Singapore Airlines Explained

Airline:Singapore Airlines
Fleet Size:156
Destinations:76[1]
Iata:SQ
Icao:SIA
Callsign:SINGAPORE
Founded:
Commenced:
Headquarters:Airline House, Changi, Singapore
Parent:Temasek Holdings (55%)[2]
Hubs:Changi Airport
Alliance:Star Alliance
Revenue: (2024)
Operating Income: (2024)
Net Income: (2024)
Assets: (2024)
Equity: (2024)
Num Employees: 14,803 (2023)

Singapore Airlines (abbreviation: SIA or SQ) is the flag carrier of Singapore with its hub located at Changi Airport. A member of Star Alliance, the airline is notable for highlighting the Singapore Girl as its central figure in the corporate branding segment and not significantly changing its livery throughout its history.[3] Widely renowned as one of the world's best carriers, the airline is ranked as a 5-star airline[4] as well as ranked as the world's best airline by Skytrax five times.[5] The airline operates a variety of Airbus and Boeing aircraft, namely the A350, A380, Boeing 737, Boeing 747 Freighter, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787, among others.

Singapore Airlines Group has more than 20 subsidiaries, including numerous airline-related subsidiaries. SIA Engineering Company handles maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) business across nine countries with a portfolio of 27 joint ventures including with Boeing and Rolls-Royce. Singapore Airlines Cargo operates SIA's freighter fleet and manages the cargo-hold capacity in SIA's passenger aircraft.[6] Scoot, a wholly owned subsidiary, operates as a low-cost carrier.

Singapore Airlines was the first to put the Airbus A380—the world's largest passenger aircraft—as well as the Boeing 787-10 into service, and is the only operator of the ultra-long-range (ULR) version of the Airbus A350-900. It ranks amongst the top 15 carriers worldwide in terms of revenue passenger kilometres[7] and is ranked tenth in the world for international passengers carried.[8] Singapore Airlines was voted as the Skytrax World's Best Airline Cabin Crew 2019.[9] The airline has also won the second and fourth positions as the World's Best Airlines[10] and World's Cleanest Airlines respectively in 2019.[11] In 2023, the airline for the fifth time took the prize of "Best Airline" as well as the "Best First Class Airline" by Skytrax.[12]

History

See main article: History of Singapore Airlines.

Corporate affairs

See main article: Corporate affairs of Singapore Airlines.

Singapore Airlines is majority-owned by the Singapore government's investment and holding company Temasek Holdings, which holds 55% of voting stock as of 31 March 2020.[13]

Nevertheless, while the government holds a golden share via the country's Ministry of Finance, it stressed its non-interference in the management of the company, a point emphasised by Lee Kuan Yew when he said the Singapore Changi Airport's front-runner status as an aviation hub is more important than SIA.[14] However, he was personally involved in easing tensions between the company and its pilots in the early 2000s,[15] warned the airline to cut costs, and made public his advice to the airline to divest from its subsidiary companies.[16]

Singapore Airlines is headquartered at Airline House,[17] a former hangar at the Changi Airport in Singapore.[18]

Business trends

The key trends for Singapore Airlines are (as of the financial year ending 31 March):[19]

Revenue
(S$ m)		Net profit
(S$ m)		Number of
employees		Number of
passengers
(m)		Passenger
load factor
(%)		Number of
destinations		Fleet sizeReferences
201111,7391,01113,58816.678.564108[20]
201212,07039013,89317.177.463100[21]
201312,387−69414,15618.279.363101[22]
201412,47953814,24018.678.963103[23]
201512,41854014,04018.778.560105[24]
201611,68667213,98319.079.660102[25]
201711,09451414,42318.979.0 61106[26]
201812,8071,32415,62019.581.162107[27]
201913,14477915,94320.783.163121[28]
202013,012−28316,76020.981.966122[29]
20213,478−3,18315,7900.413.447113[30]
20227,068−31414,5263.332.669123[31]
202315,5902,21814,80318.185.874133[32]

Branding

Branding and publicity efforts have revolved primarily around flight crew,[33] [34] in contrast to most other airlines, who tend to emphasise aircraft and services in general. In particular, the promotion of its female flight attendants known as Singapore Girls has been widely successful and is a common feature in most of the airline's advertisements and publications.[35]

