Silver Star (Amtrak train) explained

Silver Star
Type:Inter-city rail
Locale:East Coast of the United States
First:December 12, 1947
Operator:Amtrak (May 1, 1971 – present)
Formeroperator:Seaboard Air Line Railroad (December 12, 1947 - June 30, 1967)
Seaboard Coast Line Railroad (July 1, 1967 - April 30, 1971)
Pennsylvania Railroad (December 12, 1947 - January 31, 1968, haulage agreement)
Penn Central Transportation (February 1, 1968 - April 30, 1971, haulage agreement)
Stops:38
Journeytime:31h 33m
Frequency:Daily
Trainnumber:91, 92
Class:Coach Class
Sleeper Service
Access:All train cars, all stations
Catering:Dining car, Café
Baggage:Overhead racks, checked baggage available at selected stations
Stock:Amfleet, Viewliner, GE Genesis, ACS-64, GE Dash 8-32BWH
Speed: (top, NEC) (top)
Owners:Amtrak, CSXT, NS, CFRC, SFRTA
Map State:collapsed

The Silver Star is a long-distance passenger train operated by Amtrak on a 1522miles route between New York City and Miami via Washington, D.C., Richmond, Virginia, Raleigh, North Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, Savannah, Georgia, Jacksonville, Florida, and Tampa, Florida.[1] The Silver Star and its sister train in the Silver Service brand, the Silver Meteor, are the descendants of numerous long-distance trains that operated between Florida and New York for most of the 20th century.

During fiscal year 2023, the Silver Star carried 351,732 passengers, a decrease of 19.1% from FY2022.[2] In November 2023, the train had a total revenue of $8.7 million.[3]

History

Background

The Silver Star was originally a service of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad (SAL), running from New York to Miami and later also St. Petersburg (beyond Tampa). It was previously known as the Advance Silver Meteor, and was renamed on December 12, 1947, after the name was chosen by SAL in a contest. From 1947 to 1948, it was winter-only and did not appear in summer timetables.[4] By 1949, however, it was a year-round train.[5] Its main Miami-bound route went through the interior of Florida, via Ocala and Winter Haven. In peak winter service in the mid-1950s it had a section that went to St. Petersburg via Tampa. Another section went to Port Boca Grande via Tampa.[6] The Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) carried the train between New York and Washington, D.C. under a haulage agreement, similar to the arrangement with its sister train, the Silver Meteor. The agreement was maintained when the PRR was folded into Penn Central Transportation in 1968, a year after SAL merged with the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACL) to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad (SCL). Between Washington and Richmond, Virginia, the train operated on RF&P rails. Amtrak took over the train in 1971.

Amtrak era

Except for a brief period from 1994 to 1995 and from 1996 to 2004, when service to Tampa was provided by the Palmetto (known as the Silver Palm from 1996 to 2002), the Silver Star has served both Tampa and Miami during the Amtrak era. Originally, Amtrak operated the Silver Star with Tampa and Miami sections that split in Jacksonville, with the Tampa section continuing on the old Atlantic Coast Line route through Orlando, and the Miami section traveling through Ocala and Wildwood over most of what was the original Seaboard route to Miami. After November 1, 2004, the Silver Star resumed service to Tampa, and now travels intact all of the way, backing out of Tampa and retracing its route east to Auburndale, where it heads south to Miami or north to New York.[7] [8] The detour occurs at Lakeland; the train stops there to discharge passengers before going to Tampa and to receive passengers after it returns from Tampa.

In the January 2011 issue of Trains magazine, this route was listed as one of five routes to be looked at by Amtrak in FY 2011 as the previous five routes (the Sunset Limited, Texas Eagle, California Zephyr, Capitol Limited, and Cardinal) were examined in FY 2010.[9] With the discontinuation of the Silver Meteor's former Tampa section (a descendant of the Champion, a longtime rival of the Silver Star and Silver Meteor) in 1988, the Silver Star is now the only passenger train serving Tampa.

