List of photovoltaics companies explained

This is a list of notable photovoltaics (PV) companies.

Grid-connected solar photovoltaics (PV) is the fastest growing energy technology in the world, growing from a cumulative installed capacity of 7.7 GW in 2007, to 320 GW in 2016. In 2016, 93% of the global PV cell manufacturing capacity utilizes crystalline silicon (cSi) technology, representing a commanding lead over rival forms of PV technology, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe), amorphous silicon (aSi), and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS). In 2016, manufacturers in China and Taiwan met the majority of global PV module demand, accounting for 68% of all modules, followed by the rest of Asia at 14%. The United States and Canada manufactured 6%, and Europe manufactured a mere 4%.^[1] In 2021 China produced about 80% of the polysilicon, 95% of wafers, 80% of cells and 70% of modules. Module production capacity reached 460 GW with crystalline silicon technology assembly accounting for 98%.^[2]

Photovoltaics companies include PV capital equipment producers, cell manufacturers, panel manufacturers and installers. The list does not include silicon manufacturing companies.

Photovoltaic manufacturers

Top 10 by year

Solar module company	Shipments (GW)							Country
	data-sort-type=number	2015^*	data-sort-type=number	2015^†	data-sort-type=number	2016 (Forecast)	data-sort-type=number		2018^[3]	data-sort-type=number	2019	2020^[4] ^[5]	2021^[6]
LONGi Solar	-	-	-	7.2	9	24.5	(1st)	China
Trina Solar	4.55	5.74	-	8.1	9.7	15.9	(2nd)	China
JA Solar	3.38	3.93	5.2-5.5	8.8	10.3	15.9	(3rd)	China
JinkoSolar	3.79	4.51	6-6.5	11.4	14.2	18.8	(4th)	China
Canadian Solar	3.9	4.7	5.4-5.5	7.1	8.5	11.3	(5th)	Canada
	-	1.24	-	4.8	7	(7th)	(6th)	China
First Solar	2.9	2.8	2.9-3	2.7	5.5	(9th)	(7th)	United States
Suntech Power						(10th)	(8th)	China
Hanwha Q CELLS	3.2	3.3	4.5-4.7	5.5	7.3	(6th)	(9th)	South Korea
						(8th)	(10th)	China
GCL System Integration Technology				4.1	4.8			China
SFCE (Shunfeng International Clean Energy Limited)	-	2.28	-	3.3	4			China
Yingli Green	2.35	2.35-2.40	-	-	-			China
SunPower Corp.	1.18-1.25	-	1.7-2	-	2.5^[7]			US
Sources:^[8] ^[9] ^[10] ^[11] ^[12] ^[13] ^[14] tenth place depending on source. Total world 2015 shipment was 50.8 GW. March 2016 source. ^† April 2016 source.

Summary

Notable PV production lines in 2015, technology, capacity and production^{[15] [16]}