The Singapore Airlines logo is a stylised bird inspired by a keris, a dagger that is a cultural symbol of the region. The keris is central in Singapore Airlines' branding, such as the SilverKris lounge and the KrisWorld entertainment system. The logo has remained unchanged since Singapore Airlines' inception from the split of Malaysia–Singapore Airlines, except for a minor tweak in 1987.[36]

Corporate livery

Original MSA livery (1966–1972)

In May 1966 Malaysian Airways (MAL) became Malaysia-Singapore Airlines (MSA).[37] The original MSA livery features a yellow MSA logo on the vertical stabiliser and a black nose, with a white and grey fuselage. All aircraft in this original livery have been repainted or retired.

Second-generation livery (1972–1987)

Following the spinoff of Malaysia Airlines, Singapore Airlines introduced a second-generation livery features a blue and yellow strip on the windows on the white fuselage, with the stylised bird logo in yellow. The word "Singapore Airlines" was stylised in italics.

Third-generation livery (1987–present)

The current livery has only some minor changes, and the gold-blue color scheme and the bird logo have been retained. In the change to the current livery, the yellow rear fuselage was changed to metallic gold with a new orange line added above it. The same orange line was also added behind the bird logo. The font typeface of the word "Singapore Airlines" was modified.

However, in 2005, the livery received a minor update where the "Singapore Airlines" wording was enlarged and shifted closer towards the front of the aircraft, and the bird logo was also enlarged. The blue/gold sections of the tail is cut horizontally. The first set of windows are also no longer left out from the blue/gold/yellow strip. The engine logos were also subsequently removed a few years later.

Destinations

See main article: List of Singapore Airlines destinations.

Singapore Airlines flies on five continents from its primary hub in Singapore.

After the Asian financial crisis in 1997, Singapore Airlines discontinued its routes to Berlin, Darwin, Cairns, Hangzhou, Kagoshima, and Sendai. Toronto was discontinued earlier, in 1992, due to a petition from Air Canada.[38] During the SARS outbreak in 2003–04, Singapore Airlines ceased flights to Brussels, Chicago, Las Vegas, Hiroshima, Kaohsiung, Madrid, Mauritius, Shenzhen, Surabaya, and Vienna.[39] Singapore Airlines discontinued flights to Vancouver and Amritsar in 2009,[40] and São Paulo in 2016.[41]

The airline has a key role in the Kangaroo Route, operating flights between Australia and the United Kingdom via Singapore. It flew 11.0% of all international traffic into and out of Australia in the month ended March 2008.[42] As of summer 2023, it operated more flights to Australia than any other country. Singapore Airlines also operated flights between Singapore and Wellington, New Zealand via Canberra until May 2018, when the intermediate stop was changed to Melbourne. This route was known as the Capital Express. The route was suspended in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Singapore Airlines has taken advantage of liberal bilateral aviation agreements between Singapore and Thailand, and with the United Arab Emirates, to offer more onward connections from Bangkok and Dubai, respectively.

In 2005 AirAsia, a low-cost carrier (LCC) based in Malaysia, accused Singapore Airlines of double standards, when it claimed that the Government of Singapore attempted to keep it out of the Singapore market, despite desiring to fly routes out of Australia itself.[43] In 2007 Singapore Airlines welcomed[44] [45] the liberalisation of the Singapore-Kuala Lumpur route, previously restricted to Singapore Airlines and Malaysia Airlines under rules designed to protect the state-run airlines from competition for over three decades,[46] [47] accounting for about 85% of the over 200 flight frequencies then operated.[48] A highly lucrative route for LCCs due to its short distance and heavy traffic as the fourth-busiest in Asia,[49] [50] bringing Singapore Airline's capacity share on the route down to about 46.7%, Malaysia Airlines' down to 25.3%, and increase to 17.3% to the three LCCs now permitted on the route, and the remainder shared by three other airlines as of 22 September 2008.[51] Until 1 December 2008, Singapore Airlines operated six flights per day. Singapore Airlines operated four flights per day plans from 1 December 2008 when the route was completely opened, while its sister airline SilkAir also operated four flights per day.[52] Malaysia Airlines, the main opponent to the liberalisation of the route[53] and deemed to be the party that stands to lose the most, continued to codeshare with both Singapore Airlines and SilkAir on the route.

