Sino-Spanish conflicts explained
The Sino-Spanish conflicts were a series of conflicts between the Spanish authorities of the Spanish Empire and its Sangley Chinese residents in Spanish Philippines between the 16th and 18th centuries, which led to massacres of the local Sangley Chinese residents due to generalized Anti-Chinese paranoia by the then ruling Spanish governor-generals.
History
Origin of the conflict
The Moro Sultanate of Sulu wanted to become a protectorate of China because of the Spanish Empire, but the ethnic Manchu Kangxi Emperor opposed fighting Spain and rejected this proposal. Koxinga, ruler of newly founded Kingdom of Tungning, and his son Zheng Jing threatened to invade the Spanish Philippines in retaliation for the Sangley Massacre (1662), forcing the Spanish to permanently lose their Maluku Islands colony and withdraw from Mindanao's Zamboanga Peninsula for decades. In the 18th century 4,000 ethnic Han Chinese residents joined the Moros to fight the Spanish and ethnic Chinese merchants shipped guns to the Moros in the late 19th century.
Koxinga's death stopped the initial planned invasion of Spanish Philippines, but his son Zheng Jing forced Spain to pay tribute to him in Taiwan and to grant him extrajudicial rights over the Chinese community in Manila, and forbade the Spanish to proselytize their religion to the Chinese residents. Spanish Governor-General Manuel de León and Queen-Regent Mariana were unable to resist him as Zheng Jing prepared to invade himself.[1]
The Kingdom of Tungning did not threaten the Spanish Empire nor Spanish interests. King Philip IV of Spain therefore saw no reason to attack it and upset a fragile Latin: status quo that he sought to maintain.
The Spanish garrison in Manila was in terrible condition and both the English and Dutch East India companies said that if Zheng Jing had followed through with his planned invasion in 1671 after the monsoon season, he would have won.[2]
On July 27, 1713, the tribunal, acting in a legislative capacity, decreed that within thirty days "all Moros, Armenians, Malabars, Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith" should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila, or when living there temporarily for purposes of visit or trade. Penalties were also prescribed for infractions.[3]
Governor-General Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas was killed by the 250 Chinese rowers he forced to row his galley in 1593.[4]
Chinese-Spanish friction began with the Chinese rebellion of P'an Ho Wu in 1593, according to the Ming Annals.
After the assassination of the governor, the Chinese crew took possession of the ship and its valuables and proceeded to Annan. Lei Mao Lin (Luis Pérez Dasmariñas), son of Gomez, went to China to ask indemnity for the murder of his father, but did not get any satisfaction.[5]
1603 revolt
See main article: Sangley Rebellion. In 1603 three Chinese mandarins arrived in Manila, saying they had been sent by the emperor[6] 267 to investigate a report of a mountain of gold in Cavite. The Spaniards were distrustful, suspecting these men of coming to spy out the situation and fortifications of the city, and thought that the story of the mountain of gold was merely a ruse for trying to find out how easily Manila could be taken. So alarmed were government officials that after the mandarins left they took measures to improve their defenses. These preparations in turn aroused the suspicions of Chinese residents in Manila, who feared the Spaniards were about to massacre them and rose in revolt. In Tondo and Quiapo they set fire to buildings and massacred natives, since there were few Spaniards in Manila.[7] To put down the revolt, 130[7] or 150 Spaniards under Luis Dasmariñas marched against the rebels, but were defeated and nearly all killed.[7] Then Chinese rebels stormed Intramuros, the old walled city,[7] but were repulsed and driven to San Pablo del Monte. There they were attacked by a large force of Spaniards and Filipinos, and twenty-three thousand of them perished in the fight."[8]
Many Chinese residents fled the country or to the countryside.[6] The Spaniards, fearing a plot began to threaten them.
On the night of October 3, 1603, the Chinese population of Manila, nearly 25,000 in number, rose in revolt. A force of one hundred and fifty men attacked the Chinese residents. All but four of the Spaniards were killed. At dawn, October 5, the rebels attacked the walled city. The fight lasted several days. Every Spaniard, including the friars, armed himself and fought.
