Skylake (microarchitecture) explained

Skylake
Produced-End: (desktop processors)
Soldby:Intel
Designfirm:Intel
Manuf1:Intel
Cpuid:0406e3h, 0506e3h
L1cache:64KB per core (32 KB instructions + 32 KB data)
L2cache:256KB per core
(1MB per core for Skylake-X, SP, and W)
L3cache:Up to 38.5MB shared
L4cache:128MB of eDRAM (on Iris Pro models)
Size-From:14 nm bulk silicon 3D transistors (Tri-Gate)
Microarch:Skylake
Arch:x86-16, IA-32, x86-64
Extensions:AES-NI, CLMUL, RDRAND, MPX, TXT, SGX[1]
Extensions1:MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, ADX
Extensions2:AVX, AVX2, AVX-512 (Skylake-SP, Skylake-W & Skylake-X[2]), TSX, FMA3
Extensions3:VT-x, VT-d
Sock1:Desktop
Sock2:Server & Workstation
Sock3:Mobile
Numcores:2–28
Clock:Up to 5.0 GHz
Pcode1:SKL
Predecessor:Broadwell (tick/process)
Support Status:Client: Unsupported as of December 30, 2022 for iGPU
Xeon E3 v5: Unsupported as of December 30, 2022 for iGPU
Other Xeon: supported

Skylake[3] [4] is Intel's codename for its sixth generation Core microprocessor family that was launched on August 5, 2015,[5] succeeding the Broadwell microarchitecture.[6] Skylake is a microarchitecture redesign using the same 14 nm manufacturing process technology[7] as its predecessor, serving as a tock in Intel's tick–tock manufacturing and design model. According to Intel, the redesign brings greater CPU and GPU performance and reduced power consumption. Skylake CPUs share their microarchitecture with Kaby Lake, Coffee Lake, Whiskey Lake, and Comet Lake CPUs.

Skylake is the last Intel platform on which Windows earlier than Windows 10 are officially supported by Microsoft,[8] although enthusiast-created modifications are available that disabled the Windows Update check and allowed Windows 8.1 and earlier to continue to receive Windows Updates on this and later platforms.[9]

Some of the processors based on the Skylake microarchitecture are marketed as sixth-generation Core.[10] [11] [12]

Intel officially declared end of life and discontinued Skylake LGA 1151 CPUs (except Xeon E3 v5) on March 4, 2019.[13]

Development history

Skylake's development, as with previous processors such as Banias, Dothan, Conroe, Sandy Bridge, and Ivy Bridge, was primarily undertaken by Intel Israel at its engineering research center in Haifa, Israel.[14] The final design was largely an evolution of Haswell, with minor improvements to performance and several power-saving features being added.[15] A major priority of Skylake's design was to design a microarchitecture for envelopes as low as 4.5W to embed within tablet computers and notebooks in addition to higher-power desktop computers and servers.[16]

In September 2014, Intel announced the Skylake microarchitecture at the Intel Developer Forum in San Francisco, and that volume shipments of Skylake CPUs were scheduled for the second half of 2015. The Skylake development platform was announced to be available in Q1 2015. During the announcement, Intel also demonstrated two computers with desktop and mobile Skylake prototypes: the first was a desktop testbed system, running the latest version of 3DMark, while the second computer was a fully functional laptop, playing 4K video.[17]

An initial batch of Skylake CPU models (i5-6600K and i7-6700K) was announced for immediate availability during the Gamescom on August 5, 2015,[18] unusually soon after the release of its predecessor, Broadwell, which had suffered from launch delays.[19] Intel acknowledged in 2014 that moving from 22 nm (Haswell) to 14 nm (Broadwell) had been its most difficult process to develop yet, causing Broadwell's planned launch to slip by several months;[20] yet, the 14 nm production was back on track and in full production as of Q3 2014.[21] Industry observers had initially believed that the issues affecting Broadwell would also cause Skylake to slip to 2016, but Intel was able to bring forward Skylake's release and shorten Broadwell's release cycle instead.[22] [23] As a result, the Broadwell architecture had an unusually short run.