Singapore Airlines operated two of the longest flights in the world, both nonstop flights from Singapore to Los Angeles and Newark with Airbus A340-500 aircraft. All A340-500s were phased out in 2013 and nonstop flights to both destinations were terminated.[54] Nonstop service to Los Angeles was terminated on 20 October 2013 (the airline continues to serve Los Angeles from Singapore via Tokyo-Narita), and the nonstop service to Newark was terminated on 23 November 2013 in favour of a Singapore-New York JFK route via Frankfurt.

From 23 October 2016, Singapore Airlines resumed non-stop flights from Singapore to the United States, beginning with San Francisco. The route is flown by the A350-900 aircraft and includes Business, Premium Economy, and Economy classes.[55] [56] This was followed by the resumption of non-stop flights to Newark and Los Angeles from 11 October 2018 and 2 November 2018, respectively, with the delivery of the Airbus A350-900ULRs, allowing the airline to operate two of the world's longest non-stop flights again.

On 14 October 2015, Singapore Airlines announced plans to resume the world's longest non-stop flight between Singapore and New York – a 15,300 km (9,500 mi), 19-hour route that the airline had dropped in 2013.[57] A340-500 aircraft were formerly employed to serve this route until their retirement in 2013. SIA resumed the route following the acquisition of new Airbus A350-900ULR aircraft on 18 October 2018.[58] [59] At the time, Singapore Airlines Flights 21 and 22 was the longest scheduled route in the world.[60] It was suspended again in March 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic, and resumed in March 2022.[60]

On 9 November 2020, SIA relaunched the nonstop flights between Changi Airport and New York, but this time to John F. Kennedy International Airport, three times a week.[61] The route, Singapore Airlines Flights 23 and 24, is the longest scheduled flight in the world.

Codeshare agreements

Singapore Airlines codeshares with the following airlines:[62] [63]

Fleet

See main article: Singapore Airlines fleet. Singapore Airlines operates a predominantly widebody fleet, until the second re-introduction of the Boeing 737 in March 2021 following the merger with SilkAir. The airline also operates Boeing 747-400F and Boeing 777F freighters. As of April 2024, there were 160 aircraft registered in the Singapore Airlines fleet, comprising 148 passenger aircraft and 12 freighters.[78]

Services

Cabins

Singapore Airlines offers five classes of service – Suites, first class, business class, premium economy class, and economy class. Major upgrades to its cabin and in-flight service were announced on 17 October 2006,[79] constituting the first major overhaul in over eight years and costing the airline approximately S$570 million.[80] Initially planned for the Airbus A380-800's introduction into service in 2006, and subsequently on the Boeing 777-300ER, the postponement of the first A380-800 delivery meant it had to be introduced with the launch of the first Boeing 777-300ER with the airline on 5 December 2006 between Singapore and Paris.[81] [82]

On 9 July 2013, Singapore Airlines, in collaboration with design firms James Park Associates and DesignworksUSA, released new cabin products for the first, business, and economy classes. They debuted on the carrier's new Boeing 777-300ERs delivered from 2013 onwards, with London's Heathrow Airport being their maiden route.[83] The product was later introduced on its Airbus A350s and extended to all its older Boeing 777-300ERs.[84]

On 2 November 2017, Singapore Airlines released new cabin products for the Airbus A380-800.[85] These new changes cost roughly S$1.16 billion and were rolled out in response to growing competition from Middle Eastern carriers such as Emirates, Etihad Airways and Qatar Airways.[85] The seating configuration in the new design consists of 6 suites and 78 business class seats on the upper deck, with 44 Premium Economy Class seats and 3-4-3 Economy Class seats on the lower deck.[86] The new changes were rolled out on the five new Airbus A380 aircraft that were delivered to Singapore Airlines, while the existing A380 fleet had these new products retrofitted until 2020.[86] Sydney was the first city served with the new product on 18 December 2017.