Finally the Spaniards, with the aid of some Japanese residents and Pampangos, drove away the Chinese residents, who fled to the mountains of San Pablo.[7] Here a large force of Spaniards and native Filipinos surrounded and besieged them. Hunger and attacks of the natives, who hated the Chinese residents, caused the death of about 23,000.[9]
1639 revolt
See main article: 2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639). After the first Sangley Rebellion in 1603, conditions for the Chinese residents in Manila returned to some degree of normalcy for a time. However as the ethnic Chinese population continued to prosper, they incurred heavier restrictions from the Spanish. Although they were exempt from labour and petty personal dues required of the natives, the Chinese residents had to pay a license fee of 8 pesos per year with additional extortion and harassment from sellers. They were also subject to population control in addition to the license fee, with an idealized limit of 6,000, but in reality the Chinese population in 1620s and 1630s ranged from 15,000 to 21,000. The Chinese residents petitioned the king of Spain for self-government but this was rejected in 1630. As the Chinese population continued to swell, reaching 33,000-45,000 by 1639, they entered other industries such as farming. They were laborers on their own in outlying areas, employed on estates of religious orders, or used as farm labor in forced settlement projects. This large rural Chinese population rebelled again in 1639, resulting in another massacre. [10]
The rebellion of 1639 occurred in rural Luzon where most of the rebels came from. It started at Calamba, where several thousand Chinese residents had been coerced to settle and forced to pay substantial rent to the Spanish. It was a very unhealthy place and about 300 of them had already died by the time of the rebellion on 20 November. The rebels advanced towards Manila and by 22 November, had taken the San Pedro Macati Church on the eastern outskirts of the city. The Chinatown was only briefly occupied by them. Although well-organized, the rebellion was poorly armed and could not stand up to the Spanish and Filipino forces, which routed them upon their arrival. However uprisings were reported in other areas as well and from 26 November to 2 December, the Chinese residents controlled the north bank of the Pasig River[11]
On 2 December, the Chinese settlement revolted and started fires. The Spanish began firing on the Chinese rebels from the city walls. On 5 December, the Spanish ordered the execution of any Chinese resident that could be found, with a reward for each Chinese head. The Chinese residents were systematically rounded up and killed ten at a time. In total some 17,000 to 22,000 Chinese residents were slaughtered. Some Chinese residents fled to the mountains but were eventually dislodged. Around 6,000-7,000 Chinese residents held out on the eastern shore of Laguna de Bay until 15 March 1640, when they were surrounded and forced to surrender[12]
1662 Sangley massacre
See main article: Sangley Massacre (1662). Koxinga resolved to conquer the Philippines and summoned the Italian Dominican missionary Vittorio Riccio, who had been living in Fujian province, and in the spring of 1662 dispatched him as an ambassador to the governor of the Philippines to demand the submission of the archipelago.
Manila was thrown into a terrible panic by this demand; no such danger had threatened the Spanish in the Philippines since the invasion of Limahong. Koxinga of the Kingdom of Tungning had an innumerable army, and their armament, stores, and navy had been greatly augmented by the surrender of the Dutch in Taiwan. Governor Sabiniano Manrique de Lara however returned a defiant answer to Koxinga and adopted measures to put the colony in a state of defense.
The Moluccas were forsaken and never again recovered by Spaniards. The presidios of Zamboanga and Cuyo were abandoned. Spanish troops were concentrated in Manila, whose fortifications were rebuilt, and the population waited anxiously for the attack. But the blow never fell.[13]
Koxinga turned his attention to the conquest of Formosa, at the time a Dutch possession, where the local residents planned the expulsion of the Dutch with Koxinga's leadership. According to Dutch accounts, European settlers numbered about 600, with a garrison of 2,200. The Dutch artillery, stores and merchandise were valued at $8,000,000, and Koxinga's army, were about 100,000 strong. The settlement surrendered to the invaders' superior numbers, and Koxinga established himself as king of the island under the Kingdom of Tungning. Koxinga had made Riccio a mandarin and sent him as an ambassador to the governor of Spanish Philippines. He arrived in Manila in 1662 bearing Koxinga's despatches calling on the governor to pay tribute under threat of Koxinga attacking the Spanish colony if his demand was refused.
Riccio was received with great honour in Manila, and rode to Government House in the full uniform of a Chinese envoy, through lines of troops drawn up to salute him as he passed. At the same time, the Chinese residents in Manila had received letters from Formosa, and the Spanish authorities accused them of conniving at rebellion. All available forces were concentrated in the capital; and to increase the garrison, the Governor published a decree, dated 6 May 1662, ordering the demolition of the forts of Zamboanga, Yligan (Mindanao), Calamian Islands) and Ternate in the Moluccas. The only provincial fort preserved was that of Surigao (then called Caraga).