Company	Country	Technology	Capacity (MW)				Production (MW)
			data-sort-type="number"	2012 !	data-sort-type="number"	2013 !	data-sort-type="number"	2014 !	data-sort-type="number"	2015 !	data-sort-type="number"	2012 !	data-sort-type="number"	2013 !	data-sort-type="number"	2014 !	data-sort-type="number"	2015
	US	Crystalline silicon	0	100	300	480	0	40	108	200
	Germany	Crystalline silicon, Thin films (a-Si, CIGS)	-	220	260	270	-	55	143	200
	Spain		-	80	-	-	12	15	40^[17]	-
	Australia	MC Screen print	-	52	-	-	33	35	40	-
	US	-	-	43	-	-	25	27	30	-
	Canada	Crystalline silicon	0	100	270	420	0	40	102.8	200
	India	Crystalline silicon	-	192	320	320	-	80	100-120	194
	Germany	-	0	275	100	250	0	0	50	100
	Taiwan	-	50	100	120	120	-	54	83	88.8
	China	-	-	-	-	60	-	-	-	0
	Taiwan	-	-	200	320	320	35	62	97	220
Evergreen Solar^[18]	US		-	17	58.5	145	13	16	26.5	103.4
	Germany		-	90	-	-	15	50	-	-
	China		-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Helius Energy	US	Monocrystalline & Polycrystalline / PERC	-	-	-	-	-	35	50	50
	China		-	-	-	120	120	180	220	220
	Brazil		-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	US		-	119	147	160	60	119	145	143
	Germany		0	158	196	214	0	81	192	192.5
	Malaysia		0	0	392	854	0	0	167	764.5
Morgan Solar Inc	Canada	-
	Taiwan	Crystalline silicon	-	210	310	660	6	60	180	368
	India		-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Spain	-	-	130	180	140	61	87	130	70
	India	Monocrystalline & Polycrystalline	75	90	110	120	35	40	52	67
Itek Energy	US	Monocrystaline, PERC	10	15	40	50	2	4	12	25
	China	Crystalline silicon	-	225	750	800	30	132	300	520
	China	-	0	120	156	205	0	83	156	194
	Japan	-	-	-	360	-	180^[19]	207	290	400
	Japan	-	-	150	220	220	111	121	148	120
	Japan	-	-	14	42	68	13	14	40	42
	Taiwan	Crystalline silicon	-	240	350	470	102	176	270	296
	China	Crystalline silicon	0	0	60	130	0	0	2	64
	Italy	-	-	-	60	90	-	-	37	67
	Taiwan	Crystalline silicon	-	60	210	240	4	36	135	201
	China	-	-	100	250-270	350	-	100	175	260
	France	-	-	60	60	-	33	38	58	49
	Belgium	-	-	80	80	80	18	29	80	54
	Germany	-	-	516	760	500^[20]	253	389	570	551
	Malaysia		-	-	-	300	-	-	-	206
	Germany (Calyxo)	-	0	8	25	10	0	1	3	1
	Germany (Solibro)	-	0	0	30	30	0	0	5	14
	Germany (Sontor)	-	0	8	25	-	0	1	3.6
	France	Monocrystalline & Polycrystalline	-	1.5 GW	1.5 GW	1.5 GW	-	-	-
	Norway	-	-	-	-	150	-	-	80	115
	Japan	-	-	265	345	345	155	165	215	260
	Germany	-	118	162	205	355	83	74	138	218
	US	-	14	-	15	15	13	10	11	11
	Japan	-	-	710	710	710	434	363	473	595
	US	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Italy	-	-	20	60	90	-	30	37	50
	South Korea	Crystalline silicon	-	-	-	170	-	-	-	90
	Germany	-	-	160	300	500	70	135	200	200
	US	-	55	-	100	250	20	35	30	50
	Netherlands	-	-	60	170	170	18	36	60	80
	US	Crystalline silicon	-	214	414	574	63	100	237	397
	China	Crystalline silicon	-	540	1000	1100	160	336	530	704
	Germany	-	-	46	116	116	25	38	49	60
	China	Crystalline silicon	-	110	350	600	-	29	210	399
	US		-	118	178	150	28	48	112.6	123.4
	India	Monocrystalline & Polycrystalline	-	-	-	-	120	200	350	500
	China		-	200	400	600	37	145	281.5	525.3
Tamesol	Spain	Monocrystalline & Polycrystalline	-	120	220	340	35	60	80	120
Sova Solar Limited	India	Polycrystaline & Monocrystaline	12.5	25	50	100	7	15	25	45
Zytech Solar (Zyt Energy Group)	Spain (Headquarters)	Polycrystaline & Monocrystaline, LCPV ^[21]	150	250	500	700	52	74	90	130
	China (subsidiary)	Polycrystaline & Monocrystaline,^[22]	100	200	200	300	25	40	53	65
	India (subsidiary)	Polycrystaline & Monocrystaline	-	-	-	200	-	-	-	120

According to EnergyTrend, the 2011 global top ten polysilicon, solar cell and solar module manufacturers by capacity were found in countries including People's Republic of China, United States, Taiwan, Germany, Japan, and Korea.

In 2011, the global top ten polysilicon makers by capacity were GCL, Hemlock, OCI, Wacker, LDK, REC, MEMC/SunEdison, Tokuyama, LCY and Woongjin, represented by People's Republic of China, United States, Taiwan, Germany, Japan and South Korea.

