Sirayaic languages explained

Sirayaic
Region:	Southern Taiwan
Familycolor:	Austronesian
Fam2:	East Formosan
Child1:	Siraya
Child2:	Taivoan–Makatao
Glotto:	sira1267
Glottorefname:	Sirayaic
Map:	Formosan languages 2008.png
Mapcaption:	(pink) Sirayaic

Sirayaic languages is one of the sub-branches of the Formosan branch, under the Austronesian languages family. Both Blust (1999) and Li (2010) considers Proto-Siraya belongs to East Formosan languages, along with Kavalanic and Amis languages.^{[1] [2]}

The Proto-Siraya language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Siraiyac branch. Proto-Siraya includes at least three languages: Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao. Li claimed Proto-Siraya might have split from the other East Formosan languages around 3,500 years ago, and began to develop nowadays Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao 3,000 years ago.

Classification

Raleigh Farrell (1971) believes there were at least five indigenous peoples in the south-western plain of Taiwan at that time:^[3]

• Sirayaic
  • Siraya
  • Tevorang-Taivuan
  • Takaraian (now classified as Makatao)
  • Pangsoia-Dolatok (now classified as Makatao)
  • Longkiau (now classified as Makatao)

Based on the latest corpora, Li (2010) attempted two classification trees for Sirayaic languages:

Reconstruction

Adelaar published his reconstruction of Proto-Siraya phonology in 2014:^[4]

Labial! colspan="2"

Alveolar	Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Unvoiced stop	p		t				k
Voiced stop	b		d
Nasal	m		n				ŋ
Unvoiced spirants			s						h
Voiced spirants	v		ð				ɣ
Lateral			r, ł
Semivowels	w				y

Height! colspan="2"

Front	Central		Back
Close		i				u
Mid				ə
Open				a

Sound changes

Based on the comparison of the available corpora, Adelaar (2014) proposed a summary of sound correspondences between Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Siraya, comapared with Siraya or Taivoan in the 17th century, accompanied with the other three East Formosan languages, Basay, Kavalan, and Amis, proposed by Li (2004):^[5]

Proto-Austronesian	Proto-Siraya	Siraya (UM)	Siraya or Taivoan (Gospel)	Basay	Kavalan	Amis
p	p	p	p	p	p	p
t, *C	t	t	t	t	t	t
c	--
k	k	k	k	k, h /_a	k, q	k
q	Ø			Ø	Ø	Q
b	b	b/v	b/v	b	b	f
d	ð	s/d, -s-, -s	d/r, -r-, -r/d
-D	--			r, l	z	d
z	d	d	d	r, l	z	d
j	n	n	n	n	n	n
g	--
m	m	m	m	m	m	m
n	n	n	n	n	n	n
ñ	?*n	n	n	n	n	d
ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ
h	Ø			Ø	Ø	h, ?
S	s	Ø, -s-	Ø, -h-	s	s	s
s	s	s/h-, -s/h/x-, -x	s/h-, -s/h/x-, -Ø	c	s	c
R	x	x	h/Ø-, -h/Ø-, -x	r, l	r, l, R	l
l	r	r	r	c	r, l, R	l
r	--
N	ł	l	l	n	n	d
w	w, *u	w	w	w	w	v
y	y	y	y	y	y	y
a	a	a	a	a	a, i / *q	a
ə	ə	Ø	Ø
i	i	i, -i/e	i, -i/e	i	i	i
u	u	u	u/aw-, -u-, -u/aw	u	u	u

Comparison chart

Below is a chart comparing list of numbers of 1–10 in Sirayaic languages, including different dialects of Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao language, spoken from Tainan to Pingtung in southwestern Taiwan, and from Hualien to Taitung in eastern Taiwan:^[6]