Overclocking of unsupported processors

Officially Intel supported overclocking of only the K and X versions of Skylake processors. However, it was later discovered that other non-K chips could be overclocked by modifying the base clock value – a process made feasible by the base clock applying only to the CPU, RAM, and integrated graphics on Skylake. Through beta UEFI firmware updates, some motherboard vendors, such as ASRock (which prominently promoted it under the name Sky OC) allowed the base clock to be modified in this manner.[24] [25]

When overclocking unsupported processors using these UEFI firmware updates, several issues arise:

These issues are partly caused by the power management of the processor needing to be disabled for base clock overclocking to work.[26]

In February 2016, however, an ASRock firmware update removed the feature. On February 9, 2016, Intel announced that it would no longer allow such overclocking of non-K processors, and that it had issued a CPU microcode update that removes the function.[27] [28] [29] In April 2016, ASRock started selling motherboards that allow overclocking of unsupported CPUs using an external clock generator.[30] [31]

Operating system support

In January 2016, Microsoft announced that it would end support of Windows 7 and Windows 8.1 on Skylake processors effective July 17, 2017; after this date, only the most critical updates for the two operating systems would be released for Skylake users if they have been judged not to affect the reliability of the OS on older hardware (until July 31, 2019; August 2019 critical update requires at least Windows 10), and Windows 10 would be the only Microsoft Windows platform officially supported on Skylake and on later Intel CPU microarchitectures beginning with Skylake's successor Kaby Lake. Terry Myerson stated that Microsoft had to make a large investment in order to reliably support Skylake on older versions of Windows, and that future generations of processors would require further investments. Microsoft also stated that due to the age of the platform, it would be challenging for newer hardware, firmware, and device driver combinations to properly run under Windows 7.[32] [33]

On March 18, 2016, in response to criticism over the move, primarily from enterprise customers, Microsoft announced revisions to the support policy, changing the cutoff for support and non-critical updates to July 17, 2018, and stating that Skylake users would receive all critical security updates for Windows 7 and 8.1 through the end of extended support.[34] [35] In August 2016, citing "a strong partnership with our OEM partners and Intel", Microsoft stated that it would continue to fully support 7 and 8.1 on Skylake through the end of their respective lifecycles.[36] [37] In addition, an enthusiast-created modification was released that disabled the Windows Update check and allowed Windows 8.1 and earlier to continue to be updated on this and later platforms.[38]

As of Linux kernel 4.10, Skylake mobile power management is supported with most Package C states supported seeing some use. Linux 4.11 enables Frame-Buffer Compression for the integrated graphics chipset by default, which lowers power consumption.[39]

Skylake is fully supported on OpenBSD 6.2 and later, including accelerated graphics.[40]

For Windows 11, only the high-end Skylake-X processors are officially listed as compatible.[41] All other Skylake processors are not officially supported due to security concerns.[42] However, it is still possible to manually upgrade using an ISO image (as Windows 10 users on those processors will noCXt be offered to upgrade to Windows 11 via Windows Update), or perform a clean installation as long as the system has Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0 enabled,[43] but the user must accept that they will not be entitled to receive updates, and that damage caused by using Windows 11 on an unsupported configuration are not covered by the manufacturer's warranty.[44] [45]

Features

Like its predecessor, Broadwell, Skylake is available in five variants, identified by the suffixes S (SKL-S), X (SKL-X), H (SKL-H), U (SKL-U), and Y (SKL-Y). SKL-S and SKL-X contain overclockable K and X variants with unlocked multipliers.[46] The H, U and Y variants are manufactured in ball grid array (BGA) packaging, while the S and X variants are manufactured in land grid array (LGA) packaging using a new socket, LGA 1151 (LGA 2066 for Skylake X).[47] Skylake is used in conjunction with Intel 100 Series chipsets, also known as Sunrise Point.[48]

The major changes between the Haswell and Skylake architectures include the removal of the fully integrated voltage regulator (FIVR) introduced with Haswell.[49] On the variants that will use a discrete Platform Controller Hub (PCH), Direct Media Interface (DMI) 2.0 is replaced by DMI 3.0, which allows speeds of up to 8 GT/s.