On July 1, 2015, the Silver Star's dining car was completely removed from the train's consist, a controversial decision that Amtrak rationalized with the idea that sleeping car passengers could obtain meals from the train's café-lounge car.[10] However, on May 1, 2020, the Silver Star's dining car was returned, and Amtrak introduced the “flexible dining” system to the train, which consists of pre-prepared meals which are then heated in either a convection oven or a microwave oven at the time of purchase.[11] [12] In a Rail Passengers Association webinar that took place on November 16, 2022, Amtrak's vice president of long-distance service revealed that traditional dining service was planned to be reintroduced on the Silver Meteor and the Silver Star "in early 2023."[13] Following this announcement, beginning on northbound train 92 on March 15, 2023, traditional dining was reintroduced to the Silver Star for the first time since 2015. However, this was not a permanent rollout and was instead in the form of a 3-month pilot program gauged to test the success of the service. Southbound train 91 received the pilot on March 17. On June 24, 2023, traditional dining service was formally launched on the Silver Star, as well as on northbound Silver Meteor train 98, and the Silver Star pilot program was replaced by permanent service.[14] [15] Southbound train 97 received traditional dining on June 26. However, coach passengers were not allowed access to the dining car on either the Silver Meteor or Silver Star, unlike on Amtrak's western long-distance trains. Shortly after the formal rollout in another interview with the Rail Passengers Association, Amtrak's vice president of long-distance service stated that Coach Class access to the dining car was planned to be allowed by the end of 2023,[16] however by January 2024 coach passengers still did not have access. On March 4, 2024, dining car access was finally expanded to coach passengers, mirroring service on Amtrak's western long-distance trains.[17]

On February 4, 2018, Silver Star train number 91 collided with a CSX freight train in Cayce, South Carolina; the engineer and a conductor of the Silver Star were killed, and 116 passengers were injured.[18] [19]

Since 2012, issues have prevented Amtrak from moving from their current station to the Miami Intermodal Center (MIC), primarily regarding the length of the platforms and lease agreements. Amtrak argued that the platforms were insufficient in length, as extra cars are normally added to the Silver Meteor and Silver Star during the winter season to accommodate increased demand.[20] Tri-Rail began serving the MIC on April 5, 2015,[21] and Greyhound began using the station on June 24, 2015.[22] Amtrak had been expected to move to the MIC by the Fall of 2016, but in 2018 Amtrak rejected the terms of a lease agreement with FDOT and said it had no plans to move to the MIC.[23] In 2021, Amtrak reached out to FDOT to begin negotiations again for utilization of the MIC, and in February 2022, negotiations officially restarted.[24] Later in March 2022, a test train operated into and out of the station and proved that the platforms are sufficient in length to hold a standard 10 car train.[25] However, the platforms are not long enough to accommodate an 11 to 12 car train, which could be possible in the winter months. In September 2022, Amtrak management announced that it had restarted lease negotiations with FDOT regarding use and maintenance of the terminal. One issue however, is the deadheading move that will need to take place between the MIC and Hialeah. Amtrak CEO Stephen Gardner has stated that "the company is evaluating technical and operational aspects of the move."[26] In an Amtrak Public Board Meeting Q&A on December 1, 2022, it was revealed that Amtrak was in the final stages of its preparations for relocating from their current Miami station, and had planned to relocate to the MIC in 2023.[27] However, additional track area would need to be constructed for the Amtrak trains to turn back north,[28] and as of 2024, Amtrak has no date indicated for when service will start at the MIC.[29]

On July 6, 2020, as the result of the COVID-19 pandemic, Amtrak reduced the frequency of this train to three times per week as opposed to daily.[30] Southbound Silver Star trains departed New York Friday through Sunday, while Silver Meteor trains departed Monday through Thursday. Similarly, northbound Silver Star trains departed Miami on Thursday through Saturday, while Silver Meteor trains departed Sunday through Wednesday.[31] Both trains resumed daily services on June 7, 2021, after additional Amtrak funding was included in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021.[32]

Between January 24 and October 14, 2022, the Silver Star temporarily added a station stop in Jesup, Georgia due to the suspension of its sister train, the Silver Meteor, which is normally the only train that stops at that station. This was due to a resurgence of the Omicron variant of COVID-19 as well as a further delay caused by Hurricane Ian.[33] During this period the Silver Star provided a single once daily service between New York and Miami.