Historical rankings

In 2015, GCL System Integration Technology Company made an increase of 500%, topping 2.5-2.7 GW, which puts it at seventh rank, overtaking Yingli Green, compared to 0.5 GW in 2014. Their solar PV module production appears to have reached a 3.7 GW capacity at the end of 2015.^[23]

Solar modules, as the final products to be installed to generate electricity, are regarded as the major components to be selected by customers willing to choose solar PV energy. Solar module manufacturers must be sure that their products can be sustainable for application periods of more than 25 years. As a result, major solar module producers have their products tested by publicly recognized testing organizations and guarantee their durable efficiency rate for a certain number of years. The solar PV market has been growing for the past few years. According to solar PV research company PVinsights, worldwide shipments of solar modules in 2011 was around 25 GW, and the shipment year-over-year growth was around 40%. The top five solar module producers in 2011 were: Suntech, First Solar, Yingli, Trina, and Canadian. The top five solar module companies possessed 51.3% market share of solar modules, according to PVinsights' market intelligence report.

Ranking 2011	Market share	Solar module company	Ranking 2010	Market share	Country
align=center	1	align=center	5.8%		align=center	1	align=center	8.1%	China
align=center	2	align=center	5.7%	First Solar	align=center	2	align=center	7.9%	US
align=center	3	align=center	4.8%		align=center	4	align=center	6.4%	China
align=center	4	align=center	4.3%		align=center	5	align=center	6.1%	China
align=center	5	align=center	4.0%	Sungen Solar	align=center	6	align=center	5.3%	China
align=center	6	align=center	2.8%		align=center	3	align=center	^[24]	Japan
align=center	7	align=center	2.8%		align=center	8	align=center		US
align=center	8	align=center	2.7%		align=center	7	align=center		South Korea
align=center	9	align=center	2.3%		align=center	-	align=center		China
align=center	10	align=center	1.9%		align=center	10	align=center		Norway
Sources:^[25]

Top 10 solar cell producers

According to an annual market survey by the photovoltaics trade publication Photon International, global production of photovoltaic cells and modules in 2009 was 12.3 GW. The top ten manufacturers accounted for 45% of this total.^[26] In 2010, a tremendous growth of solar PV cell shipments doubled the solar PV cell market size. According to the solar PV market research company PVinsights,^[24] Suntech topped the ranking of solar cell production. Most of the top ten solar PV producers doubled their shipment in 2010 and five of them were over one gigawatt shipments. The top ten solar cell producers dominated the market with an even higher market share, say 50~60%, with respect to an assumed twenty gigawatt cell shipments in 2010.

Solar cell company	Country		Shipment 2010 in MW
	China	704	1,572
JA Solar	China	520	1,464
	US	1,100	1,411
	China	525	1,062
Trina Solar	China	399	1,057
	Taiwan	360	924
	Germany	586	907
Gintech	Taiwan	368	827
Sharp	Japan	595	774
Sungen Solar	China	193	588
Sources: PhotonMagazine^[27] and PVinsights. Note: 2009 shipments of Motech and Canadian Solar are by PVinsights.

Quarterly ranking

Although yearly ranking is as listed above, quarterly ranking can indicate which company can sustain particular conditions such as price adjustment, government feed-in tariff change, and weather conditions. In 2Q11, First Solar regained the top spot in solar module shipments from Suntech. From the 2Q11 results, four phenomena should be noticed: thin film leader First Solar still dominates; more centralization in the solar module market; Chinese companies soared; and the giga-watt game is prevailing (according to the latest solar model shipment report by PVinsigts).^[28]

Thin film ranking

See also: List of CIGS companies.

Thin film solar cells are commercially used in several technologies, including cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and amorphous and other thin-film silicon (a-Si, TF-Si). In 2013, thin-film declined to 9% of worldwide PV production.

In 2009, thin films represented 16.8% of total global production, up from 12.5% in 2008. The top ten thin-film producers were:

• 1100.0 MW First Solar
• 123.4 MW Suntech solar
• 94.0 MW Sharp
• 60.0 MW HELIOSPHERA
• 50.0 MW Sungen Solar
• 50.0 MW Trony
• 50.0 MW Moser Baer
• 43.0 MW Solar Frontier
• 42.0 MW Mitsubishi
• 40.0 MW Kaneka Corporation
• 40.0 MW Vtech Solar
• 30.0 MW Würth Solar
• 30.0 MW Bosch (formerly Ersol)
• 30.0 MW EPV

¹ Estimated

2011 global top 10 polysilicon manufacturers by capacity

Company	Capacity (tons)	Country
	65,000	China
	65,000	Korea
	43,000	US
	33,000	Germany
	25,000	China
	19,000	Norway
	15,000	US
	9,200	Japan
	8,000	Taiwan
	5,000	Korea
Sourced from EnergyTrend^[29]

On the other hand, the 2011 global top ten solar cell makers by capacity are dominated by both Chinese and Taiwanese companies, including Suntech, JA Solar, Trina, Yingli, Motech, Gintech, Canadian Solar, NeoSolarPower, Hanwha Solar One and JinkoSolar.