Skylake's U and Y variants support one DIMM slot per channel, while H and S variants support two DIMM slots per channel. Skylake's launch and sales lifespan occur at the same time as the ongoing SDRAM market transition, with DDR3 SDRAM memory gradually being replaced by DDR4 SDRAM. Rather than working exclusively with DDR4, the Skylake microarchitecture remains backward compatible by interoperating with both types of memory. Accompanying the microarchitecture's support for both memory standards, a new SO-DIMM type capable of carrying either DDR3 or DDR4 memory chips, called UniDIMM, was also announced.[50]

Skylake's few P variants have a reduced on-die graphics unit (12 execution units enabled instead of 24 execution units) over their direct counterparts; see the table below. In contrast, with Ivy Bridge CPUs the P suffix was used for CPUs with completely disabled on-die video chipset.

Other enhancements include Thunderbolt 3.0, Serial ATA Express, Iris Pro graphics with Direct3D feature level 12_1 with up to 128 MB of L4 eDRAM cache on certain SKUs.[51] The Skylake line of processors retires VGA support,[52] while supporting up to three monitors connected via HDMI 1.4, DisplayPort 1.2 or Embedded DisplayPort (eDP) interfaces.[53] HDMI 2.0 (4K@60 Hz) is only supported on motherboards equipped with Intel's Alpine Ridge Thunderbolt controller.[54]

The Skylake instruction set changes include Intel MPX (Memory Protection Extensions) and Intel SGX (Software Guard Extensions). Future Xeon variants will also have Advanced Vector Extensions 3.2 (AVX-512F).[55] [56]

Skylake-based laptops were predicted to use wireless technology called Rezence for charging, and other wireless technologies for communication with peripherals. Many major PC vendors agreed to use this technology in Skylake-based laptops; however, no laptops were released with the technology as of 2019.[57] [58]

The integrated GPU of Skylake's S variant supports on Windows DirectX 12 Feature Level 12_1, OpenGL 4.6 with latest Windows 10 driver update[59] (OpenGL 4.5 on Linux[60]) and OpenCL 3.0 standards. The Quick Sync video engine now includes support for VP9 (GPU accelerated decode only), VP8 and HEVC (hardware accelerated 8-bit encode/decode and GPU accelerated 10-bit decode), and supports for resolutions up to 40962048.[61] [62] [63]

Intel also released unlocked (capable of overclocking) mobile Skylake CPUs.[64]

Unlike previous generations, Skylake-based Xeon E3 no longer works with a desktop chipset that supports the same socket, and requires either the C232 or the C236 chipset to operate.

Started from Skylake, Intel had removed IDE mode (of SATA controller) and EHCI controller from its client platform chipsets.

Known issues

Short loops with a specific combination of instruction use may cause unpredictable system behavior on CPUs with hyperthreading. A microcode update was issued to fix the issue.[65]

Skylake is vulnerable to Spectre attacks.[66] In fact, it is more vulnerable than other processors because it uses indirect branch speculation not just on indirect branches but also when the return prediction stack underflows.

The latency for the spinlock instruction has been increased dramatically (from the usual 10 cycles to 141 cycles in Skylake), which can cause performance issues with older programs or libraries using pause instructions.[67] Intel documents the increased latency as a feature that improves power efficiency.[68]

Architecture changes compared to Broadwell microarchitecture

CPU

GPU

I/O

Other

Configurations

Skylake processors are produced in seven main families: Y, U, H, S, X, W, and SP. Multiple configurations are available within each family:

FeatureFamily
 Y  U  H  T  S  R  X  W  SP 
Max cores241828
Integrated L4 cache (eDRAM)
Low-power mobile/embedded systems
style=text-align: left; SocketBGALGA 1151LGA 2066LGA 3647
LPDDR3 SDRAM
DDR3L SDRAM
DDR4 SDRAM
128 GB to 1.5 TB of physical RAM•+
28 to 44 PCIe 3.0 lanes

