Six Nations Championship Explained

Pixels:225px
Sport:Rugby union
Founded:
(as Home Nations Championship)

(as Five Nations Championship)

(as Six Nations Championship)
Teams:6
Country:




Season:2024
Most Champs: and
Count:39
Current Season:2025 Six Nations Championship
Embed:yes
Related Comps:Women's Six Nations Championship
Six Nations Under 20s Championship

The Six Nations Championship (known as the Guinness Six Nations for sponsorship reasons) is an annual international men's rugby union competition between the teams of England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. It is also the oldest sports tournament ever between Home Nations. The championship holders are Ireland, who won the 2024 tournament.

The tournament is organised by the unions of the six participating nations under the banner of Six Nations Rugby, which is responsible for the promotion and operation of the men's, women's and under-20s tournaments, and the Autumn International Series, as well as the negotiation and management of their centralised commercial rights.

The Six Nations is the successor to the Home Nations Championship (1883–1909 and 1932–39), played between teams from England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which was the first international rugby union tournament.[1] With the addition of France, this became the Five Nations Championship (1910–31 and 1947–99), which in turn became the Six Nations Championship with the addition of Italy in 2000.

England and Wales have won the championship the most times, both with 39 titles, but England have won the most outright titles with 29 (28 for Wales). Since the Six Nations era started in 2000, only Italy and Scotland have failed to win the Six Nations title.

The women's tournament started as the Women's Home Nations in the 1996 season. The men's Six Nations Under 20s Championship is the successor to the Under 21s tournament which began in 2004.

History and expansion

The tournament was first played in 1883 as the Home Nations Championship among the then four Home Nations of the United Kingdom – England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. However, England was excluded from the 1888 and 1889 tournaments due to their refusal to join the International Rugby Football Board. The tournament then became the Five Nations Championship in 1910 with the addition of France. The tournament was expanded in 2000 to become the Six Nations Championship with the addition of Italy.

Following the relative success of the Tier 2 nations in the 2015 Rugby World Cup, there were calls by Octavian Morariu, the president of Rugby Europe, to let Georgia and Romania join the Six Nations due to their consistent success in the European Nations Cup and ability to compete in the Rugby World Cup.[2] [3]

Format

The tournament begins on the first weekend in February and culminates on the second or third Saturday in March. Each team plays every other team once (a total of 15 matches), with home ground advantage alternating from one year to the next. Before the 2017 tournament, two points were awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss. Unlike many other rugby union competitions, a bonus point system had not previously been used.

A bonus point system was first used in the 2017 Championship. The system is similar to the one used in most rugby championships (0 points for a loss, 2 for a draw, 4 for a win, 1 for scoring four or more tries in a match, and 1 for losing by 7 points or fewer). The only difference is that a team that wins all their games (a Grand Slam) are automatically awarded 3 extra points - to ensure they cannot be overtaken by a defeated team on bonus points.

Before 1994, teams equal on match points shared the championship. Since then, ties have been broken by considering the points difference (total points scored minus total points conceded) of the teams. The rules of the championship further provide that if teams tie on both match points and points difference, the team that scored the most tries wins the championship. Were this decider to be a tie, the tying teams would share the championship.[4] To date, however, match points and points difference have been sufficient to decide the championship.

The Wooden Spoon is a metaphorical award given to the team that finishes in last place; a team which loses all their matches is said to have been "whitewashed".[5] Since the inaugural Six Nations tournament in 2000, only England and Ireland have avoided finishing last. Italy have finished last 18 times in the Six Nations era, and have lost every match 13 times.

Three home matches! colspan=3
Two home matches
Even years
Odd years

Trophies

Championship Trophy

The winners of the Six Nations are presented with the Championship Trophy.[6] This was originally conceived by the Earl of Westmorland, and was first presented to the winners of the 1993 championship, France. It is a sterling silver trophy, designed by James Brent-Ward and made by a team of eight silversmiths from the London firm William Comyns.

It has 15 side panels representing the 15 members of the team and with three handles to represent the three officials (referee and two touch judges). The cup has a capacity of 3.75 litres – sufficient for five bottles of champagne. Within the mahogany base is a concealed drawer which contains six alternative finials, each a silver replica of one of the team emblems, which can be screwed on the detachable lid.

A new trophy was introduced for the 2015 Championship.[7] The new trophy was designed and crafted by Thomas Lyte silversmiths and replaces the 1993 edition, which is being retired as it represented the nations that took part in the Five Nations Championship. Ireland were the last team to win the old trophy and the first team to win the new one.[8]

Grand Slam and Triple Crown

A team that wins all its games wins the 'Grand Slam'.