2011 global top 10 solar cell manufacturers by capacity

Company	Capacity (MW)	Country
	2,400	China
	2,100	China
	1,900	China
	1,700	China
	1,500	Taiwan
	1,500	Taiwan
	1,300	China
	1,300	Taiwan
	1,100	Korea
	1,100	China
South Africa	Sourced from EnergyTrend

In terms of solar module by capacity, the 2011 global top ten are Suntech, LDK, Canadian Solar, Trina, Yingli, Hanwha Solar One, Solar World, Jinko Solar, Sunneeg and Sunpower, represented by makers in People's Republic of China and Germany.

2011 global top 10 solar module manufacturers by capacity

Company	Capacity (MW)	Country
	2,400	China
	2,300	China
	2,000	China
	1,900	China
	1,700	China
	1,500	Korea
	1,400	Germany
	1,100	China
	1,000	China
	1,000	US
Sourced from EnergyTrend

In terms of wafer and cell capacities, both makers from Taiwan and China have demonstrated significant year over year growth from 2010 to 2011.

China and Taiwan production capacity

	China (MV)	Taiwan (MV)
2010 wafer capacity	15,300	2,640
2011 wafer capacity	26,000	5,020
year over year growth	70%	90%
2010 cell capacity	11,200	5,415
2011 cell capacity	24,000	10,045
year over year growth	114%	86%
Sourced from EnergyTrend

Solar photovoltaic production by country

China now manufactures more than half of the world's solar photovoltaics. Its production has been rapidly escalating. In 2001 it had less than 1% of the world market. In contrast, in 2001 Japan and the United States combined had over 70% of world production. By 2011 they produced around 15%.^[30]

Other companies

Other notable companies include:^[31]

• Anwell Solar, Hong Kong, China
• Ascent Solar, Tucson, Arizona, US
• Cool Earth Solar, California, US
• Dyesol, Canberra, Australia
• Eurosolar, Germany
• Global Solar, Tucson, Arizona, US
• GreenSun Energy, Jerusalem, Israel
• Hanwha, Seoul, South Korea^{[32] [33]}
• HelioVolt, Austin, Texas, US
• Hitachi, Japan^[34]
• IBC SOLAR, Germany
• International Solar Electric Technology, Chatsworth, California, US
• Isofotón, Malaga, Spain
• Konarka Technologies, Inc., Lowell, Massachusetts, US
• LDK Solar, Xinyu, China
• Meyer Burger, Thun, Switzerland
• Miasolé, California, US
• Mitsubishi Electric, Tokyo, Japan
• Nanosolar, San Jose, California, US
• Odersun, Frankfurt Oder, Germany
• Panasonic Corporation Osaka, Japan
• PowerFilm, Inc., Ames, Iowa, US
• Renewable Energy Corporation, Norway
• Schott Solar, Germany
• Signet Solar, California, US
• Skyline Solar, Mountain View, California, US
• SolarEdge, Grass Valley, California, US^[35]
• SolarPark Korea, Wanju, South Korea
• SolarWorld, Bonn, Germany
• Solimpeks, Munich, Germany
• SoloPower, San Jose, California, US
• Spectrolab, Inc., Sylmar, California, US
• Sulfurcell, company has changed name to Soltecture in 2011, Germany
• SunEdison
• Suniva, Norcross, Georgia, US
• Sun Power Corporation, San Jose, California, US
• Targray Technology International, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
• Tenksolar, Minneapolis, Minnesota, US
• Topray Solar, China
• Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan
• Unirac, Albuquerque, New Mexico, US
• Wagner & Co., Germany
• Wirsol, Waghäusel, Germany
• Xinyi Solar, Wuhu, China

List of solar panel factories

Below is a list of solar panel factories. It lists actual factories only, former plants are below this first table.