Austronesian List of Numbers 1-10		Dialects	Autonym	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Proto-Austronesian				əsa *isa|*duSa|*təlu|*Səpat|*lima|*ənəm|*pitu|*walu|*Siwa|*(sa-)puluq|-| colspan="2" |Proto-Siraya|||*saat|*ðusa|*turu|*səpat|*rǐma|*nəm|*pitu|*kuixpa|*ma-tuda|*saat ki tian|-| rowspan="2" |17th century|Siraya|Utrecht^[7] | --|saat|sa-soa|tu-turo|pa-xpat|ri-rima|ni-nam|pi-pito|kuxipat|matuda|keteang|-|Siraya (arguably)|Gospel^[8] | --|saat|ruha|turu|xpat|rima|nom|pitu|kuixpa|matuda|kitian|-| rowspan="8" |20th century|Siraya |Kongana^[9] |Siraiya|sasaat|duha|turu|tapat|tu-rima|tu-num|pitu|pipa|kuda|keteng|-|Siraya (arguably)|Moatao^[10] |Siraiya|isa|rusa|tao|usipat|hima|lomu|pitu|vao|siva|masu|-|Taivoan|Suannsamna^[11] | --|sa'a|zua|to'o|sipat gaspa|urima|urumu|upitu|uwaru|hsiya|--|-|Taivoan|Siaolin^[12] |Taibowan|tsahasaka|ruhaluha|tohu|paha'limta|hima|lomlanlan|kito|kipa|matuhamatsuha|kaipienkaitian|-|Taivoan|Dazhuang^[13] |TaivoanTaiburan|tsatsa'a|raruha|tato'o|tapat|tarima|tanum|tyausen|rapako|ravasen|kaiten|-|Makatao|Laopi^[14] |Makatao|saka|bailung|kutung|lumta|rima|langalan|kimseng|kalasin|kabaitya|kaiten|-|Makatao|Kanapo^[15] |--	na-saad	ra-ruha	ra-ruma	ra-sipat	ra-lima	ra-hurum	ra-pito	ra-haru	ra-siwa	ra-kaitian
Makatao	Bankim^[16]	--	saat	laluha	taturu	hapat	lalima	anum	papitu	--	tuda	saatitin

Notes

Notes and References

1. Blust. Robert. 1985. The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective. Asian Perspectives. 26. 46067.
2. Book: Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 珍惜台灣南島語言. 前衛出版. 2010. 978-957-801-635-4. Taipei.
3. Ferrell. Raleigh. 1971. Aboriginal peoples of the Southwestern Taiwan plains. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology. 32. 217–235.
4. Book: Adelaar, Alexander. Proto Siraya Phonology: A Reconstruction. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 2014.
5. Book: Li, Paul Jen-kuei. Origins of the East Formosans: Basay, Kavalan, Amis, and Siraya. Academia Sinica. 2004. Taipei.
6. Book: Tsuchida, Shigeru. Linguistic materials of the Formosan sinicized populations I: Siraya and Basai. Yamada. Yukihiro. Moriguchi. Ysunekazu. The University of Tokyo, Department of Linguistics. 1991. Tokyo.
7. Attested in the Utrecht Manuscripts written in the 17th century.
8. Attested in the Gospel of St. Matthew in the 17th century, which Li (2010) regards as Taivoan language along with Moatao dialect, rather than Siraya.
9. Attested and recorded in Kongana (崗仔林), a Siraya community in nowadays Zuojhen, Tainan.
10. Investigated and recorded by Ino. Kanori in Moatao (麻豆), a Siraya community located in nowadays Madou, Tainan.
11. Investigated by Ino, Kanori in Suannsamna (山杉林), a Sia-urie-Taivoan community located in nowadays Shanlin, Kaohsiung.
12. Including vocabulary attested in Siaolin (小林) and Alikuan (阿里關), as the Taivoan people emigrated from Alikuan to Siaolin only in the late 19th century and have had very close relationship with each other. Both of the communities belong to Tevorangh-Taivoan.
13. Attested in Dazhuang (大庄), a community in Hualien, founded by mainly Taivoan people immigrated from Siaolin and Laulong, and also by some Makatao people and very few Siraya people in the 19th century.
14. Investigated in Marun or Laopi (老埤) in the early 20th century, a Makatao community located in nowadays Neipu, Pingtung.
15. Investigated and recorded in Kanapo (加蚋埔) in the early 20th century, a Makatao community located in nowadays Gaoshu, Pingtung.
16. Investigated in Bankim (萬金), a Makatao community located in nowadays Wanluan, Pingtung, in the late 19th century by Steere.