Business class

The current version of the Business Class was unveiled on 9 July 2013 and is available on refitted Boeing B777-300ERs and the Airbus A350-900. Features include a power socket and ports all in one panel, stowage beside the seat, two new seating positions, arranged in a 1-2-1 configuration and an 18-inch in-flight entertainment screen. The seat has a recline of 132 degrees and can be folded into a 781NaN1 length bed.[87]

Long haul business class is available on Airbus A380 and refitted Boeing 777-200ER aircraft, where a fully flat bed is available in a 1-2-1 configuration featuring 300NaN0 of seat width.[88] These seats are forward-facing, in contrast to the herring-bone configuration used by several other airlines offering flat beds in business class.[89] The leather seats feature a 15.41NaN1 diagonal screen-size personal television, in-seat power supply and two USB ports.[90] The product was voted the world's best business class by Skytrax in 2011.

On eight Airbus A380 aircraft, the first of which entered service in October 2011, Singapore Airlines dedicated the entire upper deck to the Business class cabin, unlike the original configuration's upper deck shared by 16 rows of business class and 11 rows of economy at the rear.[91]

Medium and short haul business class layouts are available on Airbus A330-300, Boeing 777-300 and all unrefitted Boeing 777-200 aircraft, configured in 2-2-2 layout and with iPod connectivity, only available in the A330. The Business Class seat is lie-flat at an eight-degree incline, featuring Krisworld on a 15.4inches screen.[87] [92]

On 28 March 2018, the new regional business class was unveiled following the delivery of the first Boeing 787-10. These new seats manufactured by Stelia Aerospace are arranged in a forward-facing 1-2-1 staggered configuration, providing every passenger direct aisle access. Each seat measures up to 261NaN1 in width and can be reclined into a 761NaN1 fully flat bed. There are also adjustable dividers at the centre seats to provide passengers with a "customised level of privacy".[93] [94] [95] [96]

Unveiled on 2 November 2017, the new A380 business-class seats were being progressively rolled out on the Airbus A380-800 fleet. There are 78 Business class seats on the aircraft, offered in a 1-2-1 configuration behind the Singapore Airlines Suites on the upper deck. The seats, designed by JPA Design and upholstered with Poltrona Frau grain leather, can be reclined into a fully flat bed.[97] There are also adjustable dividers between the centre seats that can either be fully raised, half raised or fully lowered. When the centre divider is fully lowered, the pair of centre seats directly behind each bulkhead can form double beds.[98] There is also an 18inches touchscreen LCD TV and a panel containing power and USB port, as well as an NFC reader for contactless payments.[99]

Economy class

A redesign of the economy class seat was unveiled on 9 July 2013 alongside new first and business class products. Features include 32inches of legroom, slimmer seats, an adjustable headrest, and an 11.1inches touch-screen inflight entertainment system which is also controllable with a video touch-screen handset as well as brand new KrisWorld software. The new seats were originally announced to be available exclusively onboard factory-fresh Airbus A350-900 and refitted Boeing 777-300ER.[87]

The previous generation economy class seats on unrefitted Airbus A380-800, and Airbus A330-300 are 19inches wide, have in-seat power and have a 10.6inches personal television screen which has a non-intrusive reading light under it, which can be used by folding the screen outwards.[100] These are configured 3-4-3 on the lower deck of the Airbus A380, 3-3-3 on the Boeing 777, and 2-4-2 on the Airbus A330, as well as the upper deck of the Airbus A380.[101] Other features include an independent cup-holder (separate from the fold-out table), a USB port, and a power socket, as well as an iPod port exclusively on board the Airbus A330.

Singapore Airlines introduced a similar design on board the Boeing 777 aircraft through its ongoing cabin retrofit program. The Boeing 777–300 was the first model to undergo refit and had introduced the product on the Singapore–Sydney route on 22 July 2009.[102] They are equipped with slightly smaller 9-inch screens (which are, however, larger than the 6.1-inch VGA screens on unrefitted aircraft) and AVOD in each seat. The seats are installed onboard all B777-200ERs and all but one B777-200.

Catering

Singapore Airlines offers a wide array of food options on each flight. Regional dishes are often served on their respective flights, such as the Kyo-Kaiseki, Shi Quan Shi Mei, and Shahi Thali meals are available for first-class passengers on flights to Japan, China and India, respectively.

