American Silver Eagle Explained

Denomination:Silver Eagle
Country:United States
Value:1.00
Unit:U.S. dollar (face value)
Mass:31.103
Mass Troy Oz:1.00
Diameter:40.6
Diameter Inch:1.598
Thickness:2.98
Thickness Inch:0.1173
Years Of Minting:1986–present (bullion)
1986–2008, 2010–present (proof)
2006–2008, 2011–present (uncirculated)
Mint Marks:none for bullion issues
(P, S, W on proof/uncirculated)
Obverse:2022-american-eagle-silver-one-ounce-bullion-coin-obverse.png
Obverse Design Date:1916
Obverse Used:1986–present
Reverse:$1 Silver Eagle Type 2 Reverse.png
Reverse Design:Bald eagle landing on a branch (Type 2)
Reverse Designer:Emily Damstra
Reverse Design Date:2021
Reverse Used:2021–present
Reverse2:File:Liberty $1 Reverse.png
Reverse2 Design:Heraldic eagle with shield and thirteen five-pointed stars (Type 1)
Reverse2 Design Date:1986
Reverse2 Used:1986–2021

The American Silver Eagle is the official silver bullion coin of the United States. It was first released by the United States Mint on November 24, 1986, and portrays the Goddess of Liberty in a design by Adolph A. Weinman that was originally used on the Walking Liberty half dollar from 1916 to 1947.

The American Silver Eagle is struck only in the one-troy ounce, which has a nominal face value of one dollar and is guaranteed to contain one troy ounce of 99.9% pure silver. It is authorized by Title II of Public Law 99-61 (Liberty Coin Act, approved July 9, 1985) and codified as (e)-(h). Its content, weight, and purity are certified by the United States Mint. In addition to the bullion version, the United States Mint has produced a proof version and an uncirculated version for coin collectors. The Silver Eagle has been produced at three mints: the Philadelphia Mint, the San Francisco Mint, and the West Point Mint. The American Silver Eagle bullion coin[1] may be used to fund Individual Retirement Account investments.[2]

Design

The design on the coin's obverse was taken from the "Walking Liberty" design by Adolph A. Weinman, which originally had been used on the Walking Liberty Half Dollar coin of the United States from 1916 to 1947. As this iconic design had been a public favorite—and one of the most beloved designs of any United States coinage of modern times, silver or otherwise—it was revived for the Silver Eagle decades later. The obverse is inscribed with the year of minting or issuance, the word LIBERTY, and the phrase IN GOD WE TRUST. The obverse was slightly updated in 2021 (along with the reverse redesign) to feature a new rendering of Weinman's design and the addition of his artist mark under IN GOD WE TRUST.[3]

The newly designed reverse of the 2021 American Silver Eagle (Type 2) was designed by Emily Damstra and shows an eagle landing on a branch; much like that of the reverse of the 1971 Eisenhower Dollar Coins. The reverse is inscribed with the phrases UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 1 OZ. FINE SILVER•ONE DOLLAR, and E PLURIBUS UNUM, as well as the mintmark if applicable.

From 1986 to 2021, the reverse design was by John Mercanti and portrayed a heraldic eagle behind a shield; the eagle grasping an olive branch in its right talon and arrows in its left talon, echoing the Great Seal of the United States; above the eagle are thirteen five-pointed stars representing the Thirteen Colonies. The reverse was inscribed with the phrases UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 1 OZ. FINE SILVER~ONE DOLLAR, and E PLURIBUS UNUM (on the banner that the eagle holds in its beak), as well as the mintmark if applicable.[4] The design was slightly modified starting with 2008 coins; most notable is the addition of a serif on the U of UNITED, and a slight change between SILVER and ONE.

Legislative history

Background: Defense National Stockpile silver sales

The impetus of the American Silver Eagle bullion program ultimately comes from executive plans through the 1970s and early 1980s to sell off silver from the Defense National Stockpile. As The Wall Street Journal explained, "Several administrations had sought unsuccessfully to sell silver from the stockpile, arguing that domestic production of silver far exceeds strategic needs. But mining-state interests had opposed any sale, as had promilitary legislators who wanted assurances that the proceeds would be used to buy materials more urgently needed for the stockpile rather than merely to reduce the federal deficit."[5] [6] Throughout the period, such sell-offs that did occur, as well as announcements of planned sell-offs, caused immediate declines in the price of silver.[7] The Wall Street Journal reported in September 1976, "When the US government makes noises about selling silver from the federal stockpile, futures traders start unloading futures contracts in speculation that such a sale would depress prices."[8]

