
Trade Name:Sonangol
Type:Statutory corporation
Key People:Sebastião Gaspar Martins (Chairman and CEO)
Industry:Oil and gas industry
Revenue:US$ 10.9 billion
Revenue Year:2023
Owner:Government of Angola
Num Employees:13,000
Num Employees Year:2022
Location City:Luanda
Location Country:Angola

Group Sonangol (Portuguese: Grupo Sonangol) is a parastatal that formerly oversaw petroleum and natural gas production in Angola. The group consisted of Sonangol E.P. (Portuguese: Sociedade Nacional de Combustíveis de Angola, E.P.) and its many subsidiaries. The subsidiaries generally had Sonangol E.P. as a primary client, along with other corporate, commercial, and individual clients. In 2023, Sonangol produced 202,000 barrels of oil with an income of US$ 10.9 billion.[1]

History

Foundation

On the eve of Portuguese Angola's independence from Portugal following the Carnation Revolution and the election of a democratic government in Portugal in 1976, the company ANGOL (ANGOL Sociedade de Lubrificantes e Combustíveis SARL), founded in 1953 as a subsidiary of Portuguese company SACOR) was nationalized and split in two, forming Sonangol U.E.E. and Direcção Nacional de Petróleos. Directive 52/76 instituted Sonangol as a state-owned company with a mandate to manage the country's substantial petroleum industry. Using the extant remains of Texaco, Total, Shell and Mobil's oil works, Sonangol obtained the assistance of Algerian Sonatrach and of Italian Eni.

Expansion

As the company grew it had a need to obtain services, such as telecommunications services, retail network support, trucking, shipping, data management, scientific, engineering, seismic, and others. The company created subsidiaries to meet these needs. Sonangol and its many subsidiaries have continued to expand into other lines of business.

Oil giant Marathon Oil announced in September 2013 that it had agreed a deal in principle to sell a 10% stake in its offshore Angolan oilfield to Sonangol.

In December 2013, Sonangol acquired the exploration rights to five onshore oil blocks in Angola, which could be tendered for development at a later date.

Graft under the dos Santos family

The Centro de Convenções de Tatalona incident

Starting in 2006, Sonangol financed the construction of the Centro de Convenções de Talatona (CCTA), a convention center which was opened in December 2009 by President José Eduardo dos Santos. The CCTA included the five-star Hotel de Convenções de Talatona (HCTA), and in total cost Sonangol over US$ 200 million. Despite being the sole financier, Sonangol only held a 30% stake in the CCTA, which was majority held by Simaroco and also partially by Oil International Supply Services S.A. (OISS) and a Chinese investor. Simaroco was founded in 2005 by José Carlos de Castro Paiva, then chairman of Sonangol Limited in London and Sonangol's representative on the board of directors of the Banco Africano de Investimentos. OISS was owned in part by Alberto Cardoso Severino Pereira, Sonangol's former financial director, and lawyer Domingos de Assunção de Sousa de Lima Viegas, who was also employed by Sonangol and was Sonangol’s representative on the auditing committee of the BAI. In effect, this transferred millions of dollars worth of assets held by a state entity into private hands.[2] [3]

A ten-year, a US$ 12 million contract for management of the HCTA was then awarded to Dream's Leisure, a company created thirteen days prior to the issuing of the contract, which was owned by Manuel Vicente, then chairman of the board of directors of Sonangol; Francisco Maria de Lemos, financial director of Sonangol; and Orlando Veloso, director of the engineering department. The terms of this contract stipulated that Sonangol would compensate Dream's Leisure for any net losses incurred through management of the hotel. Furthermore, the contract forbade Sonangol to transfer any third-party rights without approval from Dream's Leisure. In the opinion of Rui Verde, a lawyer and legal expert of anti-corruption watchdog Maka Angola, "the contract clearly encourages Dream's Leisure to inflate costs and declare losses, in order to plunder the State as much as possible."

