Socialist Party USA explained

Socialist Party of the United States of America
Colorcode:	ED1F24
Leader1 Title:	Chairs
Leader2 Title:	Vice Chairs
Leader3 Title:	Secretary
Leader3 Name:	Greg Pason
Leader4 Title:	Treasurer
Leader4 Name:	Pat Noble
Leader5 Title:	Editor
Split:	Social Democrats, USA
Predecessor:	Socialist Party of America
Headquarters:	168 Canal Street, 6th Floor New York City, New York 10013 (A. J. Muste Institute)
Position:	Left-wing
Colors:	Red
Seats1 Title:	Seats in the Senate
Seats2 Title:	Seats in the House
Seats3 Title:	Governorships
Seats4 Title:	State Upper House Seats
Seats5 Title:	State Lower House Seats
Seats6 Title:	Territorial Upper Chamber Seats
Seats7 Title:	Territorial Lower Chamber Seats
Seats8 Title:	Local Offices
Seats8:	2 (2024)
Country:	United States

The Socialist Party of the United States of America (also Socialist Party USA or SPUSA) is a socialist political party in the United States. SPUSA formed in 1973, one year after the Socialist Party of America splintered into three: Social Democrats, USA (legal successor), the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (split), and SPUSA.

SPUSA describes itself as a multi-tendency socialist party which hopes to win socialism through a "democratic revolution from below". In contrast to the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), SPUSA advocates for "uncompromising independence" from the Democratic Party. SPUSA describes socialism as "radical democracy", in opposition to "capitalist and authoritarian statist systems".

Notable members include David McReynolds, Frank Zeidler, and Dan La Botz. Former members include Ben Burgis.

Organization

SPUSA is headquartered at the A. J. Muste Institute., the Socialist Party had 11 local and state parties. Active SPUSA state parties include Michigan, New Jersey, Wisconsin. Inactive state parties include California, Maine, Kansas.^[1]

Membership

In 1975, chairman Frank Zeidler claimed that SPUSA had around 500 members nationwide. SPUSA saw growth during the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s, expanding from around 600 members to around 1,700 members.^[2] In 2008, WMNF claimed that SPUSA had around 3,000 members.^[3] However, in 2010, CommonDreams wrote that SPUSA had only 1,000 members, and party members described that as an increase in membership.^[4] In May 2011, The New York Times stated that SPUSA had "about 1,000 members nationally".^[5] In February 2012, The Root stated that SPUSA had "around 1,500" members.^{[6] [7]}

History

Background

See also: Socialist Party of America. In 1958, the Independent Socialist League, led by Max Shachtman, dissolved and joined the Socialist Party of America (SPA), which was founded by Eugene V. Debs.^[8] Shachtman had written that Soviet communism was a new form of class society, bureaucratic collectivism, in which the ruling class exploited and oppressed the population, and therefore he opposed the spread of communism.^{[9] [10] [11]} Shachtman argued that democratic socialists should work with labor unions and civil rights organizations to build a social democratic "realignment" of the Democratic Party. "Shachmanites" had a great amount of influence on the SPA.^[10]

In its 1972 convention, the SPA changed its name to Social Democrats, USA by a vote of 73 to 34, supported by both Co-Chairmen, Bayard Rustin and Charles S. Zimmerman.^{[12] [13]} This rename was meant to be "realistic". The New York Times observed that the Socialist Party had last sponsored Darlington Hoopes as its candidate for president in the 1956 election, who received only 2,121 votes, in just six states. The majority report noted that the name "party" was "misleading" because the SPA no longer sponsored presidential candidates, and also hindered recruitment of activists who participated in the Democratic Party. The name "Socialist" was replaced by "Social Democrats" because many American associated the word "socialism" with Soviet communism.^[12] The party also wished to distinguish itself from two small Marxist parties.^[14]

The convention elected a national committee of 33 members, with 22 seats for the majority caucus, 8 seats for Harrington's Coalition Caucus, 2 for the Debs caucus, and one for the "independent" Samuel  H. Friedman.^[15] These minority caucuses all opposed the name change.^[12] The convention voted on and adopted proposals for its program by a two-one vote, with the majority caucus winning every vote.