SIA has also introduced a Popular Local Fare culinary programme offering local favourites to passengers in all classes flying from selected destinations. The dishes featured in this programme included Singaporean hawker fare such as Teochew porridge, bak chor mee, Hainanese chicken rice, Satay (meat skewers), etc. are also featured on certain routes.

They published a cookbook in 2010 titled, Above & Beyond: A Collection of Recipes from the Singapore Airlines Culinary Panel.[103] [104] [105]

Passengers in Suites, First and Business class may choose to use the "Book the Cook" service, where specific dishes may be selected in advance from a more extensive menu. Premium Economy class passengers may also choose to use the "Premium Economy Book the Cook". This service is only available on selected flights.[104]

In-flight entertainment

KrisWorld is Singapore Airlines' in-flight entertainment system, introduced in 1997 on Boeing 747–400, Airbus A310-300, Airbus A340-300 and Boeing 777–200 aircraft.[106] KrisFlyer overhauled Singapore Airlines' in-flight experience with a new, cheaper entertainment solution that would supersede the primitive Thales entertainment systems on offer at that time by Virgin Atlantic and Emirates.

The original KrisWorld provided 14 movies, 36 television programmes, and 5 cartoons, as well as many Super NES games, KrisFone and fax, text news and flight path in all classes. The original KrisWorld was subsequently upgraded to feature Wisemen 3000, an audio and video-on-demand version of the KrisWorld system featured exclusively in First and Raffles Class cabins, then progressively introduced into Economy Class in 747 cabins and selected 777 cabins.[107]

In 2002, Singapore Airlines introduced a re-branding of the KrisWorld system. Named Enhanced KrisWorld, it featured additional movies, television programming, music and games, and was installed on Boeing 747-400 and selected Boeing 777-200 aircraft. Connexion by Boeing, an in-flight Internet service, was introduced in 2005. Live television streaming was proposed on Connexion, but this service was discontinued in December 2006. Since October 2005, Singapore Airlines has offered complimentary language lessons by Berlitz.[108] and, starting December 2005, live text-news feeds.[109]

In 2007, a new KrisWorld based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux was introduced, featuring a new interface, additional programming and audio and video on demand as standard. Widescreen personal video systems were installed in all cabins, including 23-inch LCD monitors in First Class, 15-inch monitors in Business Class, and 10.6-inch monitors in Economy Class.[110] [111] The new KrisWorld is available on Airbus A330, Airbus A380 and Boeing 777-300ER. Features include:

A $400 million new KrisWorld entertainment system was unveiled in 2012. This comes from a major deal with Panasonic Avionics, which will provide the latest Panasonic eX3 systems. The eX3 system features a larger screen with much higher resolution, wide touch-screen controllers, new software, and, above all, in-flight connectivity. Singapore Airlines launched its in-flight connectivity in August 2012. Passengers are now able to make phone calls, send text messages and access the Internet for a fee. The new eX3 systems are unveiled alongside the new cabin product and are available on the Airbus A350-900 and refitted B777-300ER aircraft. In-flight connectivity is offered on the aforementioned two aircraft as well as select Airbus A380s.[112]

Senior leadership

List of former chairmen

  1. J. Y. Pillay (1972–1996)
  2. Michael Fam Yue Onn (1997–2001)
  3. Koh Boon Hwee (2001–2005)
  4. Stephen Lee Ching Yen (2006–2016)

List of former chief executives

  1. Lim Chin Beng (1972–1982)
  2. Cheong Choong Kong (1984–2003)
  3. Chew Choon Seng (2003–2010)

Controversies

In February 2019, TechCrunch reported that the Singapore Airlines mobile app in the iOS App Store was using session-replay functionality to record users' activities and send the data to Israeli firm Glassbox without the users' informed consent, compromising users' privacy and contravening the rules of the iOS App Store.[115] [116]