The Exem Energy incident

In 2006, a company named Exem Energy BV acquired, in exchange for a US $11 million loan from Sonangol, a 6% stake in multibillion dollar Portuguese international energy company Galp Energia worth US$ 750 million through shares in holding companies Amorim Energia, which holds a 33.45% share in Galp, and Esperaza, which holds a 45% stake in Amorim. Exem Energy BV was controlled and 40% owned by Sindika Dokolo, who was the husband of President dos Santos's daughter Isabel dos Santos.

This move was later described in 2020 as "tainted by illegality" by a Dutch international arbitration tribunal in Amsterdam, "to reap an extraordinary financial gain to the detriment of Sonangol and, consequently, of the State of Angola," which froze Exem's assets, ruling in favor of a legal complaint by Sonangol that Exem owes them the shares back because of the corrupt way in which they were acquired.[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

Unaccounted-for billions

In December 2011, Human Rights Watch said that the government of Angola should explain the whereabouts of US$32 billion missing from government funds linked to Sonangol. A December 2011 report by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) said that the government funds were spent or transferred from 2007 through 2010 without being properly documented in the budget.[9] The IMF was assured that most of $32 billion was being used for "legitimate government reasons" and considered to be "found".[10]

Isabel dos Santos

In June 2016, President dos Santos removed the entire board of Sonangol, and installed his daughter Isabel dos Santos as chairwoman of the company, to "ensure transparency and apply global corporate-governance standards".[11] This led to many accusations of corruption and nepotism. One year later, Maka Angola reported that Isabel dos Santos demanded, with threat, that the Ministry of Finance inject three billion US$, claiming it was necessary to rescue Sonangol from immediate bankruptcy, though this was not granted.[12]

Isabel and her inner circle were paid salaries, described in one indictment as "exorbidant renumerations," that cost Sonangol over US$ 13 million in 14 months between 2016 and 2017, with her own monthly salary set at more than US$ 50,000.[13]

In November 15, 2017, the new President of Angola, João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço, dismissed both Isabel and the entire board of directors under her and named Carlos Saturnino Guerra Sousa e Oliveira as the Sonangol chairman.[14] An internal audit later revealed that after she had been dismissed, Isabel had transferred US $38 million of the company's funds to the Dubai based company Ironsea (later renamed Matter),[15] which was only created by herself and her friend, Mário Leite da Silva, earlier that year. In total, Ironsea/Matter charged Sonangol more than US$ 130 million.[16]

Isabel fled to Dubai to avoid arrest in Angola, and in 2022 Interpol issued a red notice towards her.[17] She is accused of crimes including abuse of power, abuse of trust, embezzlement, forgery of documents, influence peddling, money laundering, and tax fraud. She was convicted of embezzling €52.6 million from Sonangol in June 2023.[18]

Privatization and streamlining

In February 2019, the National Oil, Gas and Biofuel Agency (ANPG) was created to take over regulation and promotion of the Angolan petroleum industry from Sonangol. ANPG was given the power to supervise Sonangol, and became the new national concessionaire. In this regard, ANPG now controls who wins licenses to explore for petroleum, and awards contracts for production.[19]

In May 2019, Carlos e Oliveira was sacked[20] and replaced by Sebastião Gaspar Martins as head of the company.[21]

In July 2019, President Lourenço canceled the Dream's Leisure contract, returning control of the Talatona hotel to the state.

In April 2020, the Ministry of Finance began conducting a pruning of Sonangol's other functions, including a selling of its peripheral businesses such as its ventures in aviation, banking, hotels, and real estate, many of which were built during the regime of the dos Santos family. Sonangol will refocus on its core business: the prospecting, drilling, and sale of petroleum. Finally, Sonangol is to undergo a partial privatization, making 30% of shares of itself available for purchase by 2027. These reforms are aimed at transforming Sonangol from being both regulating body and oil producer into a corporate entity overseen by a separate state entity, though it will remain majority state owned.[22] [23]

Organization

Sonangol Group has operated in offices around the world and owned outright or owned sizable shares of dozens of subsidiary and joined venture companies around the world. As of 2024, the company is currently in the process of selling off many of its non-core assets.

