Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999 explained

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Wednesday, August 11, 1999,^[1] with a magnitude of 1.0286. A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between earth and the sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the sun for a viewer on earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the moon's apparent diameter is larger than the sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 3.5 days after perigee (on August 8, 1999, at 0:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.^[2]

It was the first total eclipse visible from Europe since July 22, 1990, and the first visible in the United Kingdom since June 29, 1927.

The path of the moon's shadow began in the Atlantic Ocean and, before noon, was traversing the southern United Kingdom, northern France, Belgium, Luxembourg, southern Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary, and northern FR Yugoslavia (Vojvodina). The eclipse's maximum was at 11:03 UTC at 45.1°N 24.3°W in Romania (next to the town of Ocnele Mari near Râmnicu Vâlcea);^{[3] [4] [5]} and it continued across Bulgaria, the Black Sea, Turkey, the northeastern tip of Syria, northern Iraq, Iran, southern Pakistan and Srikakulam in India and ended in the Bay of Bengal. A partial eclipse was visible for parts of eastern Canada, Greenland, Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia, and China.

Observations

Because of the high population densities in areas of the path, this was one of the most-viewed total solar eclipses in human history;^[6] although some areas in the path of totality (mainly in Western Europe) offered impaired visibility due to adverse weather conditions.

Some of the organized eclipse-watching parties along the path of totality set up video projectors on which people could watch the moon's shadow as it raced towards them.^[7] There was substantial coverage on international TV stations of the progress of the eclipse shadow. The moon's shadow was also observed from the Russian Mir space station; during the eclipse, video from Mir was broadcast live on television.

• The BBC concentrated its coverage efforts on the first landfall of the shadow across the western end of Cornwall (from St Ives to Lizard), which was packed with an extraordinary number of visitors, although Cornwall did not have nearly as many spectators as expected leading many organised events to host smaller audiences than anticipated. The veteran amateur astronomer, broadcaster and eclipse-watcher Patrick Moore was brought in to head a live programme, but the eclipse was clouded out. BBC One also produced a special version of their Balloon Idents for the event. The BBC did not have a presence at Goonhilly on the Lizard Peninsula, one of the few places in Cornwall where the clouds parted just in time for the total eclipse to be visible. There was extensive cloud in Perranporth which parted just in time, allowing the very large crowd that had filled the beach and hillsides to witness the event.
• Some of the best viewing conditions were to be had mid-Channel, where ferries were halted in calm conditions to obtain an excellent view. Hundreds of people who gathered on the island of Alderney also experienced the event.
• Also at sea, many of the Fastnet fleet contestants encountered totality crossing the Celtic Sea on their way to the Fastnet Rock.^[8]
• A gathering of several thousand people at the airport in Soissons, France, which was on the path of totality, were denied all but a few fleeting glimpses of the eclipse through the overcast sky. The clouds cleared completely just a few minutes after the eclipse.
• In contrast, the overcast sky in Amiens, France, where thousands had gathered, cleared only minutes before the eclipse began.
• Further inland, viewing conditions were also perfect at Vouziers, a French country town gridlocked by Belgian cars from day-visitors. The patchy cloud covering cleared a short time before the shadow arrived. Some photos from Vouziers were used on the subsequent BBC Sky at Night programme.
• The San Francisco Exploratorium featured a live webcast from a crowded town square in Amasya, Turkey.
• Doordarshan, the national TV channel in India, broadcast live coverage from Srikakulam, hosted by TV personality Mona Bhattacharya.
• A Bulgarian Air Force MiG-21 two-seater was used by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences to study the solar corona. The MiG-21, flying at 1600–1700 km/h (1000 to 1100 mph) (Mach 1.4-1.5) at an altitude of 13,000 metres (43,000 feet), was able to stay in the moon's umbra for 6 minutes. The photographer, an air force pilot, used two film cameras, both fitted with 200 mm lenses and infrared filters, and one Digital8 video camera.
• Hungary's most popular tourist destination, Lake Balaton and its surrounding area, fell into the path of the eclipse entirely, which made the area even more popular for the day. The motorway leading to the city was so crowded that many people had to watch the eclipse while caught in a traffic jam.
• One French and two British Concordes briefly followed the eclipse with tourists on board.^[9]
• The BBC was filming one of its episodes for the TV series Airport that day and, during the show, resident press officers Russell Clisby and Steve Meller took photographs of the eclipse at Heathrow Airport, as well as Aeroflot supervisor Jeremy Spake witnessing the eclipse on a special charter flight.
• RTS, the national public broadcaster of Serbia, urged people to remain inside, citing dangers to public health. This caused the streets of all Serbian cities, towns and villages to be entirely deserted during the eclipse (97% of Serbs stayed inside), with many opting to watch it on TV instead.^[10]
• The BMJ, a month after the eclipse, reported only 14 cases of eye damage from improper viewing of the eclipse - a number lower than initially feared. In one of the most serious cases the patient had looked at the sun without eye protection for twenty minutes, but overall the public health campaign had succeeded.^[11]