In July 2024, Trains magazine published that "circumstantial evidence gleaned from Amtrak’s booking site" indicated that the Silver Star and Capitol Limited would be merged into a Chicago–Washington–Miami service in November 2024. The combined train would continue to use the Viewliner equipment already used on the Silver Star.[34]

Ridership

! style="width:100px"
RidershipChange over previous yearNotes
2010[35] 393,586--
2011424,3947.82%-
2012[36] 425,7940.37%-
2013414,0772.79%-
2014[37] 405,6952.02%-
2015383,3475.50%-
2016[38] 364,2714.97%-
2017[39] 373,3722.49%-
2018[40] 368,5181.30%-
2019377,3422.39%-
2020[41] 218,51442.09%-
2021[42] 187,15214.35%Tri-weekly October 2020 - June 2021
2022[43] 434,779132.31%-
2023[44] 351,73219.1%-

Rolling stock

Under SAL operation, the Silver Star utilized passenger cars built by the Budd Company and Pullman Standard built either just before or after World War II, and diesel-electric locomotives from the EMD E-unit series. These cars utilized steam heating provided by a steam generator in the locomotive. This equipment continued to operate when Amtrak took over in 1971. E-units were replaced by newer power, such as the steam generator-equipped EMD SDP40F by the mid 1970's. Amtrak began rebuilding their inherited passenger cars in the late 1970's to utilize Head-end power (HEP); these rebuilt cars were known as the "Heritage Fleet." The train began using Heritage Fleet equipment on March 10, 1982, and subsequently HEP-equipped EMD F40PH locomotives.

Today the Silver Star uses Amtrak's standard long-distance single-level equipment: Viewliner baggage, sleeping, and dining cars, and Amfleet coach and café-lounge cars. An ACS-64 electric locomotive is used between New York City and Washington, D.C, while two diesel-electric locomotives, either GE P42DC or Siemens ALC-42 locomotives, are used for power south of Washington, D.C. Amtrak began replacing the older P42DC locomotives with ALC-42 locomotives in 2023.[45]

A typical Silver Star consist as of June 2024 is made up of:

During the 2022 suspension of the Silver Meteor, some coach and sleeping cars usually on the Silver Meteor were combined into the Silver Star, creating a train with up to six coaches and five sleepers, in addition to the café-lounge, diner, and baggage car.

Route details

The Silver Star operates over a combination of Amtrak, CSX Transportation (CSXT), and Norfolk Southern Railway (NS) trackage:

The Silver Star uses the same route as the Silver Meteorthe other train in the Silver Service brandexcluding two segments: Selma, North CarolinaSavannah, Georgia, and Kissimmee, FloridaWinter Haven, Florida.[46] Between Selma and Savannah, the Silver Star takes an inland route over the CSX S-Line to serve the Carolinas' state capitals of Raleigh and Columbia, while the Silver Meteor stays closer to the coast on the CSX A-Line and serves Fayetteville, North Carolina and Charleston, South Carolina. Between Kissimmee and Winter Haven, the Silver Meteor turns south to go directly to Miami at Auburndale, Florida, while the Silver Star continues west to Lakeland, Florida and Tampa, before coming back to Auburndale and turning south to Miami. In addition to these diversions, between Sebring, Florida and West Palm Beach, Florida, the Silver Meteor makes no intermediate stops, while the Silver Star makes an additional stop at Okeechobee, Florida. Inversely, between Savannah and Jacksonville, Florida, the Silver Meteor makes an additional stop at Jesup, Georgia, while the Silver Star makes no intermediate stops. However, during the 2022 suspension of the Silver Meteor, the Silver Star temporarily served Jesup.

Prior to October 1986, the Silver Star operated between Petersburg, Virginia, and Raleigh via the CSX Norlina Subdivision, stopping only in Henderson, North Carolina.[47] CSX abandoned the Norlina Subdivision between Norlina, North Carolina and Collier Yard (just south of Petersburg) in October 1986, which required the Silver Star to be rerouted over the CSX A-Line between Petersburg and Selma, then over the North Carolina Railroad between Selma and Raleigh. The Silver Star is to be rerouted via its former routing when tracks between Petersburg and Norlina are rebuilt as part of the Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor project, and reinstate its stop at Henderson, as well as adding a stop in La Crosse, Virginia.[48]