Founding

After their defeat at the convention, members of the two minority caucuses helped to found new socialist organizations. Harrington's Coalition Caucus created the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee.

The Debs Caucus, led by David McReynolds, formed the Union for Democratic Socialism. On May 30, 1973, the UDS incorporated the Socialist Party of the United States of America.^[16] Many activists from the local and state branches of the old Socialist Party of America, including the party's Wisconsin, California, Illinois, New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. organizations, participated in the reconstitution of SPUSA.^[17]

After its founding, the party promoted itself as the legitimate heir of the Socialist Party of America.^[18] SPUSA elected Frank Zeidler, former Mayor of Milwaukee, as its first national chairperson. Later, SPUSA nominated Zeidler for President. Zeidler believed the party would be able to collaborate with other socialist parties nationwide to spread the message of socialism.^[19]

Subsequent history

In 2008, SPUSA candidate for President Brian Moore vocally opposed the idea that Barack Obama was a socialist of any kind,^[20] saying it was "misleading of the Republicans" to spread that message.^[21]

In 2009, the Socialist Party of Connecticut protested in Hartford against Obama's troop surge in Afghanistan.^[22]

In 2010, SPUSA Co-Chair Billy Wharton called Obama's 2010 State of the Union Address a "public relations ploy".^[23] Wharton criticized the Affordable Care Act as designed "to protect the profit margins of private insurance companies".^[24]

Ideology

SPUSA argues that socialism can only come through social revolution. SPUSA tendencies include both democratic socialism, for a gradual transformation of society, and revolutionary socialism, for a rapid transformation following a slow "socialist transformation from below" through radically democratic "people's organizations". SPUSA describes socialism as a radically democratic system which "places people's lives under their own control—a classless, feminist, socialist society free of racism, sexism, homophobia or transphobia," and in which "the people own and control the means of production and distribution through democratically controlled public agencies, cooperatives, or other collective groups"; "full employment is realized for everyone who wants to work"; "workers have the right to form unions freely, and to strike and engage in other forms of job actions"; and "production of society is used for the benefit of all humanity, not for the private profit of a few."^[25]

Socialist Party candidates support expanding social spending and social ownership of capital. In 2009, Greg Pason's proposals included socializing the United States health care system, a steeply graduated income tax, universal rent control and the elimination of all educational debts and tuition fees.^[26] In 1997, Pason called auto insurance "a regressive tax against working people".^[27] Moore was also vocal of his support for socialized medicine.^[28] Moore supported economic democracy through social ownership and workers' control of our reigning industrial and financial institutions.^[20]

Election results

SPUSA has fielded electoral candidates for local, state, and federal offices. SPUSA candidates usually run on a SPUSA ballot line, as independent, or as Green Party candidates.

SPUSA has often endorsed members of the Vermont Progressive Party (VPP), such as Peter Diamondstone. Most of these individuals were members of the Vermont socialist Liberty Union Party, but not members of SPUSA. These endorsees-but-not-members of SPUSA are not included below.

SPUSA has won several local offices, but never a state legislature, statewide, or federal office.

Current elected members

• Pat Noble, member of the Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education
• Samantha Pree-Stinson, member of the Minneapolis Board of Estimate and Taxation