The troops in Manila numbered 100 cavalry and 8,000 infantry. Fortifications were raised, and redoubts were constructed in which to secrete treasury funds. When all the armament was in readiness, the Spaniards incited the Chinese residents to rebel, to afford a pretext for their massacre.
Two junk masters were seized, and the Chinese population was menaced; therefore they prepared for their own defence, and then opened the affray, for which the Government was secretly longing, by killing a Spaniard in the marketplace. Suddenly artillery fire opened on the Parian, and many peaceful Chinese traders hanged themselves in their terror; many were drowned in their attempt to reach the canoes and get away to sea; some few did safely arrive in Formosa Island and join Koxinga's camp, whilst others took to the mountains. Some 8,000 to 9,000 Chinese residents remained quiet, but ready. They were suddenly attacked by Spaniards and natives. The confusion was general, and the Chinese residents seemed to be gaining ground, so the governor sent Riccio and a certain Fray Joseph de Madrid to parley with them. The Chinese residents accepted the terms offered by Riccio, who returned to the governor, leaving Fray Joseph with the rebels, but when Riccio went back with a general pardon and a promise to free the two junk masters, he found that the Moro had beheaded the priest. A general carnage followed, and says that the original intention of the Spaniards was to kill all the Chinese residents, but they desisted in view of the inconvenience that would have ensued from the lack of tradesmen and mechanics. Therefore, they made a virtue of a necessity, and graciously pardoned in the name of His Catholic Majesty all who laid down their arms.
The Molucca Islands were definitely evacuated and abandoned by the Spaniards, although as many men and as much material and money had been employed in garrisons and conveyance of subsidies there as for the whole Philippine colony up to that time.[14]
1750s expulsions
When the Chinese residents were expelled from Manila in 1758, many of them went to Joló, where some 4,000 lived at the time of Cencelly's expedition; they sided with the natives of Jolo (Tausug Moros) against the Spaniards, and organized an armed troop to fight them.[15] [16] [17] [18]
Pagan pure Han Chinese residents were expelled from Manila in 1755 and 1766, leaving only Catholic Chinese mestizo residents behind. Chinese mestizos made up a huge fraction of the Philippine population and took over the retail trade from pure Chinese residents.[19] [20]
1770s conflicts
The Sulu kingdoms were tributaries to the Ming Dynasty and one Sulu king died in China during a tribute mission. After Spanish persecution against Chinese residents in Luzon, thousands of Chinese residents fled to Sulu, and Sulu's Sultan Israel (1773–1778) was backed by 4,000 Chinese residents against the Spanish. Chinese residents participated in events in Sulu's war against western colonialists, such as the 5 March 1775 attack against the Balambagan British outpost led by Chinese merchant Datu Teteng. In the negotiations leading up to the 19 December 1726 treaty between Spain and Sulu, Sulu's representative was the Chinese Ki Kuan. Many Chinese residents assimilated into Tausug-Sama people and Chinese surnames are found among them.[21] [22] [23] An Englishman named Brun joined the Jolo Moros under Datto Tetenz with 4,000 Chinese residents expelled from Manila by the British, and ravaged Cebu, harassing the coast.[24] "In 1642 Generals Corcuero and Almonte made peace with Corralat, but piratical depredations by the Moros continued; Chinese rebellions embarrassed the Spaniards, who evacuated many places, and many fights were chronicled between the Moro fleets of Praus and the Spanish fleets. The priests egged on the Spanish, and the Spanish King re-established, and then abandoned, many stations in Mindoro, Basilan Mindanao and Jolo. Treaties were made and unmade. Expeditions intended to be punitive were undertaken. The Tawi-Tawi Moros nearly captured Zamboanga. Engagements were constant with varying success until 1737. King Philip V. of Spain, pestered the Sultans of Jolo and Tomantaca (Mindanao) about not being Christians, but expeditions were as frequent as baptisms."[25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]
Anda took what precautions were available to restrain the Moro pirates, but great difficulties arose. Ali-Mudin, whom the English had restored to his sway in Joló, and his son Israel (in whose favor the father abdicated) were friendly to the Spaniards, with many of their dattos; but another faction, led by Zalicaya, the commander of the Joloan armadas, favored the English, who had established themselves in 1762 on Balambangan in the Joló archipelago, which they had induced Bantilan to grant them. The English were accused of trying to incite the Joloans against the Spaniards by intrigue and bribery.