The Triple Crown may only be won by one of the Home Nations of England, Ireland, Scotland or Wales, when one nation wins all three of their matches against the others. The Triple Crown dates back to the original Home Nations Championship, but the physical Triple Crown Trophy has been awarded only since 2006, when the Royal Bank of Scotland (the primary sponsor of the competition) commissioned Hamilton & Inches to design and create a dedicated Triple Crown Trophy. It has since been won four times by Ireland and Wales, and three times by England.

Rivalry trophies

Several individual competitions take place under the umbrella of the tournament. Some of these trophies are also awarded for other matches between the two teams outside the Six Nations. Only Scotland play for a 'rivalry' or challenge trophy in every Six Nations match, as well as for the oldest such trophy, the Calcutta Cup. Wales became the last nation to contest such a trophy, the Doddie Weir Cup in 2018, while the newest such trophy is the Cuttitta Cup introduced between Scotland and Italy in 2022.

TrophyTeamsSinceNotes
England and Scotland 1879[9] Made from melted-down Indian rupees donated by the Calcutta Club
England and Ireland 1988 Presented to celebrate Dublin's millennium in 1988[10]
Ireland and Scotland 1989[11] [12] [13] Named for the quaich, a traditional Gaelic drinking vessel. Marked the centenary of the founding of the International Rugby Football Board.
France and Italy 2007 Commemorated the 200th anniversary of the birth of Giuseppe Garibaldi, leader in the unification of Italy and volunteer in the French Republican Army against Prussia
France and Scotland 2018 In memory of the war dead from the rugby communities of Scotland and France[14]
Wales and Scotland 2018 In recognition of Doddie Weir, who founded the My Name'5 Doddie Foundation which supports research into motor neurone disease[15]
Scotland and Italy 2022 Commemorates Massimo Cuttitta, a former Italian captain and Scotland scrum coach, who died in 2021 at the age of 54 from COVID-19.[16]

Currently the following matches have no additional trophy contested:

Venues

As of the 2024 competition, Six Nations matches are held in the following stadiums:

Team Stadium Location Capacity
82,000
Parc Olympique LyonnaisLyon59,186
Stade Pierre-MauroyLille50,186
Stade Vélodrome67,394
73,931
72,698
67,144
51,700

The opening of Aviva Stadium in May 2010 ended the arrangement with the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) that allowed the all-Ireland governing body for rugby union, the Irish Rugby Football Union, to use the GAA's flagship stadium, Croke Park, for its international matches. This arrangement was made necessary by the 2007 closure and subsequent demolition of Ireland's traditional home at Lansdowne Road; Aviva Stadium was built on the former Lansdowne Road site. During this construction, Croke Park was the largest of the Six Nations grounds, with a capacity of 82,300.

In 2012 Italy moved their home games from the 32,000 seat Stadio Flaminio, to Stadio Olimpico, also in Rome, with a capacity of 72,000.

The French Rugby Federation (FFR) had planned to build a new stadium of its own, seating 82,000 in the southern suburbs of Paris,[17] because of frustrations with their tenancy of Stade de France.[18] However the project was cancelled in December 2016.[19] France played their 2018 match against Italy at Stade Vélodrome in Marseille.[20]

In 2020, Wales played their final game at Parc y Scarlets in Llanelli due to the Principality Stadium being used as Dragon's Heart Hospital in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[21]

In 2024, France was unable to use the Stade de France for their Six Nations home games due to ongoing preparations for its use in the 2024 Summer Olympics.[22] Instead they played their three home matches at the Stade Vélodrome in Marseille, Stade Pierre-Mauroy in Lille, and Parc Olympique Lyonnais in Lyon.

Results

Home Nations (1883–1909)

YearChampionsGrand SlamTriple CrownCalcutta Cup
1883Not contested
1884
1885Not completedNot completed
1886 and
1887
1888Not completedEngland did not participate
1889Not completedEngland did not participate
1890 and
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897Not completedNot completed
1898Not completed Not completed
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906 and
1907
1908
1909

Five Nations (1910–1931)

YearChampionsGrand SlamTriple CrownCalcutta Cup
1910
1911
1912 and
1913
1914
1915–19Not held due to World War I
1920, and
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926 and
1927 and
1928
1929
1930
1931

Home Nations (1932–1939)

YearChampionsGrand SlamTriple CrownCalcutta Cup
1932, and
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939,,