Accidents and incidents

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Singapore Airlines on ch-aviation. 2023-11-09. ch-aviation. en.
  2. Web site: Transportation & Industrials. Temasek. 15 December 2022. 15 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221215171551/https://www.temasek.com.sg/en/our-investments/our-portfolio/transportation-industrials. live.
  3. Web site: Singapore Girl — You're a Great Way To Fly. 24 April 2015. 20 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150520211231/http://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/flying-with-us/singaporegirl/. live.
  4. Web site: Singapore Airlines is certified as a 5-Star Airline . Skytrax . 12 August 2023.
  5. News: SIA bags world's best airline title . Straits Times . 18 July 2018 . 21 July 2018 . 21 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180721103252/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/sia-bags-worlds-best-airline-title . live .
  6. News: SIA Engineering Company incorporates joint venture with Boeing . 7 October 2015 . The Straits Times . Singapore. SPH Media Trust. 8 June 2018 . 12 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140151/https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/sia-engineering-company-incorporates-joint-venture-with-boeing . live.
  7. Web site: . 2007 . Data/Airline Economics Channel . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100404182027/http://www.atwonline.com/channels/dataAirlineEconomics/index.html . 4 April 2010 .
  8. Web site: Airline Spotlight: Singapore Airlines. FlightNetwork. 10 February 2015. 10 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150210230228/http://www.flightnetwork.com/blog/spotlight-singapore-airlines/. live.
  9. Web site: World's Best Airline Cabin Crew 2019. 18 June 2019. 18 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190618112821/https://www.worldairlineawards.com/worlds-best-airline-cabin-crew-2019/. live.
  10. Web site: The World's Best Airlines of 2019. 18 June 2019. 18 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190618174842/https://www.worldairlineawards.com/. live.
  11. Web site: World's best airlines for 2019 revealed by Skytrax. 18 June 2019 . CNN. 18 June 2019. 18 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190618151806/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/skytrax-awards-2019/index.html. live.
  12. Web site: 2023-06-23 . Skytrax 2023: Singapore Airlines Wins World's Best Airline Award . 2023-06-25 . GTP Headlines . en-US.
  13. Web site: 2020. Temasek Holdings' Major Investments Portfolio. 2020-12-28. Temasek. 14 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210214071803/https://www.temasek.com.sg/en/what-we-do/our-portfolio/transportation-industrials. live.
  14. News: Singapore moves to defend air-hub status as no-frills rivalry heats up . USA Today . 7 April 2005 . 1 September 2007 . 23 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100423165540/http://www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2004-04-07-singapore-hub_x.htm . live .
  15. Web site: LittleSpeck.Com . A lot more active . 12 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120216091606/http://www.littlespeck.com/content/politics/CTrendsPolitics-061112.htm . 16 February 2012 . dmy-all .
  16. Web site: The Taipei Times . SIA could lag as challengers rise . 15 January 2004 . 12 January 2007 . 25 May 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100525220047/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/worldbiz/archives/2004/01/15/2003087724 . live .
  17. Web site: Annual Report FY2021/22. Singapore Airlines. 2022-12-21. 251 (PDF p. 253/253). SINGAPORE AIRLINES LIMITED [...] Airline House 25 Airline Road Singapore 819829. 29 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220929155404/https://www.singaporeair.com/saar5/pdf/Investor-Relations/Annual-Report/annualreport2022.pdf. live.
  18. News: Heracleous. Loizos. The Globe: Singapore Airlines' Balancing Act. 2010-07-01. Harvard Business Review. 2020-03-03. Wirtz. Jochen. July–August 2010. 0017-8012. 3 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200303195628/https://hbr.org/2010/07/the-globe-singapore-airlines-balancing-act. live. The company’s headquarters is atop an old hangar at Changi Airport—[...]. – Airline House is not mentioned by name, but it is referred to as a hangar.
  19. Web site: Singapore Airlines - Annual Reports . 12 August 2024 . Singapore Airlines.
  20. Web site: Singapore Airlines Annual Report 2011 . 10 November 2023 . Singapore Airlines.