Company	Factory name	Factory location	data-sort-type="number"	Plant cost (in US$ millions)	data-sort-type="number"	Started production	data-sort-type="number"	Panel technology (silicon, Thin Film, CIGS, etc.)	data-sort-type="number"	Capacity/year (in GW)
Sharp Corporation	Sakai^[36] ^[37] ^[38]	Japan, Sakai				1
Sharp Corporation	Katsuragi	Japan		1981^[39] ^[40]
Sharp Corporation	Kameyama	Japan, Kameyama
Sharp Corporation	Taki	Japan
LG		South Korea, Gumi^[41]
Solar Frontier	Miyazaki	Japan		2009		0.060^[42]
Solar Frontier	Kunitomi	Japan	1	2011	CIS	0.9
Solar Frontier	Tohoku	Japan	0.1	2015	CIS	0.150
Neo Solar Power	Fab 3^[43]
Panasonic		Japan
AU Optronics

Closed solar panel factories

Company	Factory name	Factory location	data-sort-type="number"	Plant cost (in US$ millions)	data-sort-type="number"	Started production	data-sort-type="number"	Panel technology	data-sort-type="number"	Capacity/year (in GW)	data-sort-type="number"	Stopped production
Sharp Corporation		UK
TSMC Solar		Taiwan, Taichung, Central Taiwan Science Park ^[44] (next to TSMC Fab 15)			CIGS	0.040	2015^[45] ^[46]

See also

• List of CIGS companies
• List of concentrating solar thermal power companies
• List of energy storage projects
• List of silicon producers
• Renewable energy industry
  • Silicon Module Super League
• Solar cell
  • Dye-sensitized solar cell
• Solar inverter
• Power optimizer
• Applied Materials, a solar cell capital equipment producer

References

^[47]

External links

• "Solar Home System"