Main headquarters

Sonangol's main corporate headquarters are in the Sonangol Building located on Rua Rainha Ginga, No 29-31 in the commercial Baixo neighborhood of the Ingombota district in Luanda. The Sonangol Building was built in 2005, designed by Chinese architect Sung-ho Hang. 2,000 people are employed in the building.[24]

Trading offices

Sonangol Asia Limited

Sonangol Asia Limited (Sonasia)[25] is a subsidiary trading company headquartered in Singapore which has been in operation since 2005.[26] Its head offices are located in the Centennial Tower in Singapore's Downtown Core.[27] [28]

Sonangol Limited

Sonangol Limited is Sonangol's European trading subsidiary in the United Kingdom. Its 9,000 square foot head office is located on Brompton Road in the Knightsbridge district of London.[29] [30]

Sonangol USA

Sonangol USA, or Sonusa, is Sonangol's trading company in the United States. since November 12th, 1997.[31] Its 40,000 square foot headquarters are on Enclave Parkway in the Energy Corridor of Houston, Texas.

Holding companies

Energy, oil, and petrochemicals

Angoflex

Established in 2002 as a joint venture between Sonangol (30%) and Technip Angola (70%), Angoflex is a manufacturer of submarine umbilicals and pipelines for the oil industry, with clients such as BP, Chevron, Eni, Exxon, and Total.[39] In 2019, Angoflex celebrated its 500th kilometer of umbilicals produced.[40]

ENACOL

Empresa Nacional de Combustíveis, SARL (ENACOL) is owned by Sonangal (32.5%), Petrogal (32.5%), the government of Cape Verde (29.3%), and other minor partners. It markets, stores, and distributes petrochemicals in Cape Verde. It is headquartered in Mindelo, São Vicente.[41]

Projecto Solar Quilemba

In 2021, Sonangol joined forces with French company Total Eren and Angolan company Greentech to build a photovoltaic electricity plant in Lubango, with Sonangol possessing a 30% stake and Total Eren with a 51% majority.[42]

Pumangol

Pumangol is a network of 79 retail fuel stations and airport and marine fuel terminals formerly belonging to Swiss oil company Puma Energy. Sonangol acquired Pumangol and other assets in April 2021 when it sold its stake in Puma Energy to Trafigura in April 2021 for $600 million, then purchased Puma's assets in Angola for the same amount. Pumangol owns 79 fuel stations, fuel terminals in four airports, and the Terminal de Combustíveis da Pumangol em Luanda (TCPL) in Luanda Bay.[43]

Sonadiets

Sonadiets Limitada is a Luanda-based joint venture between Sonangol (30% stake) and international energy firm Dietsmann (70%).[44] Sonadiets provides operational and maintenance support for the petrochemical industry, as well as workforce training. Its clients include Sonangol subsidiaries as well as Total, ExxonMobil, and Eni.[45]

Sonagás

Sonangol Gás Natural (Sonagás) develops and distributes natural gas. Sonagás has a 22.8% stake in Angola LNG, a major liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant near Soyo, along with its partners Cabinda Gulf Oil Company (a subsidiary of Chevron), BP, Eni, and Total.[46]

In 2017, Sonagás became the exclusive supplier of liquified natural gas to the Empresa Nacional de Combustíveis e Óleos (ENCO), the national gas company of São Tomé and Príncipe.

In 2024, Afreximbank announced plans to open a fertilizer factory in Angola, with Sonagás owning a 10% stake and responsibilities for supply of gas to the factory.