Presidential elections

Year	Presidential candidate	Vice presidential candidate	Popular votes	%	Electoral votes	Result	Ballot access	Notes	Ref
2024	Bill Stodden	Stephanie Cholensky	361		0	Lost			^[29] ^[30]
2020	Howie Hawkins	Angela Nicole Walker	405,034		0	Lost			^[31]
2016	Mimi Soltysik	Angela Nicole Walker	4,061		0	Lost			^[32]
2012	Stewart Alexander	Alejandro Mendoza	4,430		0	Lost			^[33] ^[34]
2008	Brian Moore	Stewart Alexander	6,581		0	Lost			^[35] ^[36]
2004	Walt Brown	Mary Alice Herbert	10,822		0	Lost			^[37]
2000	David McReynolds	Mary Cal Hollis	5,602		0	Lost			^[38] ^[39]
1996	Mary Cal Hollis	Eric Chester	4,764		0	Lost			^[40] ^[41]
1992	J. Quinn Brisben	Barbara Garson	3,057		0	Lost			^[42] ^[43]
1988	Willa Kenoyer	Ron Ehrenreich	3,882		0	Lost			^[44] ^[45]
1980	David McReynolds	Diane Drufenbrock	6,898		0	Lost			^[46] ^[47]
1976	Frank Zeidler	J. Quinn Brisben	6,038		0	Lost			^[48] ^[49]

In the 1984 presidential election, SPUSA nominated the Citizens Party candidate for president, Sonia Johnson.

In the 2020 presidential election, the SPUSA nominated the Green Party nominee Howie Hawkins for president. Hawkins also received various state-level party endorsements, such as the Liberty Union Party in Vermont, in a bid to unite the "non-sectarian independent Left" behind a single campaign.^[50]

Congressional elections

Year	Candidate	Chamber	State	District	Votes	%	Result	Notes	Ref
2016	Jarrod Williams	Senate	Nevada	At-Large	6,888		Lost	ran as Independent	^[51] ^[52]
2014	Susan Purviance	House	Ohio	9th	n/a		Lost	write-in	^[53]
2012	Greg Pason	Senate	New Jersey	At-Large	2,249		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[54] ^[55] ^[56]
2010	Dan La Botz	Senate	Ohio	At-Large	26,454		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[57]
2008	Todd Vachon	House	Connecticut	2	15		Lost	write-in	^[58]
2008	Marc Luzietti	House	Florida	20	9		Lost	write-in
2008	Jean Treacy	House	Michigan	1st	2,669		Lost	ran as Green	^[59]
2006	Greg Pason	Senate	New Jersey	At-Large	2,490		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[60]
2006	Willie Norwood	House	New Jersey	2nd	385		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[61]
2006	Willie Norwood	House	Massachusetts	1st	n/a		Lost	write-in	^[62]
2004	Lisa Weltman	House	Michigan	14th	2,224		Lost	ran as Green candidate	^[63]
2004	Greg Pason	House	New Jersey	5th	574		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate
2004	Costantino Rozzo	House	New Jersey	2nd	595		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate
2004	Walt Brown	House	Oregon	3rd	10,678		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate
2004	Dorman Hayes	House	Rhode Island	2nd	3,303		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate
2002	Willie Norwood	House	Massachusetts	1st	n/a		Lost	write-in
2002	Greg Pason	Senate	New Jersey	At-Large	2,702		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[64]
2002	Costantino Rozzo	House	New Jersey	2nd	771		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate
2002	Walt Brown	House	Oregon	3rd	6,588		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate
2000	Greg Pason	Senate	New Jersey	At-Large	3,365		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[65] ^[66]
2000	Costantino Rozzo	House	New Jersey	2nd	788		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate
2000	Walt Brown	House	Oregon	3rd	4,703		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate
2000	David Duemler	House	Oregon	4th	421		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate
1994	Greg Pason	House	New Jersey	9th	1,490		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[67] ^[68]