Anda sent an expedition to protest to the English their occupation of this Spanish territory, and entrusted this mission to an Italian officer named Giovanni Cencelly, who was then in command of one of the infantry regiments stationed at Manila; the latter sailed from Zamboanga December 30, 1773, bearing careful instructions to avoid any hostilities with the English and maintain friendship with the Joloans. But Cencelly seems to have been quite destitute of tact or judgment, and even of loyalty to his governor; for he disobeyed his instructions and angered the Joloans, who could hardly be restrained by Ali-Mudin from massacring the Spaniards, and at the end of three weeks was obliged to return to Zamboanga. He was on bad terms with the commandant there, Raimundo Español, and refused him any account of his proceedings at Joló. He even tried to stir up sedition among the Spanish troops against Español. The English gladly availed themselves of this opportunity to strengthen their own position in Joló, stirring up the islanders against Spain and erecting new forts. Later, however, the English at Balambangan showed so much harshness and contempt for the Moro dattos (even putting one in the pillory) that the latter plotted to surprise and kill the intruders; and on March 5, 1775, did so, killing all the English being except the commandant and five others, who managed to escape to their ship in the harbor.
The Moros seized the fort, thus acquiring great quantities of military supplies, arms, money, and food, along with several vessels. Among these spoils were forty-five cannons and $24,000 in silver. Elated by this success, Tenteng, the chief mover of the enterprise, tried to secure Zamboanga the same way; but the new commandant there, Juan Bayot, was on his guard, and the Moros did not succeed. Teteng then went to Cebú, where he committed horrible ravages. Other raids of this sort were carried out, and for a long time the Spaniards were unable to check them. A letter written to the king by Anda in 1773 had asked for money to build light armed vessels, and a royal order of January 27, 1776, commanded that 50,000 pesos be sent to Filipinas for this purpose. This money was used by Anda's temporary successor, Pedro Sarrio, for the construction of a squadron of vintas, "vessels which, on account of their swiftness and exceedingly light draft, were more suitable for the pursuit of the pirates than the very heavy galleys; they were, besides, to carry pilots of the royal fleet to reconnoiter the coasts, draw plans of the ports, indicate the shoals and reefs, take soundings in the sea, etc." "The Datos at once feared the vengeance of the English, and declared Tenteng unworthy of the rights of a Joloan and an outlaw from the kingdom with all his followers. Sultan Israel wrote to the governor of Zamboanga, assuring him that neither he nor the Datos had taken part in this transgression; and he asked the governor to send him the Curia filipica and the Empresas políticas of Saavedra, in order that he might be able to answer the charges which the English would make against him. (He had studied at the college of San José in Manila.)" Tenteng repaired to Joló with his booty and the captured English vessel; "these were arguments in his favor so convincing that he was at once admitted." He surrendered to the sultan all the military supplies and $2,000 in cash, and divided the spoils with the other datos; they received him with the utmost enthusiasm, and raised the ban from his head. "Around 1803, the squadron of General Alava returned to the Peninsula, the English again took possession of the island of Balanbangan; and it appears that they made endeavors to establish themselves in Joló, and were instigating the sultan and datos to go out and plunder the Visayas, telling the Joloans that they themselves only cared to seize Manila and the Acapulko galleon.
See also
Notes and References
- Hang . Xing . Fall 2010 . Between Trade and Legitimacy, Maritime and Continent: The Zheng Organization in Seventeenth-Century East Asia . A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley . 229 .
- Book: Hang, Xing . Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720 . 2016 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1316453841 . 197.
- Book: Aslanian, Sebouh David . From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa . 2014 . Univ of California Press . 978-0520282179 . reprint . California World History Library . 17 . 60 . 60 The Julfan Trade Network I sponsored shipping ventures to the Philippines: "Manila under Armenian colours is a profitable ... Armenians, Malabars, Chinese, and other enemies of the holy Faith” to reside in Manila's Parián ghetto; ....
- Book: Cunningham, Charles Henry . The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies as Illustrated by the Audiencia of Malina (1583-1800) . 1919 . University of California Press . 0722228635 . University of California publications in history . 9 . 253 . ... 1713, the tribunal, acting in a legislative capacity, decreed that within thirty days "all Moros, Armenians, Malabars, Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith" should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila ....