Sonamer

Sonamer is an oil and natural gas well drilling company established in 1998 between Sonangol (49%) and Pride International (51%), specializing in deep and ultra-deep waters. It is registered to a post office box in Nassau, Bahamas.[47] It operates a fleet of drillships including the Pride Africa and Pride Angola.[48]

Sonangalp

Sonangalp Limitada is a fuel and lubricant distribution company formed in 1994 in partnership with Petrogal.[49] It is one of the three main subsidiary companies through which Galp Energia operates in Angola.[50]

Sonangol-Congo

In 1998, Sonangol incorporated a subsidiary in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo[51] as a 60-40 joint venture with Zimbabwean company COMIEX,[52] with the Congolese Minister of State, Pierre-Victor Mpoyo, as its first CEO.[53] Sonangol later increased its stake to 75%. Sonangol Congo focuses on the importing, marketing, storage, transportation of refined oil products in the DRC. It is Angola's largest commercial enterprise in the DRC.[54]

Sonangol Distribuidora

Sonangol Distribuidora is a downstream petroleum product distribution subsidiary of Sonangol. It operates numerous retail gasoline stations. In 2018, Sonangol Distribuidora employed 910 workers.[55]

In 2021, an unnamed former Sonangol Distribuidora CEO was charged with taking bribes from Trafigura and its CEO Mike Wainwright during the dos Santos presidency, gaining the latter profits of profits of US$ 143.7 million between 2009 and 2011.[56]

Sonangol P & P

Sonangol Pesquisa e Produção (Sonangol P&P) is an oil exploration and production arm of the Sonangol group.

Sonangol Starfish Brasil P & P

Sonangol Starfish Brasil P & P produces and explores for oil in Brazil. Sonangol purchased Starfish Oil and Gas in 2010.[57]

Sonasing

Sonasing was founded in 1999 as a 50-50 joint venture between Sonangol and SBM Production. It treats crude oil for export.

Sopor

Sopor is a Portuguese fuel and refined petrochemical distributor established in 1990, owned by Sonangol (49%) and Petrogal (51%).

Technip Angola

Established in 1999 as a joint venture between Sonangol and Technip, Technip Angola provides engineering services to the oil industry, including those of its subsidiary, Angoflex.

