| Conventional Long Name: | Sultanate of Sindh |
| Native Name: | (Persian) (Sindhi) |
| Today: | Pakistan India |
| Life Span: | 1351–1593 |
| Status: | Sultanate |
| Event Start: | Jam Unar defeats Sardar Hamir |
| Year Start: | 1351 |
| Event End: | Abdication of Jani Beg Tarkhan |
| Year End: | 1593 |
| Date End: | 28 March |
| Event1: | Delhi–Sindh War |
| Date Event1: | 1350–1368 |
| Event2: | Samma–Soomra War |
| Date Event2: | 1351–1352 |
| Event3: | Sindh–Gujarat Alliance |
| Date Event3: | 1442 |
| Event4: | Arghun–Samma War |
| Date Event4: | November 1518–October 1524 |
| Event5: | Sindh–Multan War |
| Date Event5: | 1525–1527 |
| Event6: | Mughal–Sindh War |
| Date Event6: | 1586–1 November 1592 |
| P3: | Langah Sultanate |
| P2: | Delhi Sultanate |
| Flag P2: | Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg |
| P1: | Soomra dynasty |
| S1: | Mughal Empire |
| Flag S1: | Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg |
| Demonym: | Sindhi |
| Stat Year1: | 1470 |
| Stat Area1: | 160211 |
| Era: | Medieval India |
| Image Map Caption: | Sindh Sultanate in 1525 alongside Multan Sultanate |
| Capital: | Thatta Samui Bhakkar |
| Largest City: | Thatta |
| Common Languages: | Persian (Official) Sindhi (Native) Kutchi Gujarati Arabic Balochi Saraiki |
| Religion: | State religion
|
| Government Type: | Absolute monarchy |
| Leader1: | Firuz'ud-Din Unar |
| Year Leader1: | 1351–1352 (first) |
| Leader2: | Jani Beg Tarkhan |
| Year Leader2: | 1585–1593 (last) |
| Title Leader: | Sultan |
| Currency: | Gold Dinar Silver Tanka Copper Jital Bronze Falus |
The Sindh Sultanate (Sindhi: سنڌ جي سلطنت, Persian: سلطان نشین سند) or historically romanized as Sultanate of Sind, was a medieval Indo-Islamic sultanate established in the mid 14th century primarily based in Sindh and some parts of Gujarat and Punjab. Following the defeat of Soomra Emirate by the Sammas, three dynasties ruled over the Sindh Sultanate sequentially: the Samma dynasty (1351–1524), the Arghun dynasty (1520–1554), and the Tarkhan dynasty (1554–1593).
The Sindh Sultanate controlled large parts of Derajat, Kutch, and Lasbela along with the entirety of Sindh itself. It reached its zenith under Jam Nizam'ud-Din II, who worked beside Sultan Mahmud Begada to establish peace and prosperity in the region.[1] The Sultanate was run by Sindhi, Jat, Rajput, Turco-Mongol, Turco-Persian, and Gujarati elites and nobles. Sindh before the Sammas was administered by the Soomras as a vassal state of the Fatimids and then of the Abbasids and Delhiites. During the reign of the Sammas, Thatta thrived into India's one of the most economically and systematically powerful cities of that time. Sindh was a major hub for the influential teachings of the Isma'ili missionaries (Da'is) and Sunni saints (Shaykhs).[2] The Sultans themselves adopted many rituals of the religious leaders and allowed them to openly preach their message to the masses. The early Samma Jams ruled from Samui but moved to Thatta after its dignification. The Arghuns, on the other hand, ruled the Lower Sindh from Thatta while the Upper Sindh from Bhakkar. Thatta, together with Bhakkar and Sehwan, were the only mint cities and major commercial and residential districts of the Sultanate. Persian was exercised upon as the court and state language as well as the lingo of the elites while Sindhi and Kutchi were used by the commoners.[3] For the majority of its timespan, the Sultanate had great political and traditional ties with other countries like Gujarat, Kashmir, Bengal, Punjab, Delhi, and the Deccan sultanates. These interrelations resulted in the establishment of interconnected trade and businesses.[4]
See main article: Samma dynasty.
| No. | Title | Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jām ڄام | Firuz'ud-Din Unar I فیروز الدین انڙ اول | 1351 – 1352 |
| 2 | Jām ڄام | Sadr'ud-Din Banbhina صدرالدين بنڀينا | 1352 – 1367 |
| 3 | Jām ڄام | Khair'ud-Din Tamachi خيرالدين تماچي | 1367 – 1371 |
| 4 | Jām ڄام | Alau'd-Din Juna I علاؤالدين جون اول | 1371 – 1389 |
| – | Jām ڄام | Khair'ud-Din Tamachi خيرالدين تماچي | 1389 – 1392 |
| 5 | Jām ڄام | Salah'ud-Din Unar II صلاح الدين انڙ ڊوم | 1392 – 1404 |
| 6 | Jām ڄام | Nizam'ud-Din I نظام الدين اول | 1404 – 1406 |
| 7 | Jām ڄام | Ali Sher علي شير | 1406 – 1412 |
| 8 | Jām ڄام | Karan Shah ڪرن شاهه | 1412 – 1413 |
| 9 | Jām ڄام | Sadr'ud-Din Sikandar I صدرالدين سڪندر اول | 1413 |
| 10 | Jām ڄام | Fath Shah فتح شاهه | 1413 – 1428 |
| 11 | Jām ڄام | Tughlaq Juna II تغلق جونا ڊوم | 1428 – 1442 |
| 12 | Jām ڄام | Sikandar Shah II سڪندر شاهه | 1442 – 1444 |
| 13 | Jām ڄام | Raidhan Shah رائي دھن شاهه | 1444 – 1453 |
| 14 | Jām ڄام | Sadr'ud-Din Sanjar صدرالدین سنجر | 1453 – 1461 |
| 15 | Jām ڄام | Nizam'ud-Din Nindo II نظام الدین نندو ڊوم | 1461 – 1508 |
| 16 | Jām ڄام | Nasiru'd-Din Firuz II نصیر الدین فیروز ڊوم | 1508 – October 1524 |
See main article: Arghun dynasty.
| No. | Title | Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17 | Shah شاہ | Shuja Beg Arghun شجاع بيگ ارغون | 21 December 1520 – 26 June 1524 |
| 18 | Shah شاہ | Husayn Beg Arghun حسين بيگ ارغون | 30 August 1524 – 4 February 1555 |
See main article: Tarkhan dynasty.
| style= width=7% | No. | style= width=7% | Title | style= width=7% | Name | style= width=7% | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19 | Mirza مرزا | Muhammad Isa Tarkhan محمد عيسيٰ ترخان | 4 February 1555 – 1566 | ||||
| 20 | Mirza مرزا | Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan محمد بقي ترخان | 1566 – 1585 | ||||
| 21 | Mirza مرزا | Jani Beg Tarkhan جاني بيگ ترخان | 1585 – 28 March 1593 |