| Official Name: | Simferopol |
| Nickname: | Russian: Город пользы The City of Usefulness(translation) |
| Translit Lang1: | Ukrainian |
| Translit Lang1 Type1: | National |
| Translit Lang1 Info1: | Simferopol |
| Translit Lang1 Type2: | ALA-LC |
| Translit Lang1 Info2: | Simferopol′ |
| Translit Lang1 Type3: | BGN/PCGN |
| Translit Lang1 Info3: | Simferopol’ |
| Translit Lang1 Type4: | Scholarly |
| Translit Lang1 Info4: | Simferopol′ |
| Settlement Type: | City |
| Mapsize1: | 250px |
| Map Caption1: | Simferopol (red) on a map of Crimea. |
| Pushpin Map: | Ukraine#Ukraine Crimea |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: | (occupied by Russia) |
| Subdivision Type1: | Autonomous republic |
| Subdivision Name1: | Crimea (de jure) |
| Subdivision Type2: | Raion |
| Subdivision Name2: | Simferopol Raion (de jure) |
| Subdivision Type3: | Federal subject |
| Subdivision Name3: | Crimea (de facto) |
| Subdivision Type4: | Municipality |
| Subdivision Name4: | Simferopol Municipality (de facto) |
| Parts: | List |
| P1: | Zaliznychnyi District |
| P2: | Tsentralnyi District |
| P3: | Kyivskyi District |
| Government Footnotes: | (de facto) |
| Leader Title: | Head |
| Leader Name: | Mikhail Afanasev (de facto) |
| Established Title: | Founded |
| Established Date: | 15 century |
| Area Total Km2: | 107 |
| Population As Of: | 2014 |
| Population Total: | 332,317 |
| Population Density Km2: | 3183.17 |
| Population Demonym: | Simferopolitan |
| Utc Offset: | +3 |
| Coordinates: | 44.9519°N 34.1022°W |
| Elevation M: | 350 |
| Postal Code Type: | Postal code |
| Postal Code: | 295000—295490 |
| Area Code: | +7 3652 |
| Blank Name: | Licence plate |
| Blank Info: | AK(UA) 82(Rus)[1] |
| Blank1 Name: | Sister cities |
| Blank1 Info: | Heidelberg, Kecskemét, Salem, Bursa, Eskişehir, Ruse, Nizhny Novgorod |
| Website: | (Russian administration) |
| Footnotes: | United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262 Founded in 1784 as Simferopol, a Russian city. The settlement was previously known by the Crimean Tatar name Aqmescit. |
Simferopol, also known as Aqmescit, is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula. The city, along with the rest of Crimea, is internationally recognised as part of Ukraine, controlled by Russia, and is considered the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.
Since 2014 it has been under the de facto control of Russia, which annexed Crimea that year and regards Simferopol as the capital of the Republic of Crimea.
Simferopol is an important political, economic and transport hub of the peninsula, and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District. Its population was
After the 1784 annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire, the Russian empress decreed the foundation of a city named Simferopol on the location of the Crimean Tatar town of Aqmescit ("White Mosque").
The name Simferopol (Ukrainian: Сімферо́поль in Ukrainian pronounced as /sʲimfeˈrɔpɔlʲ/; Russian: link=no|Симферо́поль pronounced as /ru/) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli (Greek, Modern (1453-);: Συμφερόπολη|Symferópoli|city of common good. The spelling Symferopil (Ukrainian: Симферопіль) is also used.[2]
In Crimean Tatar, the name of the city is Aqmescit (or in Cyrillic,, from Aq "white", and mescit "mosque"). But aq does not refer to the colour of the mosque, but rather to its location in cosmology. The Turkic peoples give a colour designation to the cardinal points, and white is the west. Thus, the exact translation of the name of the town is "the Western Mosque."
In English, the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet (e.g. in Encyclopædia Britannica),[3] . This was a transliteration from the Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет, Ак-Мечеть, where Mechet (Мечеть) is the Russian word for "mosque".
Archaeological evidence in the shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol. The Scythian Neapolis, known by its Greek name, is also located in the city, which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived in the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD.[4]
Later, the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit. For some time, Aqmescit was the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan, the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself.[5] The area of the city once known as Aqmescit is today called Old Simferopol.