Like other long-distance trains operating on the Northeast Corridor, local travel between NEC stations is not allowed on the Silver Star. Northbound trains only stop to discharge passengers from Alexandria, Virginia northward, and southbound trains only stop to receive passengers from Newark, New Jersey to Washington. This policy is in place to keep seats available for passengers making longer trips. Passengers wanting to travel locally must use the more frequent Northeast Regional or Acela trains. Additionally, the Silver Star, like the Silver Meteor, does not allow local travel between West Palm Beach and Miami. Southbound trains only stop to discharge passengers, while northbound trains only stop to receive passengers bound for points beyond West Palm Beach. This is due to the availability of Tri-Rail, South Florida's commuter rail system.

Since Amtrak ended passenger rail service over the CSX Clearwater Subdivision between Tampa and St. Petersburg, Florida in February 1984,[49] Amtrak Thruway bus service has been provided at Tampa Union Station for trainside transfer of passengers and their baggage to and from Clearwater, Florida and St. Petersburg. Other points on Florida's west coast, such as Bradenton, Florida, Sarasota, Florida, Port Charlotte, Florida and Fort Myers, Florida, are also served by Amtrak Thruway service connecting with the Silver Star at Tampa.[50] Similarly, Amtrak has provided Amtrak Thruway bus service between the former stations along the CSX Wildwood Subdivision in North-Central Florida since November 2004 after passenger rail service ended, as well as Gainesville, Florida and The Villages-Lady Lake, Florida. The former stations that are now served by Amtrak Thruway buses are: Waldo, Florida, Ocala, Florida, Wildwood, Florida, and Dade City, Florida. These buses connect with the Silver Star at Jacksonville and Lakeland.

Station stops

StateTown/CityStationConnections
NYNew York CityPenn Station Amtrak (long-distance):,, Lake Shore Limited,,
Amtrak (intercity):,,,,, Ethan Allen Express, Keystone Service,,,,
LIRR:,
NJ Transit:,,,,
NYC Subway:
PATH:
NYC Transit Bus
NJNewarkNewark Penn Station Amtrak:,,,,,,,,,
NJ Transit:,,
PATH:
Newark Light Rail
NJ Transit Bus
Trenton Amtrak:,,,,,,,,
NJ Transit:,
SEPTA Regional Rail:
NJ Transit Bus, SEPTA Suburban Bus
PAPhiladelphia30th Street Station Amtrak:,,,,,,,,,
SEPTA Regional Rail: all routes
NJ Transit:
SEPTA City Transit:
SEPTA City Bus, SEPTA Suburban Bus
DEWilmington Amtrak:,,,,,,,
SEPTA Regional Rail:
DART First State
Greyhound Lines
MDBaltimorePenn Station Amtrak:,,,,,,,
MARC:
Light RailLink
MTA Maryland, Charm City Circulator
DCWashingtonWashington Union Station Amtrak:,,,,,,,,, Amtrak Thruway to Charlottesville, Virginia
MARC:,,
VRE:,
Metro: Red Line
DC Streetcar: H Street/Benning Road Line
Metrobus, DC Circulator, MTA Maryland, Loudoun County Transit, OmniRide
Intercity bus: Greyhound, Megabus, BoltBus, BestBus, Peter Pan, OurBus
VAAlexandria Amtrak:,,,,,
VRE:,
Metro: Blue Line, Yellow Line
Metrobus, DASH
Richmond Amtrak:,,,, Amtrak Thruway to Charlottesville, Virginia
Greater Richmond Transit Company
Ettrick
NCRocky Mount Amtrak:,,
Tar River Transit
Greyhound Lines
RaleighRaleigh Union Station Amtrak:,
GoRaleigh, GoTriangle
Cary Amtrak:,
GoCary, GoTriangle
Southern Pines
Hamlet
SCCamden
Columbia The Comet
Denmark
GASavannah Amtrak:,
FLJacksonville Amtrak:, Amtrak Thruway to Waldo, Ocala, Gainesville, The Villages, Wildwood, Dade City, Lakeland
Jacksonville Transportation Authority
Palatka Amtrak:
The Ride Solution
DeLand Amtrak:, Amtrak Thruway to Daytona Beach
Winter Park Amtrak:
SunRail
LYNX Bus
Orlando Amtrak:, Amtrak Thruway to Lakeland, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Bradenton, Sarasota, Port Charlotte, Fort Myers
SunRail
LYNX Bus
Kissimmee Amtrak:
SunRail
LYNX Bus
Greyhound Lines
Lakeland Amtrak Thruway to Dade City, Wildwood, The Villages, Gainesville, Ocala, Waldo Jacksonville, Orlando, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Bradenton, Sarasota, Port Charlotte, Fort Myers
Citrus Connection
Greyhound Lines
Tampa Amtrak Thruway to Dade City, Wildwood, The Villages, Gainesville, Ocala, Waldo, Jacksonville, Lakeland, Orlando, St. Petersburg, Bradenton, Sarasota, Port Charlotte, Fort Myers
Hillsborough Area Regional Transit
Winter Haven Amtrak:
Sebring Amtrak:
Okeechobee
West Palm Beach Amtrak:
Tri-Rail
Brightline (at West Palm Beach)
Palm Tran, Tri-Rail Commuter Connector, West Palm Beach Downtown Trolley
Greyhound Lines
Delray Beach Amtrak:
Tri-Rail
Palm Tran, Downtown Connector
Deerfield Beach Amtrak:
Tri-Rail
Broward County Transit, Tri-Rail Commuter Connector
Fort Lauderdale Amtrak:
Tri-Rail
Broward County Transit, Metrobus, Sun Trolley, Tri-Rail Commuter Connector
Hollywood Amtrak:
Tri-Rail
Broward County Transit, Hallandale Beach Community Bus
Miami Amtrak:
Metrobus

