Simultaneous Authentication of Equals explained

In cryptography, Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) is a password-based authentication and password-authenticated key agreement method.

Authentication

SAE is a variant of the Dragonfly Key Exchange defined in,^[1] based on Diffie–Hellman key exchange using finite cyclic groups which can be a primary cyclic group or an elliptic curve.^[2] The problem of using Diffie–Hellman key exchange is that it does not have an authentication mechanism. So the resulting key is influenced by a pre-shared key and the MAC addresses of both peers to solve the authentication problem.

Use

IEEE 802.11s

See main article: IEEE 802.11s. SAE was originally implemented for use between peers in IEEE 802.11s.^[2] When peers discover each other (and security is enabled) they take part in an SAE exchange. If SAE completes successfully, each peer knows the other party possesses the mesh password and, as a by-product of the SAE exchange, the two peers establish a cryptographically strong key. This key is used with the "Authenticated Mesh Peering Exchange" (AMPE) to establish a secure peering and derive a session key to protect mesh traffic, including routing traffic.

WPA3

In January 2018, the Wi-Fi Alliance announced WPA3 as a replacement to WPA2.^{[3] [4]} The new standard uses 128-bit encryption in WPA3-Personal mode (192-bit in WPA3-Enterprise)^[5] and forward secrecy.^[6] The WPA3 standard also replaces the pre-shared key (PSK) exchange with Simultaneous Authentication of Equals as defined in IEEE 802.11-2016 resulting in a more secure initial key exchange in personal mode.^{[7] [8]} The Wi-Fi Alliance also claims that WPA3 will mitigate security issues posed by weak passwords and simplify the process of setting up devices with no display interface.^[9]

Security

In 2019 Eyal Ronen and Mathy Vanhoef (co-author of the KRACK attack) released an analysis of WPA3's Dragonfly handshake and found that "an attacker within range of a victim can still recover the password" and the bugs found "allow an adversary to impersonate any user, and thereby access the Wi-Fi network, without knowing the user's password."^{[10] [11]}

See also

• Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
• Key-agreement protocol
• KRACK
• IEEE 802.1X

Further reading

• Book: Simultaneous Authentication of Equals: A Secure, Password-Based Key Exchange for Mesh Networks. Aug 20, 2008. 839–844. IEEE Xplore. 10.1109/SENSORCOMM.2008.131. 2008 Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (Sensorcomm 2008). Harkins. Dan. 978-0-7695-3330-8. 18401678.
• Mathy . Vanhoef . Eyal . Ronen . Dragonblood: Analyzing the Dragonfly Handshake of WPA3 and EAP-pwd . IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy . IEEE . 2019-04-10.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Wi-Fi security gets a major update, but experts warn it's not big enough. www.cso.com.au.
2. Book: Simultaneous Authentication of Equals: A Secure, Password-Based Key Exchange for Mesh Networks. Aug 20, 2008. 839–844. IEEE Xplore. 10.1109/SENSORCOMM.2008.131. 2008 Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (Sensorcomm 2008). Harkins. Dan. 978-0-7695-3330-8. 18401678.
3. Web site: Wi-Fi Alliance Launches WPA2 Enhancements and Debuts WPA3. Dawn Kawamoto . 8 January 2018. DARKReading.
4. Web site: WPA3 protocol will make public Wi-Fi hotspots a lot more secure. TechSpot.
5. Web site: Wi-Fi Alliance® introduces Wi-Fi CERTIFIED WPA3™ security Wi-Fi Alliance. www.wi-fi.org. en. 2018-06-26.
6. The Next Generation of Wi-Fi Security Will Save You From Yourself. WIRED. 2018-06-26. en-US.
7. Web site: Wi-Fi CERTIFIED WPA3™ Program . 2018-06-27.
8. Web site: Wi-Fi Gets More Secure: Everything You Need to Know About WPA3. Sep 6, 2018. IEEE Spectrum

   Technology, Engineering, and Science News

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9. Web site: Wi-Fi Alliance® introduces security enhancements Wi-Fi Alliance. www.wi-fi.org. en. 2018-01-09.
10. Web site: Dragonblood: Analysing WPA3's Dragonfly Handshake . 2019-04-10 .
11. Mathy . Vanhoef . Eyal . Ronen . Dragonblood: Analyzing the Dragonfly Handshake of WPA3 and EAP-pwd . IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy . IEEE . 2019-04-10.