Solar power in Michigan has been growing in recent years due to new technological improvements, falling solar prices and a variety of regulatory actions and financial incentives. The largest solar farm in Michigan is Assembly Solar, completed in 2022, which has 347 MW of capacity. Small-scale solar provided 50% of Michigan solar electricity as recently as 2020 but multiple solar farms in the 100 MW to 200 MW range are proposed to be completed by the middle of the decade. Although among the lowest U.S. states for solar irradiance, Michigan mostly lies farther south than Germany where solar power is heavily deployed. Michigan is expected to use 120 TWh per year in 2030. To reach a 100% solar electrical grid would require 2.4% of Michigan's land area to host 108 GW of installed capacity.[1]
Michigan had over 1,444 MW of solar capacity by the end of 2023.[2] December 2020 marked a high point with over 105 MW brought online in that month alone. December 2021 saw 110 MW added.[3] In 2016, solar provided only about 0.25% of all electricity.[4] This rose to 1.3% in 2023.[5]
The 347MW Assembly Solar Project is the largest in the state. Located in Shiawassee County, it began construction in 2019 and was completed in March 2022.[6] [7] [8]
In July 2012, Michigan's largest rooftop array, 977.6 kW, was installed in Canton on the IKEA store.[9] Ford Motor Company and DTE Energy built the largest solar plant in the state, a 1.04 MW solar car port at Ford's world headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan in 2015.[10] [11] In 2015, DTE built a 1.1 MW solar farm at Domino's Farms near Ann Arbor, slightly larger than the Ford carport.[12] The IKEA store announced an expansion of its existing array in 2015 to bring it to 1.2 MW.[13] A 1.95 MW solar farm at DTE's Greenwood Energy Center near St. Clair came online in January 2016.[14] Indiana Michigan Power, in November 2016, opened a 4.6 MW solar farm near Watervliet.[15] [16] In May 2017, DTE brought online two solar farms in Lapeer County: a 28.4 MW farm and a 19.6 MW solar farm.[17] These are the first large utility-scale solar farms in the state, with the larger covering 200 acres of land and the smaller one covering 100 acres.[18] In July 2017, DTE completed a 2MW solar farm built in a closed city park in Detroit.[19]
The 24 MW Delta solar farm opened in two phases in 2018, supplying power for the Lansing Board of Water and Light.[20] [21] Michigan State University built the largest solar car port project in North America, that covers 5000 parking spaces and has a total of 15 MW(DC) of power, completed in December 2017.[22] [23]
A 1.3 MW solar farm was built by American Municipal Power at a brownfield site in Coldwater and came online in February 2018.[24] [25] Flushing Schools built a 0.96 MW system spread over the roofs of seven school buildings, completed in 2019.[26] [27]
In December 2020, the 20 MW Temperance Solar,[28] 20 MW Bingham Solar, 15 MW Electric City Solar and the first 50 MW phase of Assembly Solar Farm were all brought online.
In January 2021, Pine Gate Renewables brought 16 MW of solar power online in the form of eight separate 2 MW solar farms in Genesee and Saginaw counties.[29]
Fort Custer began construction in May 2015 of a 0.25 MW solar farm with plans for a second 0.3 MW farm later.[30] This is part of the U.S. military's renewable energy goals of 25% renewables by 2025. In 2017, a project was announced for Fort Custer that would be a microgrid consisting of a 1.375 MW diesel system, 0.720 MW solar PV array, and a 0.400 MW energy storage system.[31] Camp Grayling has a small 0.02 MW installation on one building roof while Selfridge Air National Guard Base had no solar power by 2014. Orion Renewable Energy Group, has proposed a 100 MW solar farm in SE Goodland Township in Lapeer County.[32]
"Circuit West" is a thirteen-block microgrid test in Grand Rapids. It contains a 0.65MW array of 1,800 panels on the roofs of three buildings and a 500 kW-hr battery.[33]
In 2015, several community solar projects were proposed. Consumers Power built a 3 MW solar farm at Grand Valley State University, completed April 2016, which became the largest solar farm in Michigan.[34] Consumers Power also built a 1 MW community solar project at Western Michigan University, completed in August 2016.[35] [36] Spartan Solar, a 1.2 MW installation in Cadillac, was built by Wolverine Power Cooperative in fall 2016, the largest solar plant in Northern Michigan.[37] A 0.3 MW community solar farm in East Lansing opened in January 2019 for Lansing Board of Water and Light.[38] [39] Escanaba approved a 1MW partly community solar installation near Delta County Airport to be online in 2018[40]