Notable times and coordinates

Event	Time (UTC)	Coordinates^[12]
1st penumbral contact with Earth's surface (P1)	08:26:17
1st external umbral contact (U1)	09:29:55	41.0333°N -70.4°W
2nd internal umbral contact (U2)	09:30:53	43.0017°N -112.8°W
Greatest eclipse	11:03:07	45.08°N 41.3°W^[13]
3rd internal umbral contact (U3)	12:35:33	19.6617°N 100.4°W
4th external umbral contact (U4)	12:36:26	17.5583°N 104.1°W
4th penumbral contact with Earth's surface (P4)	13:40:08

Eclipse details

Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.^[14]

August 11, 1999 Solar Eclipse Times! Event! Time (UTC)

First Penumbral External Contact	1999 August 11 at 08:27:19.0 UTC
First Umbral External Contact	1999 August 11 at 09:30:56.5 UTC
First Central Line	1999 August 11 at 09:31:25.4 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact	1999 August 11 at 09:31:54.4 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction	1999 August 11 at 10:52:16.8 UTC
Greatest Duration	1999 August 11 at 11:00:37.9 UTC
Greatest Eclipse	1999 August 11 at 11:04:09.1 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction	1999 August 11 at 11:09:33.8 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact	1999 August 11 at 12:36:35.5 UTC
Last Central Line	1999 August 11 at 12:37:01.7 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact	1999 August 11 at 12:37:27.9 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact	1999 August 11 at 13:41:10.3 UTC

August 11, 1999 Solar Eclipse Parameters! Parameter! Value

Eclipse Magnitude	1.02860
Eclipse Obscuration	1.05802
Gamma	0.50623
Sun Right Ascension	09h23m08.3s
Sun Declination	+15°19'39.7"
Sun Semi-Diameter	15'46.8"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax	08.7"
Moon Right Ascension	09h23m34.5s
Moon Declination	+15°48'38.5"
Moon Semi-Diameter	16'00.3"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax	0°58'44.3"
ΔT	63.7 s

Eclipse season

See also: Eclipse cycle. This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Related eclipses

Eclipses in 1999

• A penumbral lunar eclipse on January 31.
• An annular solar eclipse on February 16.
• A partial lunar eclipse on July 28.
• A total solar eclipse on August 11.