List of Skylake processor models

Mainstream desktop processors

Common features of the mainstream desktop Skylake CPUs:

Processor
brandingand model
Cores(threads)Clock rate (GHz)GPUCacheTDPSocketRelease
date
Release
price
(USD)
BaseTurbo Boost 2.0ModelEUsMaxfreq.(GHz)L2L3L4
(eDRAM)
12 4
Core i76700K4 (8)4.04.24.04.0HD 530241.15[89] 1MB8MB91WLGA 1151August 5, 2015$339
6785R3.33.93.83.5Iris Pro 58072128MB65WBGA 1440May 3, 2016$370
67003.44.03.93.7HD 53024LGA 1151September 1, 2015$303
6700T2.83.63.53.435W$303
Core i56600K4 (4)3.53.93.83.66MB91WAugust 5, 2015$242
6685R3.23.83.73.3Iris Pro 58072128MB65WBGA 1440May 3, 2016$288
66003.33.93.83.6HD 53024LGA 1151September 1, 2015$213
6585R2.83.63.53.1Iris Pro 580721.1128MBBGA 1440May 3, 2016$255
65003.23.3HD 530241.05LGA 1151September 1, 2015$192
6600T2.73.53.43.31.135WQ3 2015$213
6500T2.53.13.02.8$192
6402P2.83.43.43.2HD 510120.9565WDecember 27, 2015$182
6400T2.22.82.72.5HD 5302435WQ3 2015
64002.73.33.33.165WAugust 5, 2015
Core i363202 (4)3.91.15512KB4MB51WQ3 2015$149
63003.8$138
61003.71.053MBOctober 2015$117
6300T3.30.954MB35W$138
6100T3.23MB$117
6098P3.6HD 510121.05054WDecember 27, 2015
PentiumG45202 (2)3.6HD 5302451WOctober 2015$86
G45003.5$75
G4500T3.00.9535WQ3 2015
G44003.3HD 510121.054WOctober 2015$64
G4400T2.90.9535WQ3 2015
G4400TE2.4Q4 2015$70
CeleronG39202.92MB51W$52
G39002.8$42
G3900TE2.335W
G3900T2.6

High-end desktop processors (Skylake-X)

Common features of the high-performance Skylake-X CPUs:

Seventh-generation Skylake-X high-end desktop CPUs
Processor
brandingand model
Cores(threads)Clock rate (GHz)CachePCIelanesMemorysupportSocketTDPRelease
date
Release
price
(USD)
BaseTurboL2L3
2.03.0
Core i9 [91] 7980XE18 (36)2.64.24.418MB24.75MB44
PCIe 3.0
DDR4-2666
quad-channel
LGA 2066165W[92] $1999
7960X16 (32)2.816MB22MB$1699
7940X14 (28)3.14.314MB19.25MB$1399
7920X12 (24)2.912MB16.5MB140W$1189
7900X10 (20)3.34.510MB13.75MB$999
Core i77820X8 (16)3.68MB11MB28
PCIe 3.0
$599
7800X6 (12)3.54.06MB8.25MBDDR4-2400
quad-channel
$389
Ninth-generation Skylake-X high-end desktop CPUs
Processor
branding and model
Cores(threads)Clock rate (GHz)CachePCIelanesMemorysupportSocketTDPRelease
date
Release
price
(USD)
BaseTurbo BoostL2L3
2.03.0
Core i9 [93] 9990XE[94] 14 (28)4.05.05.014MB19.25MB44
PCIe 3.0
DDR4-2666
quad-channel
LGA 2066255WOEM
9980XE18 (36)3.04.44.518MB24.75MB165W[95] $1979
9960X16 (32)3.116MB22MB$1684
9940X14 (28)3.314MB19.25MB$1387
9920X12 (24)3.512MB$1189
9900X10 (20)3.510MB$989
9820X3.34.14.216.5MB$889
Core i79800X8 (16)3.84.44.58MB$589

