Solar power in New Zealand is increasing in capacity, despite no government subsidies or interventions being available. As of the end of April 2024, New Zealand has 420 MW of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar power installed, of which 146 MW (35%) was installed in the last 12 months.[1] In the 12 months to December 2023, 372 gigawatt-hours of electricity was estimated to have been generated by grid-connected solar, 0.85% of all electricity generated in the country.[2]
Although there are no subsidies, the declining costs of photovoltaics has caused a large increase in demand over the last few years. In 2009, the average turnkey price for a standard PV system of three kilowatts (kW) was about NZ$40,000; by 2019 this had dropped to approx. NZ$8,500.[3]
As of the end of December 2023, 56,041 solar power systems had been installed in New Zealand. For new installations added in December 2023, the average residential system size was 6.1 kW and the average commercial system was 46.9 kW.
The largest solar power system on a school in New Zealand was officially opened in a ceremony in February 2019 at Kaitaia College. Kelvin Davis, unveiled a plaque to acknowledge the installation of the 368 solar panel project which is spread across the rooftop of multiple buildings on the school campus.[4]
By January 2014, solar photovoltaic systems had been installed in 50 schools through the Schoolgen program, a program developed by Genesis Energy to educate students about renewable energy, particularly solar energy. Each school has been given a 2 kW capacity PV system, with a total distributed installed capacity of 100 kilowatts-peak (kWp). Since February 2007, a total of 513 megawatt-hours (MWh) of electrical energy have been recorded.[5]
In January 2020 Foodstuffs announced it would be installing a 1.1 MW PV array on its new Auckland distribution centre.[6] [7] In October 2020 Watercare Services installed a 1 MW floating array on its Auckland wastewater treatment plant.[8]
In 2021, Kea Energy commissioned a solar power plant in the Wairau Valley in Marlborough with a potential capacity of 2.2 MW, with current plans to build capacity up to 1.85 MW as at March 2021.[9] In June 2021, the Todd Corporation commissioned a 2.1MW solar plant at Kapuni in south Taranaki. The facility includes 5800 solar panels and was claimed to be the largest grid-connected solar plant at the time.[10]
| Name | Territorial authority | Coordinates | Capacity (MW) | Commissioned | Type | Operator | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rosedale Wastewater Treatment Plant | Auckland | 1 | 2020 | Floating | Watercare | ||
| Foodstuffs North Island Distribution Centre | Auckland | 1.1 | 2021 | Roof mounted | Foodstuffs | ||
| Countdown Auckland Distribution Centre (Wiri) | Auckland | 1 | Roof mounted | Countdown / Solar Bay | |||
| Road Metals - Rolleston Quarry | Canterbury | 0.53[11] | 2024 | Ground mounted | Road Metals / Platinum Energy | ||
| Yealands Winery | Marlborough | 0.4 | 2016 | Roof mounted | Yealands Winery | ||
| Sylvia Park | Auckland | 0.35 | 2015 | Roof mounted | Kiwi Property |
| Wairau Valley Solar Farm | Marlborough | Kea Energy | 1 | 2 | 2021 | 41°36′31″S 173°25′50″E | |
| Kapuni Solar Plant | South Taranaki | Sunergise | Not Stated | 2.1 | 2021 | ||
| Taylor's Pass Depot | Marlborough | Energy Marlborough Ltd | 0.85 | 2023 | |||
| Waiuku Solar Farm | Auckland | Lightyears Solar / Prime Energy | 2.4 | 2023 | |||
| Naumai Solar Farm | Ruawai, Northland (Smiths Canal) | NewPower Energy | 4.8 | 2024[12] |
In July 2019 Refining NZ announced plans for a 26 MW solar farm at the Marsden Point Oil Refinery, but by May 2020 the project was on hold.[13] [14] In February 2020 Genesis Energy Limited announced plans for a 300 MW facility in the Waikato.[15] ' In September 2020 Hawke's Bay Airport announced plans for a 10 MW farm on unused airport land.[16] In May 2020, the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment released a study that considered the economics of grid-scale solar and gave forecasts to 2060, showing that New Zealand has potential for gigawatts of grid-scale solar.[17]
In February 2021 Far North Solar Farm applied for resource consent for a 16 MW farm at Pukenui on the Aupouri Peninsula in Northland.[18] The development subsequently stalled due to a lack of network capacity.[19]
In December 2021 Christchurch Airport announced it would be hosting a 150 MW plant at Kōwhai Park, to be scaled up over 30 years.[20] [21] On 30 December 2021 Island Green Power announced plans for a 200MW solar farm in Waikato.[22] In April 2022 Helios Energy announced plans for a series of farms with a combined output of 1 GW.[23] In May 2022 Far North Solar Farm announced a partnership with offshore investment fund Aquila Capital to build 1 GW of generation.[24]
In May 2021 Lodestone Energy announced plans for five solar farms in the upper North Island, capable of generating 400 GWh annually.[25] [26] The 32 MWp Lodestone Two, northwest of Kaitaia, began generating electricity in November 2023. As the first solar farm to exceed 10 MW, Lodestone Two was also the first required to participate in the wholesale electricity market.[27]
| Name | Location | Operator | data-sort-type="number" | DC Capacity (MWp) ! | Nameplate Capacity (MWac) | Commissioned | Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kohirā | Kaitaia, Northland | 32[28] | 23[29] | 2023[30] | |||
| Rangitaiki | Edgecumbe, Bay of Plenty | Lodestone Energy | 32 | 23 | 2024[31] | ||
| Te Ihi o te Ra[32] | Gisborne Airport, Gisborne | Eastland Generation | 5.2 | 2023[33] |
Only solar plants over 5 MW generating capacity are listed.