- Book: University of California, Berkeley . University of California Publications in History, Volume 9 . 1919 . University of California Press . 253 . On July 27, 1713, the tribunal, acting in a legislative capacity, decreed that within thirty days " all Moros, Armenians, Malabars, Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith ” should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila ....
- Book: University of California Publications in History . 1919 . University of California Press . 9 . 253 . ... decreed that within thirty days " all Moros; Armenians, Malabars, Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith" should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila, or when living there temporarily for purposes of visit or trade ....
- Book: Cunningham, Charles Henry . The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies ... . 1919 . University of California Press . University of California publications in history . 9 . 253 . ... the tribunal, acting in a legislative capacity, decreed that within thirty days "all Moros, Armenians, Malabars, Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith" should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila, or when ....
- Book: Quiason, Serafin D. . English Country Trade with the Philippines, 1644-1765 . 1966 . University of the Philippines Press . 0824804376 . 93 . 168 The Armenians and "other enemies of the Holy Faith” while on a temporary visit or trade mission were required by law to stay at the Parian. The steady influx of the Chinese and other Asian traders into Manila compelled the ....
- Book: Tremml-Werner
, Birgit . Spain, China, and Japan in Manila, 1571-1644: Local Comparisons and Global Connections . Amsterdam University Press . 2015 . 978-90-8964-833-4 . 305.
- Book: Chen
, Da . Chinese Migrations, with Special Reference to Labor Conditions . 1923 . U.S. Government Printing Office . Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics: Miscellaneous series . 340 . 100 . In part the Ming Annals say: In the eighth moon of the twenty - first year of the reign of Wan Li (1593), when the chieftain Lei Pi Li Mi Lao (Don Pérez Gómez Dasmariñas) undertook a raid on the Moluccas, he employed 250 ....
- Book: United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics . Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Issue 340 . 1967 . U.S. Government Printing Office . Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics . 100 . In part the Ming Annals say: In the eighth moon of the twenty - first year of (the reign of Wan Li (1593), when the chieftain Lei Pi Li Mi Lao (Don Þérez Gómez Dasmariñas) undertook a raid on the Moluccas, he employed 250 ....
- Book: Historical Conservation Society . The Chinese in the Philippines: 1570-1770 . 1966 . Solidaridad Publishing House . Felix . Alfonso . 1 . 17 . Eighteen years later (1593), relations between the Spaniards and the Chinese were again strained when Governor Gomez ... of an expedition to the Moluccas when one night, after the 80 Spaniards were asleep, the Chinese mutinied..
- Book: Hall, Daniel George Edward . A History of South-east Asia . 1964 . Macmillan . 2nd . 227, 235, 236 .
- Book: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections: The Relations of the Chinese to the Philippine Islands . Berthold Laufer . 1908 . 50 . 21 . 248–284.
- Book: Jernegan, Prescott Ford . A Short History of the Philippines: For Use in Philippine Schools . 1905 . D. Appleton . 144 .
- Book: Fernández
, Leandro Heriberto
. A Brief History of the Philippines . 1919 . Ginn and Company. 97 .
- Book: Wills, John E. Jr . China and Maritime Europe, 1500–1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions . 2010 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1139494267 . 56 .
- Book: Casino, Eric S. . The Filipino Nation: The Philippines: lands and peoples, a cultural geography . 1982 . Grolier International . 9780717285099 . 98 . 1. The Galleon Trade proper linked Manila and Mexico. 2. The China junk trade linked Manila and South China ... The number of Chinese living in Manila increased from about one hundred fifty in 1571 to around twenty thousand in 1603 ....
- Book: Caballero, Evelyn . Gold from the Gods: Traditional Small-scale Miners in the Philippines . 1996 . Giraffe Books . 9718967249 . 8 . (Laufer 1907: 260) Thirty thousand Chinese settled in Manila. However, in 1603 twenty - five thousand of them were killed due to the folly of Chang - Yi, who headed the expedition from China to search for gold in Cavite..
- Book: Crossley, John Newsome . The Dasmariñases, Early Governors of the Spanish Philippines . 2016 . Routledge . 978-1317036456 . In the interim there was a fearsome battle against the Dutchman Oliver van Noordt in Manila Bay in 1600, ... looking for a mountain of gold near Cavite. Naturally this visit made the Spaniards even more nervous that the Chinese were ....