Five Nations (1940–1999)

YearChampionsGrand SlamTriple CrownCalcutta CupMillennium TrophyCentenary Quaich
1940–46Not held due to World War IINot contested
1947 and
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954, and
1955 and
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960 and
1961
1962
1963
1964 and
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970 and
1971
1972Not completed
1973,,,
,
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983 and
1984
1985
1986 and
1987
1988 and
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

Six Nations (2000–present)

YearChampionsGrand SlamTriple CrownCalcutta CupMillennium
Trophy
Centenary
Quaich
Giuseppe
Garibaldi
Trophy
Auld Alliance
Trophy
Doddie Weir
Cup
Cuttitta
Cup
Wooden spoon
2000Not contestedNot contestedNot contestedNot contested
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024

Titles and awards

Grand Slams and Triple Crowns
NationGrand SlamsLast Grand SlamTriple CrownsLast Triple Crown
13 2016 26 2020
12 2019 22 2021
10 2022
4 2023 13 2023
3 1990 10 1990
0
Grand Slams and Triple Crowns
NationGrand SlamsLast Grand SlamTriple CrownsLast Triple Crown
4 2019 5 2021
4 2022
3 2023 7 2023
2 2016 5 2020
0
0 0

Wooden Spoon

Overall

Team! rowspan="2"
Wooden SpoonsLast
Wooden Spoon
Era
25199811140
2420155154
18202318
1820246102
1719877100
132013121

Six Nations era (2000–2024)

Wooden Spoon winners (last place)
Team Wooden Spoons Years awarded
182000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023
42004, 2007, 2012, 2015
22003, 2024
12013
0
0
Bold indicates that the team did not win any matches

Match records (Six Nations era 2000–2024)

Team Played Wins Losses Draws Win % Loss %
12586363%%
12583402%%
12578443%%
12563593%%
12541813%%
125161052%%

Head-to-head records (Five Nations Championship)

width=100pxwidth=100pxwidth=100pxwidth=100pxwidth=100pxTotal record
width=100pxalign=center bgcolor=#CCFFCC35–7–27align=center bgcolor=#CCFFCC38–7–23align=center bgcolor=#CCFFCC43–8–19align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC30–8–32146–30–101 (52.71%)
width=100pxalign=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC27–7–35align=center bgcolor=#CCFFCC42–5–23align=center bgcolor=#CCFFCC34–2–33align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC30–3–37133–17–128 (47.84%)
width=100pxalign=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC23–7–38align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC23–5–42align=center bgcolor=#CCFFCC34–2–33align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC25–5–38105–19–151 (38.18%)
width=100pxalign=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC19–8–43align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC33–2–34align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC33–2–34align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC29–1–40114–13–151 (41.01%)
width=100pxalign=center bgcolor=#CCFFCC32–8–30align=center bgcolor=#CCFFCC37–3–30align=center bgcolor=#CCFFCC38–5–25align=center bgcolor=#CCFFCC40–1–29147–17–114 (52.88%)

Player awards

See also: List of Six Nations Championship Player of the Championship winners.

Player of the championship[23]
YearWinner
2004 Gordon D'Arcy
2005 Martyn Williams
2006 Brian O'Driscoll
2007 Brian O'Driscoll (2)
2008 Shane Williams
2009 Brian O'Driscoll (3)
2010 Tommy Bowe
2011 Andrea Masi
2012 Dan Lydiate
2013 Leigh Halfpenny
2014 Mike Brown
2015 Paul O'Connell
2016 Stuart Hogg
2017 Stuart Hogg (2)
2018 Jacob Stockdale
2019 Alun Wyn Jones
2020 Antoine Dupont
2021 Hamish Watson
2022 Antoine Dupont (2)
2023 Antoine Dupont (3)
2024 Tommaso Menoncello

Records

See main article: List of Six Nations Championship records. Ireland's Johnny Sexton holds the record for most points in the competition, with 566. England's Jonny Wilkinson holds the records for individual points in one match (35 points against Italy in 2001) and one season with 89 (scored in 2001).

The record for tries in a match is held by Scotsman George Campbell Lindsay who scored five tries against Wales in 1887.[24] England's Cyril Lowe and Scotland's Ian Smith jointly hold the record for tries in one season with 8 (Lowe in 1914, Smith in 1925). Ireland's Brian O'Driscoll has the Championship record for tries with 26.

The record for appearances is held by Sergio Parisse of Italy, with 69 appearances,[25] since his Six Nations debut in 2004.