In 1784 modern Ukrainian Simferopol was founded after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia. The name Simferopol is in Greek, Συμφερόπολις (Simferopolis) and literally means "the city of usefulness." The tradition of Greek place names in newly acquired southern territories began with the Greek Plan of Russian Empress Catherine the Great.[6] In 1802, Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate. During the Crimean War of 1854–1856, the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital were stationed in the city. After the war, more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the city's vicinity.
In the 20th century, Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region. At the end of the Russian Civil War, the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel, leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army, were located there. On 13 November 1920, the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921, Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
During World War II, Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944. Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the city's prison.[7] Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol, killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews, Russians, Krymchaks, and Romani.[8] On one occasion, starting 9 December 1941, the Einsatzkommando 11b, which was under the command of Werner Braune, whose main unit and superior were Einsatzgruppe D and Otto Ohlendorf, respectively, command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents, mostly Jewish.[9]
In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol. On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city, along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea, was forcibly deported to Central Asia as collective punishment for the perceived collaboration of Tatars with Nazi Germany.[10]
On 26 April 1954, Simferopol, together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast, was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev.
An asteroid, discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova, is named after the city (2141 Simferopol).[11]
Following a referendum on 20 January 1991, the Crimean Oblast was upgraded to an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR.[12] Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine. Today, the city has a population of 340,600 (2006) most of whom are ethnic Russians, with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities.
After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s, several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed, as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944. Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation.[13]
After Russia occupied and formally annexed Crimea on 18 March 2014, Simferopol was named the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation encompassing the majority of the peninsula by decree of Russian president Vladimir Putin, with the exception of Sevastopol, which became a federal сity.[14]
Prior to the seizure of the city by Russia, a mass protest was organised by the city's Crimean Tatars in support of Crimea remaining as part of Ukraine.[15]
Simferopol is located in the south-central Crimean Peninsula. The city lies on the Salhir River near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir, which provides the city with clean drinking water. The Simferopol Reservoir's earth dam is the biggest in Europe.
The city experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa),[16] near the boundary of the humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa). The average temperature in January is 0.4C and 23C in July. The average rainfall is 501mm per year, and there is a total of 2,529 hours of sunshine per year.
See also: Simferopol municipality.
As the capital of Crimea, Simferopol houses its political structure including the Supreme Council of Crimea and the Council of Ministers. Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopol Raion (district), but is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself.
The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three urban districts (Zaliznychnyi, Kyivskyi and Tsentralnyi), four urban-type settlements (Ahrarne, Aeroflotskyi, Hresivskyi, Komsomolske) and the village of Bitumne.[17]
Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014.[18]
Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration (i.e. local executive) after Russia annexed the region in 2014. He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018.[19]
Simferopol has a major railway station, which serves millions of tourists each year. In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border with mainland Ukraine (Kherson Oblast). Currently, the station serves only a commuter (regional) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day.
The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport, which was constructed in 1936.[20] Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol.
The city has several main bus stations, with routes towards many cities, including Sevastopol, Kerch, Yalta, and Yevpatoriya. The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast. The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of 86km (53miles)[21] (since 2014 again 96km (60miles)).
The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road, looking in the direction in which the numbers increase.
At the last census in 2014, the population of Simferopol was 332,317, the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula.
When it existed, Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport.[22] A new 19-gate terminal for the airport finished construction in 2018. The terminal was designed in the shape of a wave by Samoo Architects & Engineers, after their successful bid as part of an international competition.[23]
Simferopol is home to a number of industrial plants, including the following:
The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol. Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea, the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University, which was founded in 1917.[24] Crimea State Medical University named after S. I. Georgievsky, also located in Simferopol, is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine. The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot, where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven (1781–1863). In 1863–66 a school for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened. On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934. The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938. A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014.
Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League. It was formed as a Russian club in 2014, following the 2014 Crimean Conflict, to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League, and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010.
Simferopol is currently twinned with:
Salem, Oregon, United States (1986)
Kecskemét, Hungary (2006)
Tepebaşı, Turkey (2007) Bursa, Turkey
Irkutsk, Russia (2008) Moscow, Russia (2008) Novocherkassk, Russia (2008) Omsk, Russia (2008) Nizhny Novgorod, Russia (2016)