- Book: Mallat, Jean . The Philippines: History, Geography, Customs, Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce of the Spanish Colonies in Oceania . 1983 . National Historical Institute . 51 . The work on the fortifications of Manila was going on then; a Chinese, named Eng - Cang, offered his services and ... A detachment of one hundred thirty Spaniards, commanded by the brave Luis Dasmariñas was cut to pieces by the ....
- Book: American Historical Association . Annual Report of the American Historical Association . 1900 . U.S. Government Printing Office . 1 . 184 .
- Book: Willis, John E.. 1998. Relations with the Maritime Europeans, 1514-1662. 361.
- Book: Willis, John E.. 1998. Relations with the Maritime Europeans, 1514-1662. 361.
- Book: Willis, John E.. 1998. Relations with the Maritime Europeans, 1514-1662. 361-362.
- Book: Barrows, David P. . A History of the Philippines ... . 1905 . American book Company . 208 . In 1646 a squadron attacked Zamboanga, and then came north to Luzon .... In 1656 the administration of the Moluccas was united with that of Mindanao, and the governor of the former, Don Francisco ... Koxinga the Chinese Adventurer..
- Book: Zaide, Gregorio F. . Philippine History and Civilization . 1939 . Philippine Education Company . 178 . That same year Don Francisco de Esteybar, Governor of the Moluccas, evacuated Ternate and established his headquarters at Zamboanga. Spain, however, continued to administer the Moluccas from Zamboanga until 1662 when Koxinga ....
- Book: Barrows, David P. . A History of the Philippines . 2020 . Laxmi Publisher .
- Book: Foreman (F.R.G.S.), John . The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago and Its Political Dependencies, Embracing the Whole Period of Spanish Rule . 1899 . C. Scribner's sons . 2nd . 87 . The settlement surrendered to the invaders' superior numbers, and Koxinga established himself as King of the Island .... demolition of the forts of Zamboanga, Yligan (Mindanao Island), Calamianes and Ternate (Moluccas)..
- Book: The Representation of External Threats: From the Middle Ages to the Modern World . 2019 . BRILL . 978-9004392427 . Eberhard Crailsheim . History of Warfare . In The Representation of External Threats, Eberhard Crailsheim and María Dolores Elizalde present a collection of articles that trace the phenomenon of external threats over three continents and four oceans, offering new perspectives on ... . María Dolores Elizalde.
- Book: Javellana . René B. . Fortress of Empire: Spanish Colonial Fortifications of the Philippines, 1565-1898 . Tan . Jose Ma Lorenzo . 1997 . Bookmark . 9715691994 . 192 . In 1663, because of Koxinga's threat, Spaniards abandoned the forts at the Moluccas and Zamboanga. For about fifty years there was relative peace between the Spaniards and the Muslims in the Philippines and the nearby Indonesian ....
- Book: Philippine Historical Association . Historical Bulletin, Volume 7, Issues 1-4 . 1963 . Philippine Historical Association . 26 . In 1662, a Chinese mission arrived in Manila from Formosa bearing a message from Cogsen or Koxinga, as the Spaniards ... Governor de Lara also decided to abandon the military outposts in the Moluccas, Zamboanga and Calamianes....
- Book: Rodriguez, Rufus Bautista . The History of the Judicial System of the Philippines: Spanish Period, 1565-1898 . 1999 . Published & distributed by Rex Book Store . 9712326349 . 214 . In 1662, a Chinese mission arrived in Manila from Formosa bearing a message from Cogsen, or Koxinga, as the ... Governor de Lara also decided to abandon the military outposts in the Moluccas, Zamboanga and Calamianes....
- Book: The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803: Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and Their Peoples, Their History and Records of the Catholic Missions, as Related in Contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts, Showing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious Conditions of Those Islands from Their Earliest Relations with European Nations to the Beginning of the Nineteenthe Century . 1907 . A.H. Clark Company . Blair . Emma Helen . 50 . 43–46 . Document of 1764-1800 – Events in Filipinas 1764-1800. Compiled from Montero y Vidal . Robertson . James Alexander.
- Montero y Vidal's Historia de Filipinas, ii, pp. 66-70, 115-1140, 229-382.