Pittsfield Township approves 20 MW Community Solar Project on 77 acres owned by Ann Arbor.[41]
A proposed 125 MW solar farm near Muskegon would also be among the largest in the state.[42] [43] Ranger Power's 149MW River Fork solar farm would be built in Sheridan Township, Calhoun County by mid-2021 and has an agreement with Consumers Energy.[44] [45] Ranger has also proposed a 200 MW farm in Montcalm County to be called Freshwater Solar.[46] The 200 MW Calhoun Solar Energy Center is proposed in 2019 by Invenergy for Convis Township in Calhoun County which signed an agreement with Consumers Power in March 2021.[47] [48] In 2019, Ann Arbor proposed a 20 MW solar farm on a closed landfill site.[49] In February 2020, Michigan State University's board approved a proposal to seek a 20 MW solar farm on 100 acres.[50] Traverse City is investigating a 10MW solar farm at the Cherry City Airport and a 1MW farm on a waste dump; nearby Acme Township is working on the 9MW Trailside Solar Farm.[51]
Distributed solar is not widely used in Michigan, with 14,446 installations. The total electric generation capacity of these installations was 124,749 kilowatts (kW) at the end of 2021. However, customer participation and installations are increasing quickly, with a 53% increase in capacity in 2019.[57] On Jan 21, 2023 Consumers Power agreed to double the cap on its distributed rooftop solar and legacy net metering program from 2% to 4%. Additionally, the rate at which the company credits rooftop solar customers for the excess power fed onto the grid will be based on power supply rates that factor in transmission costs.[58]
Despite having only reached 100 megawatts of installation statewide by 2018, thousands of megawatts have been proposed or included in planning documents. In response to DTE Energy filing a proposal for 2023 which included a 1.1GW natural gas plant with almost no new solar installations, renewable energy advocates proposed a plan with 1,100 megawatts of new solar capacity, 1,100 megawatts of wind, and 253 megawatts of demand response which they claimed would satisfy criteria at a lower cost.[59] The state panel backed the DTE proposal in April 2018.
In 2017, Cypress Creek Renewables announced plans to build 2,600MW of solar plants in Michigan but has received no contracts from the 2 major power companies.[60] Cypress Creek has filed complaints, in 2018, against DTE and Consumers Power for failing to comply with the PURPA law.[61] In August 2019, Consumers Power proposed to allow 584 MW to connect to the grid by September 2023. This was almost four times the entire state total for solar power at the time of the proposal. They also propose accepting as much as 3000 MW to be connected to the grid at a lower purchase price per kilowatt hour over a longer timeframe. The proposal would need approval from the state electrical rate board.[62] In September 2019, the Michigan Public Service Commission approved the settlement.[63]
In June 2018, Consumers Power announced a plan detailing changes from now until 2040 that would see it close all coal plants, use only natural gas for 10% of current needs and have the majority of its power supplied by solar. This would require building 6,200MW of solar as well as using 450MW of battery storage.[64] In 2020, Consumer Power expanded on this plan by announcing it would become carbon neutral.[65]
In September 2019, DTE Energy announced it was seeking bids for 25 to 200 megawatts of electricity from solar projects to be online between 2021 and 2023.[66]
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Michigan was ranked 14th among U.S. states for solar jobs in 2013.[67]
In 2002, Stanford R. Ovshinsky built a factory in Auburn Hills, Michigan to build low cost Uni-Solar panels using amorphous semiconductors that generate power in diffuse light.[68] Uni-Solar became the second largest manufacturer of thin film solar cells, after First Solar, and a developer of solar shingles before going bankrupt in 2012.[69] [70]
Suniva opened a solar panel factory in Saginaw, Michigan in 2014, capable of producing 200MW of panels per year.[71] Suniva closed its Michigan plant in March 2017 and later filed for bankruptcy.