Xeon high-end desktop processors (Skylake-X)

Mobile processors

For mobile workstation processors, see Server processors

Processor
branding and
model
Cores
(threads)
CPU
clock
rate
CPU Turbo clock rateGPUGPU clock rateCacheMax.
PCIe
lanes
TDPcTDPRelease datePrice(USD)
Single
core
Dual
core
Quad
core
BaseTurboL3L4(eDRAM)data-sort-type="number" Updata-sort-type=number Down
Core i76970HQ4 (8)2.8 GHz3.7 GHzIris Pro 580350 MHz1050 MHz8 MB128 MB1645 W35 WQ1 2016$623
6920HQ2.9 GHz3.8 GHz3.6 GHz3.4 GHzHD 530September 1, 2015$568
6870HQ2.7 GHz3.6 GHzIris Pro 5801000 MHz128 MBQ1 2016$434
6820HQ3.4 GHz3.2 GHzHD 5301050 MHzSeptember 1, 2015$378
6820HK
6770HQ2.6 GHz3.5 GHzIris Pro 580950 MHz6 MB128 MBQ1 2016$434
6700HQ3.3 GHz3.1 GHzHD 5301050 MHzSeptember 1, 2015$378
6660U2 (4)2.4 GHz3.4 GHz3.2 GHzIris 540300 MHz4 MB64 MB1215 W9.5 WQ1 2016$415
6650U2.2 GHzQ3 2015
6600U2.6 GHzHD 52025 W7.5 WSeptember 1, 2015$393
6567U3.3 GHz3.6 GHz3.4 GHzIris 5501100 MHz64 MB28 W23 WQ3 2015TBD
6560U2.2 GHz3.2 GHz3.1 GHzIris 5401050 MHz15 W9.5 W
6500U2.5 GHz3.1 GHz3.0 GHzHD 5207.5 WSeptember 1, 2015$393
Core i56440HQ4 (4)2.6 GHz3.5 GHz3.3 GHz3.1 GHzHD 530350 MHz950 MHz6 MB1645 W35 W$250
6360U2 (4)2.0 GHz3.1 GHz2.9 GHzIris 540300 MHz1000 MHz4 MB64 MB1215 W9.5 WQ3 2015$304
6350HQ4 (4)2.3 GHz3.2 GHzIris Pro 580350 MHz900 MHz6 MB128 MB1645 W35 WQ1 2016$306
6300HQ3.0 GHz2.8 GHzHD 530950 MHzSeptember 1, 2015$250
6300U2 (4)2.4 GHz3.0 GHz2.9 GHzHD 520300 MHz1000 MHz3 MB1215 W7.5 W$281
6287U3.1 GHz3.5 GHz3.3 GHzIris 5501100 MHz4 MB64 MB28 W23 WQ3 2015$304
6267U2.9 GHz3.3 GHz3.1 GHz1050 MHz23 W
6260U1.8 GHz2.9 GHz2.7 GHzIris 540950 MHz15 W9.5 W$304
6200U2.3 GHz2.8 GHzHD 5201000 MHz3 MB7.5 WSeptember 1, 2015$281
Core i36167U2.7 GHzIris 55064 MB28 W23 WQ3 2015$304
6157U2.4 GHzQ3 2016
6100H2.7 GHzHD 530350 MHz900 MHz35 WSeptember 1, 2015$225
6100U2.3 GHzHD 520300 MHz1000 MHz15 W7.5 W$281
6006U2.0 GHz900 MHzNovember, 2016$281
Core m76Y751.2 GHz3.1 GHz2.9 GHzHD 515300 MHz1000 MHz4 MB104.5 W7 W3.5 WSeptember 1, 2015$393
Core m56Y571.1 GHz2.8 GHz2.4 GHz900 MHz$281
6Y542.7 GHz
Core m36Y300.9 GHz2.2 GHz2.0 GHz850 MHz3.8 W
Pentium4405U2.1 GHzHD 510950 MHz2 MB15 W10 WQ3 2015$161
4405Y1.5 GHzHD 515800 MHz6 W4.5 W
CeleronG3902E2 (2)1.6 GHzHD 510350 MHz950 MHz1625 WQ1 2016$107
G3900E2.4 GHz35 W
3955U2.0 GHz300 MHz900 MHz1015 W10 WQ4 2015
3855U1.6 GHz