- Book: Montero y Vidal, José . The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898: Relating to China and the Chinese . 1915 . A.H. Clark Company . Blair . Emma Helen . 22 . 44 . 20 When the Chinese were expelled from Manila in 1758, many of them went to reside in Joló, where some 4,000 were found at the time of Cencelly's expedition; these took sides with the Joloans against the Spaniards, and organized an ....
- Book: The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898: Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and Their Peoples, Their History and Records of the Catholic Missions, as Related in Contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts, Showing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious Conditions of Those Islands from Their Earliest Relations with European Nations to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century, James Alexander Robertson ..., Volumes 48-50 . 1973 . Cachos Hermanos . Blair . Emma Helen . reprint . Robertson . James Alexander.
- Book: Wickberg, Edgar . The Chinese in Philippine Life, 1850-1898 . 2000 . Ateneo University Press . 9715503527 . illustrated, reprint . Choice reprints . 28 . Away from Manila, the characteristic mestizo occupations were wholesaling, retailing, and landholding . 66 The reduction of the Manila Chinese population by the expulsions of 1755 and 1766 meant less economic competition ....
- Book: Tan, Samuel Kong . 華人 . 1994 . Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Chinben See Memorial Trust Fund, De La Salle University. China Studies Program . 9718857052 . See . Teresita Ang . 159 . Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Incorporated . Away from Manila, the characteristic mestizo occupations were wholesaling, retailing and landholding . Besides being engaged in commerce or agriculture, or perhaps both, there were a few mestizos, both in Manila and in the ... . Go . Bon Juan.
- Book: Tan, Samuel Kong . 華人 . 1994 . Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Incorporated. Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Chinben See Memorial Trust Fund, De La Salle University. China Studies Program . 9718857052 . See . Teresita Ang . 159 . In contemporary times, their role in nation - building continues. The papers of Marcelino Foronda and Joaquin Sy underscore the importance of ChineseFilipino intermarriages in the promotion of natural bonds or links between Filipinos ... . Go . Bon Juan.
- Book: Chinese in the Philippines . 1985 . DLSU University Press with assistance of Research Dissemination Office of De La Salle University Research Center . De La Salle University. China Studies Program . 9711180340 . Cariño . Theresa C. . China studies program . 50 . In contemporary times their role in nation - building continues . Although the Chinese mestizos have exerted a tremendous influence on our history, the role they have played in the making of the Filipino nation has received little ....
- Book: The Philippine Revolution and Beyond: Papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution, Volume 2 . 1998 . Philippine Centennial Commission [and] National Commission for Culture and the Arts . National Centennial Commission (Philippines), National Commission on Culture and the Arts (Philippines) . 9719201827 . Ordoñez . Elmer A. . 687 . In contemporary times, their role in nation - building continues . ” 12 In the last half of the 19th century, a Filipino intellectual middle class (known as the ilustrados) made up predominantly of Chinese mestizos, was formed ..
- Book: Ordoñez, Elmer A. . The Philippine Revolution and Beyond: Papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution, Volume 1 . 1998 . Philippine Centennial Commission [and] National Commission for Culture and the Arts . National Centennial Commission (Philippines), National Commission on Culture and the Arts (Philippines) . 9719201819 . XX, 69.
- Book: Tan, Antonio S. . The Chinese Mestizos and the Formation of the Filipino Nationality . 2015 . Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran .
- Book: 華人 . 1994 . Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Incorporated . 9718857052 . See . Teresita Ang . 129 . thousands of Chinese welcomed their exile from Luzon to Sulu following a series of violent crackdowns on the "Chinese rebels" as a result of Spanish anti-Chinese policy. In the late 18th century, about 4,000 Chinese, according to Montero y Vidal, supported Sultan Israel of Sulu (1773-1778) against Spanish rule... Ki Kuan served as the sole negotiator of Sultan Israel in the conclusion of the treaty of peace and commerce with the Spaniards on December 19, 1726. Datu Teteng, a Chinese businessman who rose from the ranks, led the Tausug attack on the British settlement at Balambagan on March 5, 1775 and brought to the Sultanate spoils from the settlement. The event was significant because it frustrated further colonial efforts... many of the Chinese who moved into Sulu were so fully absorbed by the native culture that only their family names have remained as reminders of their historic ties with China. . Go . Bon Juan.
- Book: Publications, Volume 4 . 1905 . 179 . Ki Kuan was sent to Manila to arrange for peace and returned with two Spanish commissioners, who made a treaty with the sultan ....