The most points scored by a team in one match was 80 points, scored by England against Italy in 2001. England also scored the most ever points in a season in 2001 with 229, and most tries in a season with 29.[24] Wales hold the record for fewest tries conceded during a season in the Six Nations era, conceding only 2 in 5 games in 2008, but the 1977 Grand Slam-winning France team did not concede a try in their four matches. Wales hold the record for the longest time without conceding a try, at 358 minutes in the 2013 tournament.

Administration

The Championship is run from headquarters in Dublin, Ireland by Six Nations Rugby Ltd.[26]

Former England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) CEO, Tom Harrison,[27] was appointed the CEO of Six Nations Rugby in January 2023 following the resignation of Benjamin Morel in November 2022.[28] Morel had held the position of CEO since November 2018,[29] replacing John Feehan, who stepped down after sixteen years as CEO in April 2018.[30] Harrison's tenure as CEO commenced from April. 2023.[31]

Ronan Dunne was appointed as the Chairman for Six Nations Rugby in November 2021 with his tenure commencing from January 2022. Dunne has responsibility for the commercial and marketing operations for both the men's and women's Six Nations tournaments.[32]

Marketing

Broadcasting rights

One of the most important rugby union tournaments in the world, the Six Nations Championship is broadcast in various countries in addition to the six participating nations.[33]

In the UK, the BBC has long covered the tournament, broadcasting all matches (apart from England home matches between 1997 and 2002, which were shown live by Sky Sports with highlights on the BBC) until 2015. In addition, Welsh language coverage of broadcasts matches featuring the Welsh team shown by the BBC are shown on S4C in Wales in the United Kingdom.[34] Between 2003 and 2015, the BBC covered every match live on BBC Sport either on BBC One or BBC Two with highlights also on the BBC Sport website and either on the BBC Red Button or late at night on BBC Two.

On 9 July 2015, in reaction to bids by Sky for the rights beginning in 2018, the BBC ended its contract two seasons early, and renegotiated a joint contract with ITV Sport for rights to the Six Nations from 2016 through 2021. ITV acquired rights to England, Ireland and Italy home matches, while the BBC retained rights to France, Scotland and Wales home matches. By ending its contract early, the BBC saved around £30 million, while the new contract generated £20 million in additional revenue for the Six Nations.[35]

With the end of the contract nearing, speculation once again emerged in 2020 that Sky was pursuing rights to the Six Nations from 2022 onward; under the Ofcom "listed events" rules, rights to the tournament can be held by a pay television channel if delayed broadcasts or highlights are made available on free-to-air television.[36] It was reported that the bid for CVC Equity Partners to purchase a stake in the Six Nations was being hindered by a desire for a more lucrative broadcast contract; a call for the Six Nations to be moved to Category A (which requires live coverage to air free-to-air) was rejected.[37] [38] In May 2021, the BBC and ITV renewed their contracts through 2025. The BBC will continue to broadcast home matches from Scotland and Wales and all women's and under-20s matches, with ITV airing England, France, Ireland and Italy home matches.[39] [40]

France, Ireland, and Italy listed the Six Nations as a major event with cultural significance and enacted national and EU laws to ensure coverage would be available on free-to-air channels.[41]

In Ireland, each of Ireland's games in the Six Nations may be held by a pay television channel, if the match is delayed broadcast and in full on free-to-air television.[42] RTÉ have broadcast the championship since RTÉ's inception and continued to do so until 2017, while TG4 televised highlights. However, in late 2015 RTÉ's free-to-air rival TV3 was awarded the rights for every game from the Six Nations on Irish television from 2018 to 2021.[43] In 2022 it was announced that RTÉ and Virgin Media would share broadcasting rights.[44]

In France, the entire Six Nations rugby tournament must appear on free-to-air television.[45] France Télévisions has covered the competition in France.

In Italy, Six Nations rugby matches involving the Italian national team must be broadcast on free-to-air television.[46] Sky Italia broadcasts all matches while free-to-air TV8 only covers Italy fixtures.