| Name | Location | Operator | data-sort-type="number" | Projected capacity (MW) ! | Status | Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ardmore[34] | Ardmore, Auckland | KAL | 13 | Under construction[35] | ||
| Ashley[36] | Ashley, Canterbury | Solar Bay | Proposed | |||
| Argyle Solar Farm | Wairau Valley, Marlborough | Manawa Energy | 65 | Proposed[37] | ||
| Ashburton Solar Farm | Ashburton, Canterbury | Lightyears Solar | 7 | Under construction | ||
| Buckleys Road | Brookside, Canterbury | KeaX | 65 | Consented[38] | ||
| Bunnythorpe[39] | Bunnythorpe, Manawatu | Kiwi Solar farms | 26 | Proposed | ||
| Carterton | Carterton, Wairarapa | Harmony Energy | 133 | Consented[40] | ||
| Clandeboye | Clandeboye, Canterbury | Lodestone Energy | Consented[41] | |||
| Dunsandel | Dunsandel, Canterbury | Lodestone Energy | Consented | |||
| Edgecumbe[42] | Edgecumbe, Bay of Plenty | Helios | 115 | Consented[43] | ||
| Greytown[44] | Greytown, Wairarapa | Helios | 100 | Proposed | ||
| Greytown 2 | Greytown, Wairarapa | Far North Solar Farm | 175 | Proposed[45] | ||
| Haldon | Mackenzie District | Lodestone Energy | 220 | Proposed[46] | ||
| Hawke's Bay Airport[47] | Napier, Hawke's Bay | Hawke's Bay Airport | 24 | Proposed | ||
| Helensville[48] | Helensville, Auckland | HES Aotearoa | 70 | Proposed | ||
| Kairanga[49] | Palmerston North, Manawatu | Kiwi Solar farms | 27 | Proposed | ||
| Kōwhai Park | Harewood, Canterbury | Christchurch Airport | 168 | Proposed[50] | ||
| Lauriston | Lauriston, Canterbury | 63 | Under construction[51] | |||
| Leeston[52] | Leeston, Canterbury | KeaX | 160 | Proposed | ||
| Lodestone One[53] | Dargaville, Northland | Lodestone Energy | 60 | Proposed | ||
| Maniototo | Maniototo, Otago | Helios | 300 | Proposed[54] [55] | ||
| Marton | Marton, Rangitikei District | Far North Solar Farm | 41 | Consented[56] | ||
| Marton 2 | Marton, Rangitikei District | Energy Farm | 110 | Proposed[57] | ||
| Massey University[58] | Massey University, Palmerston North | Solar Bay | 6 | Proposed | ||
| Maungaturoto | Maungaturoto, Northland | Solar Bay | 20 | Under construction[59] | ||
| Mount Somers | Mount Somers, Canterbury | Lodestone Energy | Consented | |||
| Naseby | Naseby, Otago | Solar Bay | 50 | Consented[60] | ||
| Oakridge Solar Farm | Glen Massey, Waikato | Trilect Solar | 6 | Under construction | ||
| Ongaonga[61] | Ongaonga, Hawke's Bay | Sky Solar | Proposed | |||
| Ongaonga 2[62] | Ongaonga, Hawke's Bay | Helios | 100 | Proposed[63] | ||
| Ōpunake | Ōpunake, Taranaki | Energy Farm | 110 | Consented[64] | ||
| Pukenui, Northland | Far North Solar Farm | 16 | Under construction | |||
| Ruakaka[65] | Marsden Point, Northland | 100-150[66] | Proposed | |||
| Seaview Road, Seddon | Seddon, Marlborough | Energy Marlborough Ltd | 5 | Consented | ||
| Skinner Road | Stratford, Taranaki | Ranui Generation | 40 | Proposed | ||
| Swannanoa | Swannanoa, Canterbury | 200 | Proposed[67] | |||
| Tahuna[68] | Tahuna, Waikato | Kiwi Solar farms | 23 | Proposed | ||