Construction and shipyards

Logistics, shipping, and freight

Real estate and finance

Technology and telecommunications

Tourism and hospitality

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Sonangol celebrates 48 years with focus on onshore exploration . 2024-08-14 . Embassy of the Republic of Angola in South Africa.
  2. Web site: Morais . Rafael Marques de . Rafael Marques (journalist) . 2012-05-22 . Hotel Talatona and the Scavangeing of Sonangol . 2024-08-14 . en-GB . 2024-03-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240303114114/https://www.makaangola.org/2012/05/hotel-talatona-and-the-scavangeing-of-sonangol/ . live .
  3. Web site: 2019-07-31 . Estado recupera Hotel Convenções de Talatona . 2024-08-14 . Novo Jornal . pt . 2022-05-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220513175712/https://novojornal.co.ao//economia/interior/estado-recupera-hotel-convencoes-de-talatona-74758.html . live .
  4. News: Garside . Juliette . Pegg . David . Osborne . Hilary . 2020-01-19 . Revealed: how Angolan ruler's daughter used her status to build $2bn empire . 2024-08-18 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
  5. News: Browning . Noah . Goncalves . Sergio . Dutch court rules against Dos Santos in oil asset case - lawyers . 17 August 2024 . Reuters.
  6. Web site: Alecci . Scilla . 2021-02-10 . Angola asks Dutch court to seize Isabel dos Santos-linked stake in energy firm - ICIJ . 2024-08-18 . . en-US.
  7. Web site: Fitzgibbon . Will . Dalby . Douglas . 2020-09-19 . Dutch court orders key business associate of Isabel dos Santos removed pending investigation - ICIJ . 2024-08-18 . . en-US.
  8. News: Browning . Noah . 8 February 2021 . Exclusive: Angola moves to seize Dos Santos-linked asset in Dutch court . 8 August 2024 . Reuters.
  9. https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/20/angola-explain-missing-government-funds Human Rights Watch - Angola: Explain Missing Government Funds
  10. News: Wroughton . Lesley . 2012-01-25 . IMF finds most of Angola's missing $32 bln . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140816035149/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE80O00O20120125?sp=true . 2014-08-16 . 13 August 2012 . Reuters.
  11. Web site: 2016-06-03 . All in the family: Angola president picks eldest daughter to head state oil firm, western firms scramble for contracts . 2016-06-03 . MG Africa . 2017-02-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170216103334/http://mgafrica.com/article/2016-06-03-all-in-the-family-angola-president-picks-eldest-daughter-to-head-state-oil-firm-western-firms-scramble-for-contract . live .
  12. Web site: Morais . Rafael Marques de . 2017-06-01 . Sonangol on the Brink . 2024-08-14 . en-GB . 2024-02-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240227230504/https://www.makaangola.org/2017/06/sonangol-on-the-brink/ . live .
  13. Web site: 2024-01-15 . Isabel dos Santos' team at Sonangol cost 13.1 million dollars in 14 months . 2024-08-17 . VerAngola . en.
  14. Web site: Mukuta . Coque . 2017-11-15 . Oposição recebe com naturalidade demissão de Isabel dos Santos . 2024-08-17 . Voice of America . pt.
  15. News: 2018-03-05 . Angola's Isabel dos Santos denies graft allegations by oil firm chief . Reuters.
  16. Web site: 2024-01-15 . Isabel dos Santos accused of 12 crimes in the process involving Sonangol management . 2024-08-17 . VerAngola . en.
  17. News: November 30, 2022 . Interpol confirms red notice for Angolan billionaire Isabel dos Santos . . 2024-08-13 . 2023-06-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230609061448/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/interpol-confirms-red-notice-angolan-billionaire-isabel-dos-santos-2022-11-30/ . live .
  18. Web site: 2023-06-21 . Isabel dos Santos convicted of illegally embezzling 52.6 million euros from Sonangol . 2024-08-17 . VerAngola . en.
  19. News: February 8, 2019 . Angola's National Oil and Gas Agency is now official . May 7, 2022 . Energy Capital & Power . none . May 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220525100612/https://energycapitalpower.com/angolas-national-oil-and-gas-agency-is-now-official/ . live .
    Web site: 2022 . Presidential Decree No. 49/19 creating the National Agency for Oil, Gas and Biofuel (ANPG). FAOLEX Database . May 7, 2022 . FAO.org . May 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220508012715/https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC184689 . live .