Statewide elections

Year	Candidate	Office	State	District	Votes	%	Result	Notes	Ref
2020	Robin Laurain	University Trustee	Michigan State University	At-Large	74,495		Lost	ran as Green candidate
2018	Mary Alice Herbert	Secretary of State	Vermont	At-Large	9,706		Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate
2016	Mary Alice Herbert	Secretary of State	Vermont	At-Large	29,711		Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate
2014	Mary Alice Herbert	Secretary of State	Vermont	At-Large	17,460		Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate
2014	Adam Adrianson	University Trustee	Michigan State University	At-Large	33,914		Lost	ran as Green candidate	^[69]
2013	Maynor Moreno	Governor	New Jersey	At-Large	n/a		Lost	write-in
2012	Dwain Reynolds	Board of Education	Michigan	At-Large	66,123		Lost	ran as Green	^[70] ^[71]
2012	Mary Alice Herbert	Secretary of State	Vermont	At-Large	34,105		Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate	^[72] ^[73] ^[74]
2010	Diana Demers	University Regent	University of Michigan	At-Large	80,365		Lost	ran as Green candidate	^[75]
2009	Greg Pason	Governor	New Jersey	At-Large	2,085		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[76] ^[77]
2008	Dwain Reynolds	Board of Education	Michigan	At-Large	94,663		Lost	ran as Green	^[78]
2006	Jacob Woods	Board of Education	Michigan	At-Large	60,684		Lost	ran as Green candidate	^[79]
2006	Mary Alice Herbert	Governor	Vermont	At-Large	2,995		Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate
2005	Costantino Rozzo	Governor	New Jersey	At-Large	2,078		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[80]
2004	Ben Burgis	University Trustee	Michigan State University	At-Large	75,047		Lost	ran as Green candidate	^[81]
2001	Costantino Rozzo	Governor	New Jersey	At-Large	1,537		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[82]
1997	Greg Pason	Governor	New Jersey	At-Large	2,800		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[83]
1996	Mary Alice Herbert	Governor	Vermont	At-Large	4,156		Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate
1994	Mary Alice Herbert	Secretary of State	Vermont	At-Large	9,368		Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate
1992	Mary Alice Herbert	Secretary of State	Vermont	At-Large	21,161		Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate
1990	Mary Alice Herbert	Secretary of State	Vermont	At-Large	14,555		Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate

State legislature elections

Year	Candidate	Office	State	District	Votes	%	Result	Notes	Ref
2020	Jonny Meade	House	Washington	22nd	3,000		Lost	nonpartisan election	^[84]
2020	Rick Sauermilch	House	Michigan	110th	543		Lost	ran as Green candidate	^[85]
2018	Matt Kuehnel	House	Michigan	22nd	999		Lost	a libertarian socialist who ran as a Libertarian Party candidate	^[86] ^[87]
2018	Maia Dendinger	Senate	Maine	5th	1,109		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[88]
2018	David Elliot Pritt	House	West Virginia	32nd	2,384		Lost	ran as a Mountain Party candidate	^[89]
2016	Seth Baker	Senate	Maine	27th	3,712		Lost	ran as Green candidate	^[90]
2016	Michael Anderson	House	Michigan	70th	1,584		Lost	ran as Green candidate	^[91] ^[92]
2014	Mimi Soltysik	California State Assembly	California	62nd	922		Lost	ran as No Party Preference	^[93]
2012	Alex Mendoza	House	Texas	65th	6,763		Lost	ran as Green candidate	^[94]
2012	Alex Mendoza	House	Texas	65th	1,224		Lost	ran as Green candidate	^[95]
2012	Jeff Peress	Assembly	New York	13th	395		Lost	ran as Green candidate	^[96]
2012	John Longhurst	House	Michigan	106th	1,178		Lost	ran as Green candidate
2012	Sean Haggard	House	Michigan	54th	0		Lost	write-in
2012	Ron Haldeman	House	Indiana	94th	752		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[97]
2012	John Strinka	House	Indiana	39th	2,862		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate
2008	Matt Erard	House	Michigan	53rd	2,200		Lost	ran as Green
2008	Jon Osborne	Senate	Rhode Island	34th	2,494		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[98]
2006	Matt Erard	House	Michigan	53rd	847		Lost	ran as Independent
2006	Jeff Brindle	Assembly	Pennsylvania	26th	2,873		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[99]
2005	Sharon Chiorazzo	Assembly	New Jersey	2nd	832		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[100]
2005	Willie Norwood	Assembly	New Jersey	10th	665		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate
2005	Scott Baier	Assembly	New Jersey	2nd	584		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate
1982	William Shakalis	Senate	Massachusetts	Suffolk and Middlesex	4,417		Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	^[101]