| Tauhei[69] | Te Aroha, Waikato | Harmony Energy | 185[70] | Consented[71] | ||
| Te Rāhui[72] | Taupō, Waikato | Nova Energy | 400 | Consented[73] | ||
| Te Herenga o Te Rā | Waiotahe, Bay of Plenty | Lodestone Energy | 30 | Under construction[74] | ||
| Te Puna Mauri ō Omaru | Ruawai, Northland | Northpower | 16 | Under construction[75] | ||
| The Point | Mackenzie District | Far North Solar Farm | 420 | Proposed[76] | ||
| Three Stream[77] | Kaponga, Taranaki | Ranui Generation | 30 | Consented[78] | ||
| Tikokino | Tikokino, Hawke’s Bay | Ranui Generation | 55 | Proposed | ||
| Twin Rivers | Kaitaia, Northland | Rānui Generation | 31 | Under construction[79] | ||
| Waingawa | Masterton, Wairarapa | Masterton Solar and Energy Storage | 100 | Proposed[80] | ||
| Waipara | Waipara, Canterbury | Far North Solar Farm | 135 | Proposed[81] | ||
| near Ohinewai, Waikato | Island Green Power | 200 | Consented[82] | |||
| Ward | Ward, Marlborough | Energy Marlborough Ltd | 15 | Proposed | ||
| Wellsford | Wellsford, Auckland | Energy Farm | 76 | Proposed[83] | ||
| Whitianga[84] | Whitianga, Waikato | Lodestone Energy | 32 | Under construction |
Retail buy-back rates for solar power exported to the grid range from 7 to 17 cents, plus 15% GST if the system owner is GST-registered.[85] Cost-effectiveness of a residential solar power occurs when system owners aim to use more of their solar power than what they export, by means of timed appliances, turning on appliances when the sun is out, energy management systems and battery storage. Commercial buildings that use power during the day can get a high return on their investment.[86]
A 2015 study found that PV was more economical than grid supply if all the PV electricity was used on site and none was exported to the grid. For residential and commercial installations, improving energy efficiency is a lower cost option than PV.[87]
DateFormat = x.yPeriod = from:0 till:6.5TimeAxis = orientation:verticalScaleMajor = unit:month increment:1 start:0 TextData = pos:(15,220) textcolor:black fontsize:M text:hrs pos:(205,25) textcolor:black fontsize:S text:Month pos:(90,230) textcolor:black fontsize:M text:Wellington Sun Hours/day (Avg = 4.40 hrs/day) Colors = id:yellow value:yellow PlotData= width:20 textcolor:black bar:Jan color:yellow from:0 till:6.46 text:6.46 shift:(-10,80) bar:Feb color:yellow from:0 till:5.52 text:5.52 shift:(-10,70) bar:Mar color:yellow from:0 till:5.03 text:5.03 shift:(-10,65) bar:Apr color:yellow from:0 till:4.11 text:4.11 shift:(-10,55) bar:May color:yellow from:0 till:2.99 text:2.99 shift:(-10,45) bar:Jun color:yellow from:0 till:2.33 text:2.33 shift:(-10,35) bar:Jul color:yellow from:0 till:2.27 text:2.27 shift:(-10,35) bar:Aug color:yellow from:0 till:3.46 text:3.46 shift:(-10,45) bar:Sep color:yellow from:0 till:4.56 text:4.56 shift:(-10,60) bar:Oct color:yellow from:0 till:4.84 text:4.84 shift:(-10,65) bar:Nov color:yellow from:0 till:5.67 text:5.67 shift:(-10,70) bar:Dec color:yellow from:0 till:5.67 text:5.67 shift:(-10,70) Source: NREL[88] |