  20. Web site: 17 May 2019 . Sonangol's head rolls . 2024-08-17 . Africa Confidential . en.
  21. Web site: Gonçalves . Inês . Gaspar Martins reconduzido como CEO da Sonangol . 2024-08-17 . Jornal de Negocios . pt-PT.
  22. Web site: Ayuk . NJ . 2023-07-04 . Angola’s Sonangol’s Journey Towards Partial Privatization and Shifting Mission - African Energy Chamber . 2024-08-13 . African Energy Chamber . en-US . 2024-08-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240813123703/https://energychamber.org/angolas-sonangols-journey-towards-partial-privatization-and-shifting-mission/ . live .
  23. News: Almeida . Henrique . Mendes . Candido . 2022-09-01 . Angola Plans to Sell Stake in National Oil Firm Sonangol by 2027 . 2024-08-13 . Bloomberg.com . en.
  24. News: 7 September 2005 . Angola: Sonangol New Head Office to Employ Over 2,000 People . 16 August 2024 . allAfrica.
  25. Book: Angola Energy Sector Handbook . 2011-07-08 . USA International Business Publications . 9781438701660 . 1.
  26. Web site: 2024-08-16 . ANGOLA : Lourenço follows dos Santos asset trail to Singapore - 30/03/2021 . 2024-08-16 . Africa Intelligence . en.
  27. Web site: SONANGOL ASIA LIMITED . 16 August 2024 . Singapore Business Directory.
  28. Book: Stephens, Sian . Sonangol: Angola’s Charm Offensive . 1 March 2016 . . 13 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240813103749/https://resourcegovernance.org/publications/sonangol-angolas-charm-offensive . 13 August 2024 . live.
  29. Book: Stephens, Sian . Sonangol: Angola’s Charm Offensive . 1 March 2016 . . 13 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240813103749/https://resourcegovernance.org/publications/sonangol-angolas-charm-offensive . 13 August 2024 . live.
  30. Web site: A brand new office for Sonangol London . 2024-08-17 . Peldon Rose . en.
  31. Web site: Contact Us . 17 August 2024 . Sonangol USA.
  32. News: Burgis . Tom . Sevastopulo . Demetri . 2014-08-08 . China in Africa: how Sam Pa became the middleman . 2024-08-14 . Financial Times.
  33. Web site: 2019-02-06 . Seadrill signs new JV with Sonangol, Angola . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240813103800/https://www.worldoil.com/news/2019/2/6/seadrill-signs-new-jv-with-sonangol-angola/ . 2024-08-13 . 2024-08-13 . www.worldoil.com . en.
  34. Web site: Limited . Seadrill . SDRL - New Angola Contract for Seadrill Joint Venture Quenguela Drillship . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240813103750/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sdrl--new-angola-contract-for-seadrill-joint-venture-quenguela-drillship-301291471.html . 2024-08-13 . 2024-08-13 . www.prnewswire.com . en.
  35. Web site: 2022-11-03 . Angola: Sonadrill Wins 12-well, $402,500 Per Day Contract for Libongos Drillship . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230325183639/https://www.oedigital.com/news/500667-angola-sonadrill-wins-12-well-402-500-per-day-contract-for-libongos-drillship . 2023-03-25 . 2024-08-13 . Offshore Engineer Magazine . en.
  36. Web site: 2022-04-25 . West Gemini booked for long-term drilling campaign offshore Angola . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240813103752/https://www.offshore-mag.com/drilling-completion/article/14275407/west-gemini-booked-for-long-term-drilling-campaign-offshore-angola . 2024-08-13 . 2024-08-13 . Offshore . en.
  37. Web site: Rani . Archana . 2021-07-28 . Angola’s Sonangol declared as sole owner of investment in Galp . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240813103749/https://www.offshore-technology.com/news/sonangol-sole-owner-galp/ . 2024-08-13 . 2024-08-13 . Offshore Technology . en-US.
  38. News: January 4, 2023 . Angolan oil firm Sonangol to keep stakes in Galp, Millennium bcp . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230112110422/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/angolan-oil-firm-sonangol-keep-stakes-galp-millennium-bcp-2023-01-04/ . 2023-01-12 . 2024-08-13 . Reuters.
  39. Web site: 2013-02-15 . Expansion of Angoflex showcases Technip's umbilical capability in Africa . 2024-08-18 . Offshore . en.
  40. Web site: Jornal de Angola - Notícias - Produção da Angoflex atinge 500 quilómetros . 2024-08-18 . . pt.