In the United States, NBC Sports broadcasts matches in English.[47] The tournament is also broadcast on DAZN in Canada, Premier Sports Asia in East and Southeast Asia, Sky Sport in New Zealand, Stan Sport in Australia and SuperSport in South Africa.[48]

In 2024 the Six Nations teams featured in a Netflix documentary Six Nations: Full Contact.[49] In February 2024, the show was green lit for a second season.[50]

TerritoryBroadcasterSummary
France 2All matches
RTÉAll matches split between both channels
Virgin Media Television
SkyAll matches
TV8Italy matches only
BBC OneAll home matches from Scotland and Wales
ITV1All home matches from England, France, Ireland and Italy
S4CWales matches shown by BBC in the Welsh language
AsiaPremier Sports AsiaAll matches
Stan SportAll matches
Baltic states and Nordic countries (including Poland)ViaplayAll matches
DAZNAll matches
CaribbeanESPNAll matches
(including Slovakia)Nova SportAll matches
Germanic Europe (including Luxembourg)More Than SportsAll matches
Sport 5All matches
WowowAll matches
GOAll matches
MENAPremier Sports Middle EastAll matches
Ziggo SportAll matches
Sky SportAll matches
(including Slovenia)Sport TVAll matches
Orange SportAll matches
(including Andorra)Movistar Plus+All matches
South America (including Argentina and Brazil)ESPN Latin AmericaAll matches shown in the Spanish language
ESPN BrazilAll matches shown in the Portuguese language
Sub-Saharan Africa (including South Africa)SuperSportAll matches
NBC SportsAll matches
WorldwideTV5MondeFrance matches only

Sponsorship

Until 1998, the competition had no title sponsor. Sponsorship rights were sold to Lloyds TSB Group for the 1999 tournament and the competition was titled the Lloyds TSB 5 Nations and Lloyds TSB 6 Nations until 2002.[51]

The Royal Bank of Scotland Group took over sponsorship from 2003 until 2017, with the competition being branded the RBS 6 Nations. A new title sponsor was sought for the 2018 tournament and beyond.[52] However, after struggling to find a new sponsor, organisers agreed a one-year extension at a reduced rate. As the RBS brand was being phased out, the tournament was named after the NatWest banking subsidiary, becoming the NatWest 6 Nations.[53]

On 7 December 2018, Guinness was announced as the Championship's new title sponsor, with the competition to be named the Guinness Six Nations from 2019 to 2024.[54] Due to the Loi Évin laws which prohibit alcohol sponsorship in sport, "Guinness" cannot be used as part of the branding of the tournament in France. The French-language logo for the tournament replaces the Guinness logo with the word "Greatness" in the same colour and typeface as the Guinness wordmark.[55] [56] [57]