  21. Web site: Singapore Airlines Annual Report 2012 . 10 November 2023 . Singapore Airlines.
  22. Web site: Singapore Airlines Annual Report 2013 . 10 November 2023 . Singapore Airlines.
  23. Web site: Singapore Airlines Annual Report 2023 . 10 November 2023 . Singapore Airlines.
  24. Web site: Singapore Airlines Annual Report 2015 . 10 November 2023 . Singapore Airlines.
  25. Web site: Singapore Airlines Annual Report 2016 . 10 November 2023 . Singapore Airlines.
  26. Web site: Singapore Airlines Annual Report 2023 . 10 November 2023 . Singapore Airlines.
  27. Web site: Singapore Airlines Annual Report 2018 . 10 November 2023 . Singapore Airlines.
  28. Web site: Singapore Airlines Annual Report 2019 . 10 November 2023 . Singapore Airlines.
  29. Web site: Singapore Airlines Annual Report 2020 . 10 November 2023 . Singapore Airlines.
  30. Web site: Singapore Airlines Annual Report 2021 . 10 November 2023 . Singapore Airlines.
  31. Web site: Singapore Airlines Annual Report 2022 . 10 November 2023 . Singapore Airlines.
  32. Web site: Singapore Airlines Annual Report 2023 . 10 November 2023 . Singapore Airlines.
  33. Book: Loizos Heracleous, Jochen Wirtz and Nitin Pangarkar . Flying High in a Competitive Industry: Cost-effective Service Excellence at Singapore Airlines . McGraw-Hill . 2006 . 978-0-07-124964-5. 217.
  34. Book: Heracleous, Loizos. Flying High in a Competitive Industry – Secrets of the World's Leading Airline. 2009. McGraw-Hill. Singapore. 978-0-07-128196-6. 256.
  35. Chan. Daniel. 2000-08-01. The story of Singapore Airlines and the Singapore Girl. Journal of Management Development. 19. 6. 456–472. 10.1108/02621710010372873. 0262-1711.
  36. "Mr SIA Fly Past: Introducing the life and times of a legend- Lim Chin Beng- who was instrumental in the creation of Singapore Airlines" (2015) by Ken Hickson; . Chapter 4 Foreword
  37. Web site: Our Heritage – Singapore Airlines. Singapore Airlines. 27 March 2019. 28 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190328023219/https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/us/flying-withus/our-story/our-heritage/. live.
  38. News: Richardson . Michael . 23 November 1991 . Growing Pains at Singapore Airlines: Carrier's Expansion Is Running Into Global and Regional Competition . live . The International Herald Tribune . https://web.archive.org/web/20200818000900/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/23/business/worldbusiness/IHT-growing-pains-at-singapore-airlines-carriers.html . 18 August 2020 . 18 December 2023 . subscription .
  39. News: Singapore Air cancels Chicago, Vegas service. Travel Weekly. 2 May 2003. 29 January 2018. 26 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185555/http://www.travelweekly.com/Travel-News/Airline-News/Singapore-Air-cancels-Chicago-Vegas-service. live.
  40. Web site: Singapore Airlines will cancel flights to Vancouver in April. 2009-02-15. The Georgia Straight. en. 2020-03-03. 3 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200303200510/https://www.straight.com/article-201589/singapore-airlines-will-cancel-flights-vancouver-april. live.
  41. News: Singapore Air to Challenge United With Nonstop U.S. Flights. Bloomberg.com. 15 June 2016. 29 January 2018. 26 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180126191121/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-15/united-to-have-only-u-s-singapore-nonstop-for-just-four-months. live.
  42. Web site: Bitre.gov. https://web.archive.org/web/20091009125914/http://www.bitre.gov.au/publications/11/Files/0308_M.pdf. dead. 9 October 2009. 27 June 2019.
  43. News: Rochfort . Scott . AirAsia chief backs Qantas on LA route . Sydney Morning Herald . 25 January 2005 . 1 April 2008 . 28 October 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101028223748/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Air-Asia-chief-backs-Qantas-on-LA-route/2005/01/24/1106415528093.html . live .
  44. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/10/25/business/AS-FIN-Singapore-Malaysia-Airline-Route.php Singapore Airlines CEO welcomes opening of Kuala Lumpur route
  45. http://www.straitstimes.com/Free/Story/STIStory_171011.html Rivals welcome – if existing carriers not affected: SIA
  46. http://www.china.org.cn/english/travel/241889.htm Singapore-Malaysia route finally has some competition
  47. https://archive.today/20120911040336/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/181423,budget-airlines-break-into-singapore-kuala-lumpur-route.html Budget airlines break into Singapore-Kuala Lumpur route
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