  41. Book: The International Directory of Government 2021 . . 2021 . 9781000521375.
  42. Web site: 2021-10-14 . Sonangol, Total Eren e Greentech assinam parceria no ″Projecto Solar Quilemba″ que promete aumentar capacidade de produção de energias limpas no sul de Angola . 2024-08-18 . Novo Jornal . pt.
  43. News: Payne . julia . April 16, 2021 . Trafigura to buy Sonangol's Puma Energy stake for $600 million . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210516201451/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/trafigura-buy-sonangols-puma-energy-stake-600-million-2021-04-16/ . May 16, 2021 . May 7, 2021 . Reuters.
  44. Book: Tordo, Silvana . Local Content Policies in the Oil and Gas Sector: Case Studies . Anouti . Yahya . . 2013.
  45. Book: The Energy Year Angola 2021 . Apr 6, 2021 . The Oil & Gas Year Limited . 9781783022373.
  46. Book: Jover, Estefanía . Angola Private Sector Country Profile . Pintos . Anthony . Marchand . Alexandra . . 2012.
  47. Web site: SONAMER ANGOLA LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK . 2024-08-18 . find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk . en.
  48. Web site: 1999-07-01 . Former land drilling contractor makes a play for deepwater . 2024-08-18 . Offshore . en.
  49. Book: Reed, Kristin . Crude existence: environment and the politics of oil in Northern Angola . 2009 . University of California Press . 978-0-520-25822-8 . Global, area, and international archive . Berkeley . 225871536.
  50. Book: eBizguides Angola: All you need to know to do business and have fun . 2008 . 9788493397883 . 123.
  51. Web site: 2008-09-10 . Angola: Sonangol's Strong Hand . 2024-08-17 . Energy Intelligence . en.
  52. Web site: United Nations Security Council . 2001-11-13 . Addendum to the report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of DR Congo (S/2001/1072) - Angola ReliefWeb . 2024-08-17 . reliefweb.int . en.
  53. Web site: David and Goliath . 2024-08-17 . www.africa-confidential.com . en.
  54. Turner . Thomas . May 2001 . The Kabilas' Congo . Current History . 646 . 10.1525/curh.2001.100.646.213.
  55. Web site: 2020-03-11 . Sindicato denuncia ameaça de despedimentos na Sonangol Distribuidora . 2024-08-18 . Voice of America . pt.
  56. News: Jones . Sam . Wilson . Tom . 6 December 2023 . Trafigura charged in Switzerland over alleged Angolan bribery . 18 August 2024 . Financial Times.
  57. Web site: Millard . Peter . 31 May 2010 . Sonangol Seeks Brazil Partners After Starfish Buy . 2024-08-18 . Bloomberg News.
  58. Web site: PricewaterhouseCoopers . Target Companies . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240814190641/https://www.pwc.com/ao/en/services/tax/privatisation-program/target-companies.html . 2024-08-14 . 2024-08-14 . PwC . en-ao.
  59. Web site: Serviços – Porto do Lobito . 2024-08-14 . pt-PT . 2024-03-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240321150331/https://portodolobito.co.ao/servicos/ . live .
  60. News: April 25, 2020 . Angola's Sonangol begins selling assets in firms . August 13, 2024 . Reuters.
  61. News: April 25, 2020 . Angola's Sonangol begins selling assets in firms . Reuters.
  62. Web site: Cativelos . Pedro . 2022-03-02 . Angola: Sale of Sonangol Assets Yields US$84M • 360 Mozambique . 2024-08-13 . 360 Mozambique . en-GB . 2024-08-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240813123706/https://360mozambique.com/world/africa/angola-sale-of-sonangol-assets-yields-us84m/ . live .
  63. Web site: Quem Somos – Manubito, Lda . 2024-08-14 . pt-PT . 2024-08-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240814190652/https://manubito.co.ao/quem-somos/ . live .
  64. Web site: 2024-05-10 . Angola’s Infrastructure Supports New Concessions, Ahead of 2025 Bid Round . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240814190655/https://energycapitalandpower.africa-newsroom.com/press/angolas-infrastructure-supports-new-concessions-ahead-of-2025-bid-round?lang=en . 2024-08-14 . 2024-08-13 . Energy Capital & Power . en.
  65. Web site: Winne.com - Report on Angola - Angola's tormented path to petro-diamond led growth . 2024-08-13 . World INvestment NEws . 2023-06-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230603133712/https://www.winne.com/angola/to18.html . live .
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