See also

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Godwin (1984), pg 1. Though only matches involving Ireland could properly be considered international, and only after 1922, all other teams being from entirely within the nation state of the United Kingdom. The first ever Home Nations International Championship was played in 1883. No other Northern Hemisphere team played a recognised international match until France faced New Zealand in 1906
  2. News: Open up the Six Nations and let Georgia in. https://web.archive.org/web/20150325210959/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/sixnations/11495245/Open-up-the-Six-Nations-and-let-Georgia-in.html. dead. 25 March 2015. 25 March 2015. The Daily Telegraph. 23 September 2015. Brown. Oliver.
  3. News: let in Georgia and Romania, says governing body. The Guardian. 25 February 2016. 24 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200524111227/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/oct/26/six-nations-georgia-romania. live.
  4. Web site: Rules of the RBS 6 Nations Championship . RBS 6 Nations . 24 February 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080509142546/http://www.rbs6nations.com/en/championship-information_rules.php . 9 May 2008 .
  5. Web site: 16 March 2024. Six Nations: Wales look to avoid the Wooden Spoon - but what is it?. BBC.
  6. Web site: Six Nations Championship Trophy Trust . RBS 6 Nations . 5 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070202013827/http://www.rbs6nations.com/trophy_english.htm . 2 February 2007 .
  7. Web site: New Six Nations trophy unveiled. 28 January 2015. ESPN. 28 January 2015. 9 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160309182544/http://en.espn.co.uk/six-nations-2015/rugby/story/254215.html. live.
  8. Web site: Will Ireland be getting their hands on this? New trophy for the RBS Six Nations unveiled. 28 January 2015. Irish Independent. 28 January 2015. 9 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160109181951/http://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/six-nations/will-ireland-be-getting-their-hands-on-this-new-trophy-for-the-rbs-six-nations-unveiled-30944386.html. live.
  9. Web site: The Calcutta Cup: the legacy of a club that died . Scottish Rugby. 29 September 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070214034619/http://www.scottishrugby.org/shadomx/apps/fms/fmsdownload.cfm?file_uuid=A25BAF90-A653-B702-1F28-A89E8D4D5CD8&siteName=sru . 14 February 2007 .
  10. Web site: About Us . Rugby Football Union. 29 September 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070906075533/http://www.rfu.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/RFUHome.Simple_Detail/StoryTypeId/26/SectionId/43 . 6 September 2007 .
  11. News: Lamenting the sad decline of the fighting Irish . The Scotsman . 19 February 2000 . 31 . Massie . Alan.
  12. News: Scotland now have quality in quantity . The Herald. 22 March 1999 . 1 . Ferrie . Kevin.
  13. News: Scots torn apart by Irish mean machine . The Sunday Times . 13 February 2005. Sport 2 . Walsh . David.
  14. Web site: Auld Alliance Trophy unveiled Scottish Rugby Union. scottishrugby.org. 9 February 2018. 19 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180219162320/http://www.scottishrugby.org/news/18/02/09/auld-alliance-trophy-unveiled. dead.
  15. Web site: Doddie Weir Cup . TheGuardian.com. 2 November 2018. 9 March 2019. 8 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141030/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/nov/02/doddie-weir-cup-scotland-wales-gregor-townsend. live.
  16. Web site: The Cuttitta Cup is unveiled. Scottish Rugby Union. 7 March 2022. 7 March 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220307220440/https://www.scottishrugby.org/news/the-cuttitta-cup-is-unveiled. live.
  17. Web site: Projet Stade . . fr . 6 July 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120615060530/http://www.ffr.fr/index.php/ffr/rugby_francais/projet_stade . 15 June 2012 .
  18. News: French national rugby team plan to quit Stade de France . BBC Sport . 25 November 2010 . 6 July 2012 . 7 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807140513/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/9229158.stm . live .
  19. News: Rugby-French federation drops plans for new stadium. Reuters. 4 February 2017. 14 December 2016. 5 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100259/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-rugby-union-france-stadium-idUKKBN14322M. live.
  20. Web site: France to host Italy in Marseille. 26 October 2020. rugby365.com. 30 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201030021817/https://rugby365.com/countries/france/france-to-host-italy-in-marseille/. live.
  21. Web site: 23 September 2020. Wales to play at Parc y Scarlets - Welsh Rugby Union. 26 October 2020. Welsh Rugby Union. 30 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201030142858/https://www.wru.wales/2020/09/wales-to-play-at-parc-y-scarlets/. live.
  22. Web site: 2 February 2024. Why France will play none of their Six Nations home games at the Stade de France. Planet Rugby.
  23. Web site: PLAYER OF THE CHAMPIONSHIP . Six Nations Rugby . 4 March 2021 . 28 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220928122910/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/player-of-the-championship/ . live .
  24. News: Six Nations records . 8 August 2007 . Rugby Heaven . 1 February 2005 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060113120726/http://www.rugbyheaven.smh.com.au/articles/2005/02/03/1107409982373.html . 13 January 2006 .
  25. Web site: Records . Six Nations Rugby . 16 March 2019 . 3 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201103012009/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/statistics/records/ . live .
  26. Web site: Contact Us. sixnationsrugby.com. 12 January 2018. 31 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200131163201/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/en/championship/contact_us.php. live.
  27. Web site: 27 January 2023 . Tom Harrison Appointed Six Nations Rugby CEO . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230901121033/https://media.sixnationsrugby.com/press-releases/tom-harrison-appointed-six-nations-rugby-ceo/ . 1 September 2023 . 1 September 2023 . Six Nations Rugby.
  28. Web site: 28 November 2022 . Six Nations Rugby CEO Ben Morel to Step Down at the End of the Season After Five Years at the Helm . https://web.archive.org/web/20221128151139/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/2022/11/28/six-nations-rugby-ceo-ben-morel-to-step-down-at-the-end-of-the-season-after-five-years-at-the-helm/ . 28 November 2022 . 1 September 2023 . Six Nations Rugby.
  29. News: Six Nations Rugby Appoint Chief Executive Officer . sixnationsrugby.com . Six Nations Rugby . 6 January 2018 . 31 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200131163158/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/2018/08/23/six-nations-rugby-appoint-chief-executive-officer/ . live .
  30. News: John Feehan Steps Down as CEO of Six Nations . sixnationsrugby.com . Six Nations Rugby . 6 January 2018 . 31 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200131091548/https://www.sixnationsrugby.com/2018/04/20/john-feehan-steps-down-as-ceo-of-six-nations/ . live .
  31. Web site: Cameron . Ian . 27 January 2023 . Six Nations Reveal Ben Morel's Replacement as CEO . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230127105300/https://www.rugbypass.com/news/six-nations-reveal-ben-morels-replacement-as-ceo/ . 27 January 2023 . 1 September 2023 . RugbyPass.
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