The Government of Michigan has taken a variety of actions in order to encourage solar energy use within the state. On 28 Nov 2023 Gov. Whitmer signed bills to transition Michigan to clean energy by 2040. The new laws also give the state the authority to override local decisions to allow farmers and property owners to house wind & solar projects on their land. State’s control over wind & solar projects will allow energy companies to avoid the bitter local zoning battles that have doomed such projects in the past.[72]
On November 20, 2019, Governor Whitmer signed legislation exempting rooftop solar & alternative energy systems up to 150 kW from property tax assessment.[73]
The state had a net metering program that allowed installations of up to 20 kW of on-site electrical generation to continuously roll over any excess generation to the next month. Participation was limited to 0.75% of utilities peak demand the prior year.[74] Peak demand for the state for 2011 was 21,477 MW.[75]
In 2018, the net metering program was ended (with those already enrolled getting a 10-year grandfather term). The new inflow/outflow system will require new customers to pay full price for all electricity going in and receiving a credit based on avoided cost to the utility for electricity going out to the grid. Each utility will have to set this price in its rate case which must be approved by the Michigan Public Service Commission. Bills were introduced into the state house within weeks to alter this system as favoring large utilities over solar owners.[76] Co-op electrical providers are not covered by the same rules but some moved to alter their rates after the state board's ruling.
The state adopted a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) in 2008 which required that 10% of Michigan's electricity come from renewable resources by 2015.[77] This standard was met mostly by wind power. A program to add 2 MW of distributed solar by Consumers Energy customers was reached in two weeks, and the state directed the company to offer another 2 MW at a cost not to exceed $20 million.[78]
In December 2016, a new energy policy was adopted which called for 12.5% renewable power by 2019 and 15% by 2021. It further called for power suppliers to "obtain at least 35% of the State's electric needs through energy waste reduction and renewable energy by 2025."[79]
Before the 2018 election, a referendum calling for "30% by 2030" was circulating. In response, DTE and Consumers Power promised at least 50% consisting of 25% actual renewables and 25% efficiency and demand reduction.[80] The referendum's backers including Tom Steyer then stopped their campaign.[81]
In September 2020, Gov. Whitmer signed an executive order for "statewide decarbonization by 2050."[82] Bills were introduced in January 2020 to require that all of Michigan utilities' energy generation be renewable by 2050.[83]
| Year | Capacity | Change | % Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 0.4 | ||
| 2008 | 0.4 | — | |
| 2009 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 75% |
| 2010 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 271% |
| 2011 | 8.8 | 6.2 | 238% |
| 2012 | 19.9 | 11.1 | 126% |
| 2013 | 22.6 | 2.7 | 14% |
| 2014 | 27.2 | 4.6 | 20% |
| 2015 | NA | NA | |
| 2016 | 37.5 | ||
| 2017 | 113.5 | 76 | 203% |
| 2018 | 153 | 40 | 35% |
| 2019 | 188 | 35 | 23% |
| 2020 | 290.7 | 102.7 | 55% |
| 2021 | 758.8 | 468.1 | 261% |
| 2022 | 1,003 | 244.2 | 32% |
| 2023 | 1,444 | 441 | 44% |
| Year | Total | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2017 | 63 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| 2018 | 119 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 18 | 15 | 12 | 9 | 3 | 4 |
| 2019 | 143 | 5 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 18 | 12 | 11 | 5 | 5 |
| 2020 | 155 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 21 | 20 | 18 | 14 | 11 | 8 | 8 |
| 2021 | 425 | 13 | 23 | 44 | 40 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 41 | 25 | 18 | 19 |
| 2022 | 861 | 31 | 40 | 65 | 71 | 98 | 122 | 115 | 106 | 79 | 71 | 44 | 19 |
| 2022 | 1313 | 40 | 71 | 101 | 131 | 169 | 160 | 161 | 150 | 115 | 85 | 76 | 54 |
| 2024 | 170 | 51 | 119 | ||||||||||
| Assembly Solar Farm | 346.9 | 239 MW(AC), completed March 2022 | |
| Calhoun Solar | 260.0 | 200 MWac, 2023 [95] | |
| Cereal City Solar | 100.0 | ||
| DeMille Solar Farm | 28.4 | DTE | |
| Delta Solar I and II | 24.0 | Lansing Board of Water & Light | |
| Bingham Solar | 20.0 | ||
| Blue Elk II Solar | 20.0 | [96] | |
| Blue Elk III Solar | 20.0 | [97] | |
| Blue Elk IV Solar | 20.0 | ||
| Blue Elk VII Solar | 20.0 | [98] | |
| Cement City Solar | 20.0 | ||
| Greenstone Solar | 20.0 | ||
| Lyons Road Solar | 26.8 | 20.0 MW (AC)[99] | |
| MacBeth Solar | 26.8 | 20.0 MW (AC)[100] [101] | |
| Midcontinent Solar | 20.0 | ||
| Pullman Solar | 20.0 | ||
| Shipsterns Solar | 20.0 | ||
| Temperance Solar | 20.0 | ||
| Willford Solar | 20.0 | ||
| Turrill Solar Farm | 19.6 | DTE | |
| Electric City Solar | 15.0 | ||
| Letts Creek Solar | 15.0 | ||
| Lightfoot Solar | 10.0 | June 2023 | |
| Spartan PV 1 | 10.5 | Michigan State University carports | |
| Pickford Solar | Pickford | 6.9 | Cloverland Electric Coop / Heritage Sustainable Energy |
| Byrne Solar Farm | 5.0 | [102] | |
This incomplete list includes some of the earliest and some more unique solar installations in Michigan.