| Network reporting region | Installations | Uptake (%) | Total capacity (MW) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bay of Islands (Top Energy) | 2003 | 5.81 | 35.59 | |
| Whangarei and Kaipara (Northpower) | 2,522 | 4.03 | 14.0 | |
| Waitemata (Vector) | 5,642 | 2.13 | 30.8 | |
| Auckland (Vector) | 5,673 | 1.51 | 41.76 | |
| Counties (Counties Power) | 1,872 | 3.88 | 13.76 | |
| Thames Valley (Powerco) | 1927 | 2.47 | 12.05 | |
| Waikato (WEL Networks) | 2,772 | 2.78 | 18.5 | |
| Waipa (Waipā Networks) | 1,180 | 4 | 8.74 | |
| King Country (The Lines Company) | 219 | 0.95 | 1.94 | |
| Tauranga (Powerco) | 3,680 | 3.93 | 21.37 | |
| Rotorua (Unison Networks) | 574 | 1.77 | 3.52 | |
| Eastern Bay of Plenty (Horizon Energy) | 679 | 2.68 | 26.98 | |
| Taupo (Unison Networks) | 341 | 1.87 | 1.79 | |
| Eastland (Eastland Network) | 576 | 2.11 | 8.14 | |
| Hawke's Bay (Unison Networks) | 2,435 | 3.69 | 13.98 | |
| Central Hawke's Bay (Centralines) | 377 | 4.2 | 2.44 | |
| Southern Hawke's Bay (Scanpower) | 81 | 1.19 | 1.04 | |
| Wairarapa (Powerco) | 1,172 | 4.3 | 6.42 | |
| Taranaki (Powerco) | 1,605 | 2.54 | 11.95 | |
| Whanganui (Powerco) | 739 | 2.22 | 3.82 | |
| Manawatu (Powerco) | 1,438 | 2.43 | 8.38 | |
| Kapiti and Horowhenua (Electra) | 1,545 | 3.39 | 8.02 | |
| Wellington (Wellington Electricity) | 3,042 | 1.68 | 15.73 | |
| Nelson (Nelson Electricity) | 1,598 | 5.43 | 10.77 | |
| Tasman (Network Tasman) | 2,427 | 5.62 | 16.04 | |
| Marlborough (Marlborough Lines) | 1,170 | 4.39 | 9.57 | |
| Buller (Buller Electricity) | 46 | 0.94 | 0.24 | |
| West Coast (Westpower) | 99 | 0.69 | 0.53 | |
| North Canterbury (MainPower) | 2,009 | 4.64 | 10.98 | |
| Central Canterbury (Orion) | 5,732 | 2.56 | 34.13 | |
| Ashburton (EA Networks) | 526 | 2.51 | 4.54 | |
| South Canterbury (Alpine Energy) | 825 | 2.41 | 4.44 | |
| Waitaki (Network Waitaki) | 248 | 1.9 | 1.98 | |
| Queenstown (Aurora Energy) | 619 | 4.06 | 3.62 | |
| Central Otago (Aurora Energy) | 1,751 | 7.6 | 10.40 | |
| Otago (OtagoNet) | 333 | 2.13 | 2.0 | |
| Dunedin (Aurora Energy) | 700 | 1.23 | 3.17 | |
| Southland (The Power Company) | 585 | 1.55 | 3.55 | |
| Invercargill (Electricity Invercargill) | 151 | 0.85 | 0.93 | |
| Total | 59,937 | 2.6 | 421.6 |
| 31 December 2013 | 2,236 | 0.11092 | 8.326 | 3.724 | |
| 31 December 2014 | 5,423 | 0.26616 | 21.634 | 3.989 | |
| 31 December 2015 | 9,377 | 0.45512 | 37.126 | 3.959 | |
| 31 December 2016 | 13,654 | 0.65528 | 52.972 | 3.880 | |
| 31 December 2017 | 18,049 | 0.85537 | 70.185 | 3.889 | |
| 31 December 2018 | 22,355 | 1.04626 | 90.160 | 4.033 | |
| 31 December 2019 | 26,476 | 1.22233 | 116.584 | 4.403 | |
| 31 December 2020 | 30,639 | 1.39407 | 143.510 | 4.684 | |
| 31 December 2021 | 36,618 | 1.65042 | 189.556 | 5.148 | |
| 31 December 2022 | 45,886 | 2.02678 | 257.320 | 5.642 | |
| 31 December 2023 | 56,211 | 2.44812 | 366.784 | 6.525 |