Metonic

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of October 24, 1995
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of May 31, 2003

Tzolkinex

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of June 30, 1992
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of September 22, 2006

Half-Saros

• Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of August 6, 1990
• Followed by: Lunar eclipse of August 16, 2008

Tritos

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of September 11, 1988
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of July 11, 2010

Solar Saros 145

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of July 31, 1981
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017

Inex

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of August 31, 1970
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of July 22, 2028

Triad

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of October 10, 1912
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of June 11, 2086

Inex series

Popular culture

• Sleeping Sun (1999), by the Finnish band Nightwish
• Les Terriens (2000), French documentary directed by Ariane Doublet
• Les Ensoleillés (2002), compilation of around twenty short stories based on the 1999 eclipse, written by Joël Egloff

See also

• List of solar eclipses visible from the United Kingdom

References

• Eclipse at hermit.org
• "Club Krile Magazine", Vol. 11, 1999, "Air Group 2000" Publishing, Sofia, Bulgaria
• The Total Solar Eclipse of 1999 August 11
• Russia expedition

Photos

• Turkey. Prof. Druckmüller's eclipse photography site
• Hungary. Prof. Druckmüller's eclipse photography site
• France. Prof. Druckmüller's eclipse photography site
• Bulgaria
• Solar Corona Shape
• Exploratorium Webcast: Solar Eclipse August 11, 1999
• KryssTal - Eclipse in Cornwall (UK)—totality not seen but scene photographed
• Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999 Romania, shown in Romanian Maximum Card
• Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999 Romania, shown in Romanian Maximum Card
• Images from Turkey by Crayford Manor House Astronomical Society
• A Crescent Sunrise, APOD 8/17/1999, partial eclipse from Quebec, Canada
• Sun Block, APOD 8/18/1999, totality from Hungary
• Light From The Dark Sun, APOD 8/19/1999, totality from Siofok, Hungary
• At The Sun's Edge, APOD 8/20/1999, totality near Bagdere, Turkey
• The Big Corona, APOD 4/8/2001, totality by Fred Espenak
• Total Eclipse of the Active Sun, APOD 6/20/2001, from Kecel, Hungary
• Diamond Ring in the Sun, APOD 6/21/2001, totality from eastern Turkey
• Looking Back at an Eclipsed Earth, APOD 9/26/2004, total eclipse shadow seen from Mir spacestation, chosen as APOD again on 6/10/2007
• Russian scientist observed eclipse

Notes and References

1. Web site: August 11, 1999 Total Solar Eclipse. timeanddate. 10 August 2024.
2. Web site: Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England. timeanddate. 10 August 2024.
3. Stavinschi, M., National Seminar" The total solar Eclipse of August, 11, 1999. Interdisciplinary approach, Bucharest, October 15, 1998 in: Romanian Astron. J., vol.8, N.2, p.146 (1998)
4. Scientific session " Eclipsa 99", Romanian Astronomical Journal, vol.9, N.1, p.103 (1999)
5. Stavinschi, M., The maximum of the last eclipse of the Millenium was in Romania, Romanian Astronomical Journal,, vol.9, N.2, p.109- 114, 1999
6. Web site: Solar show in sky or on the Internet. 10 August 1999 .
7. Web site: ISMB 99 . Bioinf.mpi-sb.mpg.de . 2013-10-01.
8. News: Boats warned of freak winds during eclipse . https://web.archive.org/web/20151017090419/https://www.theguardian.com/science/1999/jun/07/eclipse.uknews . 17 October 2015 . 7 June 1999 . Guardian . live.
9. News: Hatherill. Chris. When Astronomers Chased a Total Eclipse in a Concorde. 10 March 2016. Vice. 9 March 2016.
10. Web site: Atmosfear: Slobodan Milošević versus 1999 Solar Eclipse . Centre for the History of Science, Technology of Medicine . July 2010. Janković . Vladimir .
11. UK hospitals assess eye damage after solar eclipse . Dobson . Roger . 1999-08-21 . The BMJ . 1116382 . 10454393 . 319 . 7208 . 469 . 10.1136/bmj.319.7208.469.
12. Web site: Eclipse2017 - Total Solar Eclipse 2017. eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.
13. Web site: Eclipse2017 - Total Solar Eclipse 2017. eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.
14. Web site: Total Solar Eclipse of 1999 Aug 11. EclipseWise.com. 10 August 2024.