Notes and References

1. Web site: Fraunhofer Photovoltaic Report.
2. Web site: Solar PV Global Supply Chains – Analysis . 2022-08-15 . IEA . en-GB.
3. Web site: China's JinkoSolar preserves its leading global solar PV module shipment rank in 2019. 2020-02-10. GlobalData. en-GB. 2020-05-23.
4. Web site: Stoker . Liam . 2021-04-26 . As top five module manufacturer shipments top 86GW, market consolidation looms large . 2022-08-15 . PV Tech . en-US.
5. Web site: Soloot . Hesam-Edin Hayati . 2021-02-04 . Top 10 PV Module Manufacturers in 2020, Based-on Their Module Shipment . 2022-08-15 . Solar Edition . en-US.
6. Web site: Stoker . Liam . 2022-01-13 . Revealed: The top 10 PV module suppliers in 2021 - part one . 2022-08-15 . PV Tech . en-US.
7. Web site: Transcribing. Motley Fool. 2020-02-12. SunPower (SPWR) Q4 2019 Earnings Call Transcript. 2021-01-07. The Motley Fool. en.
8. Web site: Top 10 solar module manufacturers in 2015 . Osborne . Mark . 21 January 2016 . pv-tech.org . Solar Media Limited . https://web.archive.org/web/20160315063459/http://www.pv-tech.org/editors-blog/top-10-solar-module-manufacturers-in-2015 . 15 March 2016 . live . 31 July 2016.
9. Web site: Trina Solar remained world's top solar PV module producer in 2015 . 24 February 2016 . energyharvestingjournal.com . IDTechEx . https://web.archive.org/web/20160320200634/http://www.energyharvestingjournal.com/articles/9131/trina-solar-remained-worlds-top-solar-pv-module-producer-in-2015 . 20 March 2016 . live . 31 July 2016.
10. Web site: Trina tops PV module production ranking in 2015 – GlobalData . Mancheva . Militsa . 24 February 2016 . renewables.seenews.com . SeeNews . https://web.archive.org/web/20160327192046/http://renewables.seenews.com/news/trina-tops-pv-module-production-ranking-in-2015-globaldata-514299 . 27 March 2016 . live . 31 July 2016.
11. Web site: The world's biggest solar photovoltaic cell manufacturers . 25 April 2016 . power-technology.com . Kable Intelligence Limited . https://web.archive.org/web/20160427145001/http://www.power-technology.com/features/featurethe-worlds-biggest-solar-photovoltaic-cell-manufacturers-4863800/ . 27 April 2016 . live . 31 July 2016.
12. Web site: SunPower Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2015 Results . 17 February 2016 . www.pv-tech.org . Solar Media Limited . https://web.archive.org/web/20160427113639/http://www.pv-tech.org/news/sunpower-reports-flat-2015-revenue . 27 April 2016 . live . 31 July 2016.
13. Web site: SunPower Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2015 Results . 17 February 2016 . newsroom.sunpower.com . . https://web.archive.org/web/20160328080727/http://newsroom.sunpower.com/2016-02-17-SunPower-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Fiscal-Year-2015-Results . 28 March 2016 . live . 31 July 2016.
14. Web site: Risen Energy reports increase in revenue and profits, expands module capacity to 3.1 GW . f . 29 February 2016 . www.pv-tech.org . PHOTON Publishing . https://web.archive.org/web/20160731152802/http://www.photon.info/en/news/risen-energy-reports-increase-revenue-and-profits-expands-module-capacity-31-gw . 31 July 2016 . live . 31 July 2016 .
15. Hirshman, W. P., "Little smiles on long faces (cell production 2008: survey)," Photon International, (March 2015), pp. 170-206.
16. Hirshman, W. P., G. Hering, and M. Schmela, "Gigawatts — the measure of things to come (cell production 2015: survey)," Photon International, (March 2015), pp. 136-166.
17. Estimated production/capacity
18. Filed for bankruptcy on Aug 15, 2011, Evergreen Solar Seeks Bankruptcy
19. Plant closed in 2009
20. Production greater than capacity due to closing of some production lines in mid-year
21. News: Low Concentration PV Deployments From SunPower and Skyline Solar. 2017-12-28.
22. Web site: E+I Emprendedores e innovadores - Capítulo 22 - RTVE.es. 4 March 2012.
23. Web site: GCL Surges To Become 7th Largest Solar PV Manufacturer In World — PV Module Production Rose 500% In 2015 . Ayre . James . 3 March 2016 . . Sustainable Enterprises Media, Inc. . 31 July 2016 .
24. Web site: PVinsights. pvinsights.com.
25. Web site: Renewables 2012 Global Status Report. https://web.archive.org/web/20121215215616/http://www.map.ren21.net/GSR/GSR2012.pdf. dead. December 15, 2012.
26. Hirshman, W. P., "Surprise, surprise (cell production 2009: survey)," Photon International, (March 2010), pp. 176-199.
27. Web site: photon.info . photon.info.
28. Web site: PVinsights: Solar PV Module Shipment Ranking Reports in 2Q11. pvinsights.com.
29. Web site: EnergyTrend - Solar Energy, Electric Vehicle, Power Battery, Wind Energy, Renewable Energy, Green Energy. energytrend.com.
30. Web site: US-China Solar Trade Case Background. FutureofUSChinaTrade.com. 19 March 2012.
31. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/reworld/story?id=51590 Land of Giants: PV Players and Prospects
32. Web site: Solar Energy. Hanwha.com.
33. Web site: Hanwha Q CELLS - Our locations. hanwha-qcells.com.
34. Web site: Photovoltaic Power Generation System : Hitachi. Hitachi. Ltd.. hitachi.com.
35. Web site: SolarEdge - A World Leader in Smart Energy. solaredge.com.
36. Web site: Plant . sharp.net . 18 July 2018.
37. Web site: World's First and Only G10 Plant - Sakai Display Products Corporation. sdp.co.jp.
38. Web site: Sharp Energy Solution .
39. Web site: Year - A Vast Array of Sharp Solar Solutions - Sharp Solar Global Website . sharp-world.com.
40. Web site: 環境に配慮したモノづくり 工場からエコ. SHARP. CORPORATION.
41. Web site: Our Brand - About LG - LG Global. lg.com.
42. Web site: Production. solar-frontier.com.
43. Web site: About NSP.
44. Web site: Production - tsmc solar. tsmc-solar.com.
45. Web site: Why TSMC Is Exiting Solar. Michael. Kanellos. .
46. Web site: TSMC Exiting Solar Energy Industry, Despite CIGS Efficiency Record - CleanTechnica. cleantechnica.com. 14 September 2015 .
47. Web site: Energy Solutions .