Local elections

Year	Candidate	Office	City	District	Votes	%	Result	Notes	Ref
2024	Joshua Bradley	City Council	Raleigh	At-Large	26,727		Lost	nonpartisan election	^[102] ^[103] ^[104]
2022	Joshua Bradley	City Council	Raleigh	At-Large	18,143		Lost	nonpartisan election
2022	Sonya Emerick	Board of Education	Minneapolis	At-Large district	52,365		Won	nonpartisan election, elect 2	^[105] ^[106]
2022	Troy Thompson	Mayor	Floodwood	At-Large	51		Lost	nonpartisan election	^[107]
2021	Pat Noble	Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education	Monmouth County		1,893		Won	nonpartisan election, uncontested	^[108]
2021	Samantha Pree-Stinson	Board of Estimate and Taxation	Minneapolis	At-Large	25,547		Won	nonpartisan election, elect 2, ranked-choice voting (single transferable vote)	^[109] ^[110]
2020	Adriana Cerrillo	Board of Education	Minneapolis	4th district	15,935		Won	nonpartisan election	^[111] ^[112] ^[113]
2020	Andy Argo	Public Library Trustee	Kalamazoo	At-Large	15,965		Lost	nonpartisan election	^[114]
2020	David Robbins	City Council	Redding				Lost		^[115]
2019	Joshua Bradley	City Council	Raleigh	A	10.4		Lost	nonpartisan election
2019	Andy Argo	City Commissioner	Kalamazoo	At-Large	1,449		Lost	nonpartisan election, elect 3	^[116] ^[117]
2018	Andrew Saturn	Public Utility Commissioner	Thurston county		41,664		Lost	nonpartisan election	^[118] ^[119]
2018	Pat Noble	Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education	Monmouth County		2,539		Won	nonpartisan election, uncontested	^[120]
2018	Reuben Dendinger	City Council	Orono				Lost
2018	Maia Dendinger	City Council	Orono				Lost
2018	Reuben Dendinger	Sheriff	Los Angeles County				Lost		^[121]
2017	Chris DiLoreto	Peterborough Library Trustee	Hillsborough County				Lost		^[122]
2017	Allen Braun	City Council	Bangor				Lost		^[123]
2017	Chelsea Rustad	City Council	Tumwater	5	1,153		Lost	nonpartisan	^[124] ^[125]
2015	Jeff Peress	County Assembly	Dutchess County, New York	23rd	206		Lost	ran as Green candidate	^[126] ^[127]
2015	Pat Noble	Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education	Monmouth County		1,103		Won	nonpartisan election, uncontested	^[128]
2012	Joel Benavidez	Justice of the Peace	Bexar County	2nd	4,843		Lost	ran as Green candidate	^[129]
2012	Pat Noble	Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education	Monmouth County		1,187		Won	nonpartisan election	^[130] ^[131] ^[132]
2012	Troy Thompson	Mayor	Floodwood	At-Large	60		Lost	nonpartisan election	^[133]
2011	Matt Erard	Downtown District Citizens District Council	Detroit	At-Large			Won	nonpartisan election	^[134]
2011	Peter Ponzetti	Board of Education	Grand Blanc	At-Large	424		Lost	nonpartisan election	^[135] ^[136]
2011	Edgar Brandon Collins	City Council	Charlottesville City	Charlottesville	1,480		Lost	nonpartisan election	^[137]
2010	Jon Osborne	Town Council	Hopkinton	At-Large	1,597		Won	ran as Independent, elect 5	^[138]
2010	James Arnoldi	Board of Governors	Wayne State University	At-Large	46,757		Lost	ran as Green candidate
2008	Peter Moody	Borough Council	Madison				Lost	write-in
2004	Carl Williams	Board of Trustees	Oakland Community College				Lost		^[139]
2003	Bert Zipperer	Mayor	Madison	At-Large	6,610		Lost	nonpartisan election, first-round	^[140]
2000	Wendell Harris	Mayor	Milwaukee	At-Large	7,624		Lost	nonpartisan election	^[141]
1995	Karen Kubby	City Council	Iowa City	At-Large	5,307		Won	nonpartisan election	^[142]
1991	Karen Kubby	City Council	Iowa City	At-Large	6,380		Won	nonpartisan election	^[143] ^[144] ^[145]
1989	Karen Kubby	City Council	Iowa City	At-Large	3,519		Won	nonpartisan election	^[146]
1987	Karen Kubby	City Council	Iowa City	At-Large	2,645		Lost	nonpartisan election	^[147]
1985	Karen Kubby	City Council	Iowa City	At-Large	1,974		Lost	nonpartisan election	^[148]