| Watervliet | 4.6 | Indiana Michigan Power | |
| Solar Garden 1 | 3.0 | Consumers Energy, community solar[103] | |
| 13 Mile Solar | Calhoun County | 2.0 | Consumers Energy |
| O'Shea Solar Farm | 2.0 | DTE Energy | |
| Angola Solar Farm | 2.0 | [104] | |
| Bullhead Solar Project | 2.0 | Consumers Power[105] | |
| Captain Solar Farm | 2.0 | Consumers Power | |
| Coldwater Solar Farm | 2.0 | Consumers Power | |
| Interchange Solar Farm | 2.0 | Consumers Power | |
| Geddes 1 Solar Farm | 2.0 | Consumers Power | |
| Geddes 2 Solar Farm | 2.0 | Consumers Power | |
| Hazel Solar Farm | 2.0 | Consumers Power | |
| Hendershot Solar Farm | 2.0 | Consumers Power | |
| Jack Francis Solar Farm | 2.0 | Consumers Power | |
| May Shannon Solar Farm | 2.0 | Consumers Power | |
| Stoneheart Solar Farm | 2.0 | Consumers Power | |
| M-72 West Solar | Traverse City | 2.0 | Traverse City Light & Power / Heritage Sustainable Energy |
| Greenwood Energy Center | 1.95 | DTE Energy[106] | |
| Garden 2 Solar | 1.4 | DTE Energy | |
| Lakeshore Die Cast Solar | 1.4 | Lakeshore Die Cast | |
| 1.22 | [107] [108] | ||
| Coldwater Solar | 1.20 | American Municipal Power[109] | |
| Spartan Solar | 1.20 | Wolverine Power, community solar[110] | |
| Stateline Farms Solar | 1.2 | 1.0 MWAC, Wolverine Power Cooperative[111] | |
| Gerken Paving Solar | 1.2 | 1.0 MWAC, Wolverine Power Cooperative | |
| Harvest Solar Lenawee | 1.2 | 1.0 MWAC, Wolverine Power Cooperative | |
| Ann Arbor | 1.08 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents | |
| Dearborn | 1.04 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents | |
| M-72 East Solar | Traverse City | 1.0 | Traverse City Light & Power [112] / Heritage Sustainable Energy |
| 1.0 | Consumer Energy Solar Gardens program | ||
| GM Warren Transmission | 0.9 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents[113] | |
| Highland Cemetery | 0.84 | [114] | |
| McPhail | 0.82 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents[115] | |
| Bissell Solar and Battery | 0.8 | with 0.3 MW battery, Consumers Power | |
| Romulus Solar | 0.75 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents | |
| 0.67 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents, 2 locations[116] | ||
| Thumb Solar | 0.66 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents | |
| Circuit West | 0.65 | Consumers Power, with 500 kW-hr battery | |
| Heliotek | 0.525 | [117] | |
| GM Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly | 0.5 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents[118] | |
| Ford Michigan Assembly | 0.5 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents | |
| Hartland Schools | 0.5 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents | |
| Liepprandt Orchard | 0.5 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents[119] | |
| 0.5 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents | ||
| 0.5 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents | ||
| Riopelle Farms | Harbor Beach | 0.5 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents |
| St. Clair RESA | Marysville | 0.5 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents |
| Monroe | 0.5 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents | |
| Brownstown Solar | 0.5 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents | |
| Wil Le Farms | Bad Axe | 0.5 | DTE Energy SolarCurrents |