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Atlantic Coast Timetable . March 4, 2019 . Amtrak . April 25, 2019.
  2. Web site: Amtrak FY23 Ridership .
  3. Web site: November 2023 Monthly Performance Report .
  4. Seaboard Air Line Railroad Timetables, June 15, 1948
  5. 'Official Guide of the Railways, August 1949, Seaboard Air Line Railroad section, Tables 1, 3, 6
  6. 'Official Guide of the Railways, December 1954, Seaboard Air Line Railroad section, Condensed Table and Tables 1, 3, 6, 7
  7. Web site: April 6, 2004 (System Timetable) Page 71 . The Museum of Railway Timetables.
  8. Web site: Atlantic Coast Service Timetable – Effective November 8, 2010. Amtrak.
  9. January 2011 . Amtrak's Improvement Wish List . . 20–21.
  10. News: Sherry Laskin. Lower Fares on Amtrak Sleeping Cars to Florida and New York. Cruise Maven. June 29, 2015. December 12, 2022.
  11. Web site: Cokley. Carolyn. January 9, 2020. NEW FLEXIBLE DINING SERVICE LAUNCHES ON THE SILVER STAR. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200807095920/https://www.railpassengers.org/happening-now/news/blog/the-return-of-first-class-dining/. August 7, 2020. January 23, 2022. Rail Passengers Association.
  12. Web site: Amtrak Flexible Dining.
  13. Web site: Weinberg . Harrison . Amtrak long-distance capacity to remain tight through 2023 . trains.com . Bob Johnston . November 20, 2022.
  14. Web site: Johnston . Bob . Amtrak returns 'traditional dining' to Silver Meteor . trains.com . June 28, 2023 . Bob Johnston . July 2, 2023.
  15. Web site: Amtrak Launches Traditional Dining on Silver Meteor and Silver Star. Amtrak. June 27, 2023. July 2, 2023.
  16. Web site: Mathews . Jim . SILVER SERVICES LATEST TO GET TRADITIONAL DINING . railpassengers.org . Rail Passengers Association . July 2, 2023.
  17. Web site: Johnston . Bob . Coach passengers now can buy meals in Silver Star and Silver Meteor dining cars . trains.com . Trains Magazine . March 4, 2024.
  18. Web site: Amtrak, CSX train collision in South Carolina leaves 2 dead, over 100 injured, officials say . Fedschun . Travis . February 4, 2018 . Fox News . February 4, 2018.
  19. Web site: Amtrak Train Collision Kills at Least 2 and Injures Nearly 70 Others . Joseph . Yonette . Bolon . Anne-Sophie . January 31, 2018 . The New York Times . February 4, 2018.
  20. News: Long trains, short platforms at new Miami airport train station won't force permanent street closure . Chardy . Alfonso . October 31, 2013 . Miami Herald . August 10, 2016 . Viglucci . Andres.
  21. New Tri-Rail Miami International Airport station to open on April 5 . March 25, 2015 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20150414172115/http://www.sfrta.fl.gov/press-releases.aspx . April 14, 2015.
  22. Web site: Timeline . Florida Department of Transportation . Miami Intermodal Center . August 10, 2016.
  23. News: Off the Rails: Amtrak station built near MIA with taxpayer dollars goes unused . . Brian . Entin . Tania . Francois . November 5, 2018 . November 8, 2018.