Workstation processors

Server processors

E3 series server chips all consist of System Bus 9 GT/s, maximum memory bandwidth of 34.1 GB/s dual channel memory. Unlike its predecessor, the Skylake Xeon CPUs require C230 series (C232/C236) or C240 series (C242/C246) chipset to operate, with integrated graphics working only with C236 and C246 chipsets. Mobile counterparts uses CM230 and CM240 series chipsets.

Skylake E3-12xx and E3 15xx v5 SKUs
Target
segment
Cores
(threads)
Processor
branding and model
GPUClock rateCacheTDPRelease
date
Release
price (USD)
tray / box
Motherboard
CPUGraphicsL3L4 (eDRAM)SocketInterfaceMemory
Normaldata-sort-type=numberTurboNormaldata-sort-type=number Turbo
Server4 (8)Xeon E3 v51280v5rowspan=1 3.7 GHz4.0 GHz8 MB80 WQ4 2015$612 / —LGA
1151
DMI 3.0
PCIe 3.0

DDR4
2133/1866
or
DDR3L
1333/1600
with ECC
1275v5HD P5303.6 GHz350 MHz1.15 GHz$339 / —
1270v53.6 GHz$328 / $339
1260Lv52.9 GHz3.9 GHz45 W$294 / —
1245v5HD P5303.5 GHz350 MHz1.15 GHz80 W$284 / —
1240v53.5 GHz$272 / $282
1240Lv52.1 GHz3.2 GHz25 W$278 / —
1230v53.4 GHz3.8 GHz80 W$250 / $260
4 (4)1235Lv5HD P5302.0 GHz3.0 GHz350 MHz1.15 GHz25 W$250 / —
1225v53.3 GHz3.7 GHz80 W$213 / —
1220v53.0 GHz3.5 GHz$193 / —
Mobileworkstation4 (8)1575Mv5Iris Pro P5803.0 GHz3.9 GHz350 MHz1.1 GHz128 MB45 WQ1 2016$1207 / —BGA
1440

DDR4-2133
LPDDR3-1866
DDR3L-1600
with ECC
1545Mv52.9 GHz3.8 GHz1.05 GHz$679 / —
1535Mv5HD P530Q3 2015$623 / —
1505Mv52.8 GHz3.7 GHz$434 / —
Embedded1505Lv52.0 GHz2.8 GHz1.0 GHz25 WQ4 2015$433 / —

Skylake-SP (14 nm) Scalable Performance

Xeon Bronze and Silver (dual processor)

Xeon Gold (quad processor)

Xeon Platinum (octal processor)