See also

• Democratic Socialists of America
• Social Democrats, USA
• Green Party of the United States
• Socialist Party of America
• Socialist Alternative (United States)
• History of left-wing politics in the United States
• History of the socialist movement in the United States

References

• Book: Smallwood, Frank. The Other Candidates: Third Parties in Presidential Elections. University Press of New England. 1983. registration. 6,898 David McReynolds David McReynolds.. 0-87451-256-5. 317.
• Book: Presidential Elections since 1789. Congressional Quarterly. 1991. 0-87187-609-4. 248.
• Book: Busky, Donald F.. Democratic socialism: A global survey. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2000. 0-275-96886-3.
• Book: Freeman, Joe. We Will be Heard: Women's Struggles for Political Power in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2008. registration. 3,882 Willa Kenoyer Willa Kenoyer.. 978-0-7425-5607-2. 263.

Further reading

• David A. Epstein, Left, Right, Out: The History of Third Parties in America. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications. 2008.
• Alan Feuer, "Inside Socialist Party Headquarters". The New York Times. October 20, 2008.
• R. W. Tucker, "The Debs Caucus: A Party Within a Party". Madison, WI. Socialist Party of Wisconsin. December 1970.

External links

• • The Radical Pamphlet Collection at the Library of Congress contains materials from the Socialist Party of the United States of America.
• Constitution of the Socialist Party USA
• SPUSA platform

Notes and References

1. Web site: Socialist Party USA Directory . July 7, 2017 . Socialist Party USA.
2. Web site: Socialism? Hardly, Say Socialists. https://web.archive.org/web/20090529123658/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/may2009/db20090522_329825_page_2.htm. dead. May 29, 2009. Business Week. Herbst, Moira. February 7, 2010. May 22, 2009.
3. Web site: Kinane. Sean. Brian Moore – Socialist Party USA Presidential Candidate. WMNF. June 13, 2008. February 7, 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163639/http://www.wmnf.org/news_stories/5714. June 18, 2008.
4. Web site: Kenning, Chris. Socialists Get Newfound Attention as 'Red-Baiting' Draws Interest From Youth. Common Dreams NewsCenter. March 1, 2010. March 24, 2010.
5. News: Workers of the world, please see our web site. The New York Times. May 22, 2011. Joseph. Berger. membership 1,500.
6. Web site: Stewart Alexander Wants Your Vote . . February 28, 2012 . Cynthia . Gordy . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120229194622/http://www.theroot.com/views/stewart-alexander-wants-your-vote?page=0,2&wpisrc=root_lightbox . February 29, 2012.
7. Web site: Socialist Party USA. 2020-07-05. Library of Congress.
8. Book: The Dictionary of Labour Quotations. 9781849546546. September 11, 2013. Biteback.
9. 2008, p. 63.