  24. Web site: Amtrak Begins Active Preparations To Launch Service To Miami Intermodal Center . The Next Miami . March 13, 2022 .
  25. Web site: Video Shows Amtrak Train Fitting Into The Miami Intermodal Center In First Test Run . The Next Miami . September 29, 2022 .
  26. Web site: Amtrak switch to Miami airport station again moving forward . Trains.com . September 29, 2022.
  27. Web site: Amtrak Public Board Meeting Public QA, December 1, 2022 . amtrak.com . Amtrak . 2023-01-30.
  28. News: More hurdles in long drive to get Amtrak to the airport . 2024-01-28 . . October 3, 2023.
  29. Web site: Johnston . Bob . 2024-01-08 . Amtrak's move to Miami airport station still in limbo . 2024-01-28 . Trains . en-US.
  30. News: Tate . Curtis . Amtrak to reduce New York-Florida trains starting July 6, with more cuts coming Oct. 1 . July 1, 2020 . USA TODAY.
  31. Web site: Silver Star and Silver Meteor Schedule Changes effective July 6, 2020. Amtrak. July 5, 2020.
  32. Web site: With Increased Demand and Congressional Funding, Amtrak Restores 12 Long Distance Routes to Daily Service. Amtrak. March 10, 2021. March 10, 2021.
  33. News: Amtrak to restore four long-distance trains to daily service in late May . April 19, 2022 . Trains.
  34. News: Johnston . Bob . July 10, 2024 . Amtrak may be planning to combine Capitol Limited and Silver Star: Analysis . July 11, 2024 . Trains News Wire.
  35. Web site: Archived copy . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121108035837/http://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/968/399/ATK-11-133%20Record%20FY11%20Ridership%20and%20Revenue.pdf . November 8, 2012 . July 30, 2012.
  36. Web site: AMTRAK SETS RIDERSHIP RECORD AND MOVES THE NATION'S ECONOMY FORWARD . https://web.archive.org/web/20200824125952/https://amtrakmedia.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/FY13-Record-Ridership-ATK-13-122.pdf . August 24, 2020.
  37. Web site: Amtrak FY15 Ridership & Revenue .
  38. Web site: April 17, 2017 . Amtrak FY16 Ridership & Revenue . Amtrak.
  39. Web site: Amtrak FY17 Ridership .
  40. Web site: Amtrak FY19 Ridership .
  41. News: Luczak . Marybeth . November 23, 2020 . Amtrak Releases FY 2020 Data . Railway Age . Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc. . New York . February 18, 2020.
  42. Web site: Amtrak Route Ridership FY21 vs. FY19 . April 19, 2022 . Amtrak.
  43. Web site: Amtrak FY22 Ridership .
  44. Web site: Amtrak FY23 Ridership .
  45. Web site: Amtrak New Fleet Acquisition Updates . Next Generation Corridor Equipment Pool Committee . February 2024 . Joe Sr. . Paul . Michael . Welsh . Michael . Kraft . 7.
  46. Web site: Silver Service / Palmetto Train. April 25, 2019. Amtrak.
  47. Web site: Henderson, NC . www.trainweb.org . June 3, 2022.
  48. Web site: Southeast High Speed Rail: Tier II Final Environmental Impact Statement, And Final Section 4(f) Evaluation, Richmond, VA to Raleigh, NC. 122. August 2015. September 6, 2022.
  49. Book: Luisi. Vincent. Railroading in Pinellas County. 2010. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-8550-5.
  50. http://www.amtrak.com/ Amtrak Website