- Book: Zaide, Gregorio F. . Philippine History and Civilization . 1939 . Philippine Education Company . 234 . In their inability to suppress Moro piracy, the Spanish authorities negotiated treaties with the Moros. In 1725...the Chinese Ki Kuan was sent by the Jolo sultan to Manila as his ambassador....
- Book: Marcos, Ferdinand Edralin . Tadhana: The formation of the national community (1565-1896) . 1977 . Marcos . Vol. 2, Part 2 of Tadhana: The History of the Filipino People . 400 . ...with Ki Kuan the sultan succeeded in arranging a conference with the Spaniards... Three days later, a treaty was concluded providing for the establishment of trade between Jolo and Manila ....
- Book: Zaide, Gregorio F. . The Philippines Since Pre-Spanish Times . 1949 . R. P. Garcia . 376 . Unable to suppress the Moros, the Spanish authorities negotiated treaties with them. In 1725 the Chinese Ki Kuan arrived at Manila as the ambassador of the sultan of Jolo.... ^Book: Angeles, F. Delor . Mindanao: the Story of an Island: A Preliminary Study . 1964 . San Pedro Press . 43 . In 1725 the sultan of Sulu sent a Chinese, Ki Kuan, to Manila to arrange a treaty of peace and commerce with the Spanish .... ^Book: Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, Volume 32, Issues 1-2 . 1968 . College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines . 11 . ... the Sultan sent a Chinese, Ki Kuan, to negotiate a treaty with Manila and an agreement was signed on December 19, 1726 ....
- Book: The Spirit of '76, Volumes 9-12 . 1902 . Spirit of '76 Publishing Company . 20 . The Spanish Governor, Pedro Sarrio, made no head-way against the warlike Moros, Sultan Israel of Jolo was poisoned by his cousin, Ali Modin, in the old-fashioned way, and paralysis of commercial relations on traffic between Luzon followed for ten years. The Moros burned several towns, and in 1789 the new Captain-General, Marguina, informed the king that constant war with the Moros "was an evil without remedy." Between that time and 1805, when the Spanish Government made a treaty with the Sultan of Jolo, the Moros captured Spanish ships, sacrificing the crews, ravaged sea-coast towns hundreds of miles northward, despite privateering and the efforts of the Spanish vessels built in the shipyards of San Blas and Cavite. Until 1849 a proper historical sequences of events of Moro campaigns should mention successful raids upon Spanish, British and Dutch vessels by Moro vintas. These piratical boats were in constant conflict with towns extending along lines as long as from Maine to Florida. Treaties were made and unmade. Datto Ipoypo, "the last of the Visayas," each years carried off into slavery, more than 500 persons. In April, 1843, a convention between the Sultan of Basilan and the French emissary was made. France paid 100,000 pesos for Basilan. Vice Admieral Cecille begun, with three French vessels, operations against Datto Usak. A Spanish force under Bocalan went to Zamboanga: the French raised the blockade. The Davao country was ceded to the Spaniards by the Sultan of Mindanao and Jose Oyanguren took the fort of Hiio. The Moros killed Commander Rodriguez of the Spanish Navy, and the islands of the Samales group, in 1845, were the centre of piracy in the Archipelago. With the construction, in 1848, of English steam-built gonbats "El Cano," "Ma-gallanes" and "Reina de Castilla," the Moros egun to recognizes that their praos, wind-impelled vesels, paddle propelled, were at a disadvantage..
- Book: Army-Navy-Air Force Register and Defense Times, Volume 39 . 1906 . 2 .
- Book: Rutter, Owen . British North Borneo: An Account of Its History, Resources, and Native Tribes . 1922 . Constable limited .
- Book: Alip, Eufronio Melo . The Chinese in Manila . 1974 . National Historical Commission .
- Book: Rutter, Owen . The Pagans of North Borneo . 1895 . Oxford University Press .
- Book: Bourne, Edward Gaylord . The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803: Explorations By Early Navigators, Descriptions Of The Islands And Their Peoples, Their History And Records Of The Catholic Missions, As Related In Contemporaneous Books And Manuscripts, Showing The Political . 2019 . Creative Media Partners, LLC . 978-1010610779 .
- Book: Lewin, Roger . Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction . 1984 . Blackwell Scientific . 0632011874 . Blackwell scientific publications .
- Book: Dalrymple, Alexander . The Spanish Pretensions Fairly Discussed . 1790 .