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Intel Core i7-6700K Processor (8M Cache, up to 4.20 GHz). Ark.intel.com. January 24, 2018.
  2. Web site: Alcorn . Paul . June 3, 2016 . Skylake Xeon Platforms Spotted, Purley Makes A Quiet Splash At Computex . Tom's Hardware . en-US . April 7, 2023.
  3. Web site: The Compute Architecture of Intel® Processor Graphics Gen9 . Intel . en-US . January 24, 2018.
  4. Web site: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Optimization Reference Manual . Intel . en-US . January 24, 2018.
  5. Web site: Intel Unleashes Next-Gen Enthusiast Desktop PC Platform at Gamescom . Intel Newsroom . en-US . August 5, 2015 . August 5, 2015.
  6. Web site: Demerjian . Charlie . March 31, 2011 . After Intel's Haswell comes Broadwell . SemiAccurate . en-US . January 4, 2012.
  7. Web site: Intel Presentation: 22nm Details . Intel . en-US . January 4, 2012.
  8. Web site: Allan . Darren . August 31, 2016 . Intel's latest CPUs will only support Windows 10 . TechRadar . en-US . June 8, 2017.
  9. Web site: There's a patch to reinstate Windows 7 & 8.1 on Kaby Lake CPUs TheINQUIRER. https://web.archive.org/web/20170420134648/https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/3008609/theres-a-patch-to-reinstate-windows-7-81-on-kaby-lake-cpus. unfit. 2017-04-20. 2017-04-20. 2020-03-09.
  10. Web site: 6th Generation Intel® Core i7-6700K and i5-6600K Processors . Intel . en-US . May 25, 2018.
  11. Web site: 6th Generation Intel® Processor Family . Intel . en-US . May 25, 2018.
  12. News: Mah Ung . Gordon . August 18, 2015 . Why Intel calls Skylake a 6th-generation CPU . PCWorld . en-US . May 25, 2018.
  13. Web site: Product Change Notification. 2023-08-17.
  14. Web site: Intel in Israel: A Old Relationship Faces New Criticism. Knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu. January 24, 2018.
  15. Web site: The many tricks Intel Skylake uses to go faster and use less power. Ars Technica . Condé Nast . 7 November 2021 . August 19, 2015.
  16. http://news.techtime.co.il/2015/09/02/intel-4/ Intel Introduced its 6th Generation Intel Core
  17. Web site: Shvets . Gennadiy . September 10, 2014 . Intel announces Skylake microarchitecture . CPU-World . en-US . January 24, 2018.
  18. Web site: Intel to Debut its Core Skylake Processors at Gamescom 2015. TechPowerUp. June 19, 2015 .
  19. Web site: Intel Corporation Launching Broadwell, Skylake Chips Back to Back. ValueWalk. September 16, 2014 . October 17, 2014.
  20. Web site: AnandTech – Intel's 14nm Technology in Detail. Ryan Smith. Anandtech.com. January 24, 2018.
  21. Web site: Intel Broadwell and Skylake client CPUs both launching in 2015. Hexus.net. September 9, 2014 . January 24, 2018.
  22. Web site: Hruska . Joel . July 14, 2014 . Intel's 14nm puzzle: As Skylake details leak, everybody asks – is the chip coming in 2015 or not? . ExtremeTech . en-US . October 17, 2014.
  23. Web site: Arora . Piyush . October 15, 2014 . Intel: Skylake Development Appears To Be On Schedule . Seeking Alpha . January 24, 2018.
  24. Web site: Porter . Matt . February 9, 2016 . Intel puts a stop to overclocking on non-K Skylake CPUs . PC Gamer . en-US . February 9, 2016.
  25. Web site: Intel Skylake Non-K OC KOed by ASRock. Hexus . February 5, 2016 . February 9, 2016.
  26. Web site: Non-K overclocking. hwbot.org. May 5, 2021. May 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210505135344/http://wiki.hwbot.org/Skylake_overclocking#Non-K_overclocking. dead.
  27. Web site: Cutress . Ian . December 11, 2015 . BCLK Overclocking Intel's non-K Skylake Processors: Coming Soon . AnandTech . en-US . February 9, 2016.
  28. Web site: It's official: Intel shuts down the cheap overclocking party by closing Skylake loophole. PCWorld. February 8, 2016. February 9, 2016.
  29. Web site: Yes, you can overclock cheap Intel Skylake chips. PC World. December 11, 2015. February 9, 2016.
  30. Web site: New ASRock motherboards sport external clock generators for Intel CPU overclocking . ExtremeTech. April 10, 2016.
  31. Web site: 独自OC機能を備えたH170マザーがASRockから登場、計2モデル - AKIBA PC Hotline!. 株式会社インプレス. AKIBA PC Hotline!. April 7, 2016. ja-JP. April 10, 2016.
  32. Web site: Skylake users given 18 months to upgrade to Windows 10. Ars Technica. January 16, 2016. January 16, 2016.
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