10. Book: Drucker, Peter. Max Shachtman and his left: A socialist's odyssey through the "American Century". Humanities Press. 1994. 0-391-03816-8.

11. News: Beichman. Arnold. Arthur Beichman. Communism to anti-communism in lives of two rival editors (review two ISI books, James Burnham and the struggle for the world: A life by Daniel Kelly and Principles and heresies: Frank S. Meyer and the shaping of the American conservative movement by Kevin J. Smant). July 28, 2002. The Washington Times. July 14, 2011.
12. • News: Socialist Party now the Social Democrats, U.S.A.. The New York Times. December 31, 1972. 36. Anonymous. July 4, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20160814201244/http://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/31/archives/socialist-party-now-the-social-democrats-usa.html. August 14, 2016.

    The New York Times reported on the Convention for other days, e.g.

    • News: Young Socialists support Meany; Group urges the Democrats to join labor movement. December 31, 1972. 36. Johnston. Laurie. The New York Times.
    • News: Young Socialists defeat motion favoring recognition of Cuba. The New York Times. December 28, 1972. 15. Johnston. Laurie. https://web.archive.org/web/20170115221803/http://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/28/archives/young-socialists-defeat-motion-favoring-recognition-of-cuba.html. January 15, 2017.
13. Gerald Sorin, The Prophetic Minority: American Jewish Immigrant Radicals, 1880-1920. Bloomington. Indiana University Press. 1985. p. 155.
14. News: Young Socialists open parley; to weigh 'New Politics' split. The New York Times. December 27, 1972 . 25. Anonymous. https://web.archive.org/web/20170115221802/http://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/27/archives/young-socialists-open-parley-to-weigh-new-politics-split.html. January 15, 2017.
15. News: 'Firmness' urged on Communists: Social Democrats reach end of U.S. Convention here. The New York Times. January 1, 1973. 11. Anonymous.
16. Busky 2000, pp. 165.
17. Busky 2000, pp. 164.
18. News: Socialists Pick '76 candidate. September 3, 1975. St. Petersburg Times. February 8, 2010.
19. Web site: Socialists pick ex-mayor for presidency. September 2, 1975. The Modesto Bee. February 8, 2010.
20. News: Harrington, Elizabeth. Socialist Party Candidate Visits U. Tampa. CBS News. October 29, 2008. February 7, 2010.
21. News: Frank. John. Top of Socialist Party ticket says Obama's not a believer. https://web.archive.org/web/20081025192542/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/article866862.ece. dead. October 25, 2008. July 4, 2012. Tampa Bay Times. October 23, 2008.
22. News: Altimari, Daniela. If Obama's a socialist, his comrades aren't happy. Hartford Courant. December 1, 2009.
23. News: Socialist Party response to Obama's state of the union speech. Altimari, Daniela. January 28, 2010. Hartford Courant. February 7, 2010.
24. News: Mcauliff, Michael. Tea Party Head Spinner: Socialists Oppose Health Bill. March 22, 2010. New York Daily News. March 28, 2010.
25. Web site: Socialism As Radical Democracy: Statement of Principles of the Socialist Party USA . Socialist Party USA . 4 June 2023 . live . December 5, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191205222624/https://www.socialistpartyusa.net/principles-points-of-agreement.
26. News: Voter Guide / Other third-party candidates for governor . November 1, 2009. The Press of Atlantic City. February 7, 2010.
27. News: On Politics; Hearing From the Seven Who Are Seldom Heard. Preston, Jennifer. September 14, 1997. . February 7, 2010.
28. Web site: Kinane. Sean. Brian Moore – Socialist Party USA Presidential Candidate. WMNF. June 13, 2008. October 30, 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163639/http://www.wmnf.org/news_stories/5714. June 18, 2008.
29. Web site: 2023-10-23 . Socialist Party USA Nominates Presidential Ticket Ballot Access News . 2023-10-25 . en-US.
30. Web site: Who is winning the popular vote? Track 2024 results live. NBC News New York. November 21, 2024.
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