Despite congressional opposition[9] [10] [11] to the sale of stockpiled silver through early June 1981, the House Armed Services Committee decided on June 10 to approve a Reagan administration request to sell government-owned silver beginning in fiscal year 1982 to help balance the federal budget.[12] In July 1981, the House and Senate agreed to allow the sale of 75% of the stockpiled silver (105.1 million troy ounces) over a three-year period,[5] and in September the price of silver fell 11% in response.[13] Just before the first sale in October 1981, a group of politicians from Idaho—a major silver-producing state—attempted to block the auction, claiming that the sale could have a "disastrous effect" on the United States silver mining industry in general and several Idaho silver mining companies in particular.[14] On December 3, 1981, Senator James A. McClure (R-Idaho) proposed an amendment (S.UP.AMDT.738) to the Department of Defense appropriation bill to end the government's sale of silver "until the President, not later than July 1, 1982, redetermines that the silver authorized for disposal is excess to the requirements of the stockpile." The appropriations bill was signed into law (Public Law 97-114) with the amendment intact, effectively stopping the further sale of stockpiled silver.[15]

Coin legislation

On May 27, 1982, Senator McClure introduced bill, "A bill to provide for the disposal of silver from the National Defense Stockpile through the issuance of silver coins", to "redirect the sale of silver from our national defense stockpile in an effort to minimize its affect on the already depressed price of silver."[16] An identical companion bill,, was introduced on June 22 by Representative Larry E. Craig (R-Idaho) but both bills were referred to committees and never were enacted. The Wall Street Journal reported on June 30 that the price of silver "soared after Interior Secretary James Watt announced that sales of the government's silver stockpile will be indefinitely postponed" as the government's legally required study on potential methods of selling the silver had been delayed.[17]

On January 27, 1983, Senator McClure introduced another bill almost identical to S. 2598. As he had in the earlier bill, the senator asked,

The bill was referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs which held hearings on April 15, 1983, however, it was not enacted.[18]

Some two years later, with sales still suspended, Senator McClure again introduced legislation aimed at requiring potential sales of stockpiled silver to be conducted through the issuance of coins minted from the silver. This time his legislation took the form of an amendment (S.AMDT.418)[19] to, the "Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Commemorative Coin Act". McClure's amendment—the "Liberty Coin Act"—added a new section (Title II) to H.R. 47. The amendment may be summarized into the following points:

Proposed on June 21, 1985, the Senate agreed to McClure's amendment by voice vote on the same day and it was added to H.R. 47; the House approved the amended bill three days later and it was signed into law by President Reagan on July 9, 1985. Thus, the authorizing law for the American Silver Eagle bullion program is Title II of Public Law 99-61 (Liberty Coin Act) codified as (e)-(h).

Program extension, 2002

The authorizing legislation for the American Silver Eagle bullion program stipulated that the silver used to mint the coins be acquired from the Defense National Stockpile with the intent to deplete the stockpile's silver holdings slowly over several years. By 2002, it became apparent that the stockpile would be depleted and that further legislation would be required for the program to continue. On June 6, 2002, Senator Harry Reid (D-Nevada) introduced bill S. 2594, "Support of American Eagle Silver Bullion Program Act", "to authorize the Secretary of the Treasury to purchase silver on the open market when the silver stockpile is depleted." The bill was passed by the Senate on June 21 and by the House on June 27 and signed into law by President Bush on July 23, 2002.

Minting history

The first American Silver Eagle coin was struck in San Francisco on October 29, 1986.[20] Secretary of the Treasury James A. Baker III presided over the striking ceremony held at the San Francisco Assay Office. According to a Chicago Sun-Times article, as Baker "reached for the electronic button on press No. 105, he turned to the audience and said, 'I don't need a pick and shovel to start the San Francisco Silver Rush of 1986.'"[21]

Bullion

Bullion Silver Eagle coins do not have mintmarks. From 1986 to 1998, they were produced at the San Francisco Mint. From 1999 to 2000, they were produced at the Philadelphia Mint and West Point Mint.

In March 2011, the San Francisco Mint conducted trial strikes of bullion Silver Eagle coins in preparation for the resumption of full production later in the spring. The added production capacity provided by the San Francisco Mint supplements the output of the West Point Mint.[22] [23]

Proof

From 1986 to 1992, proof Silver Eagle coins were minted at San Francisco and these coins bear the "S" mintmark. From 1993 to 2000, they were minted at Philadelphia and these coins bear the "P" mintmark. From 2001 to 2008, they were minted at West Point and these coins bear the "W" mintmark. No proof versions were minted in 2009. Beginning again in 2010, the proof coins were minted at West Point and bear the "W" mintmark.

Uncirculated

From 2006 to 2008 and beginning again in 2011, the United States Mint issued a collectible uncirculated Silver Eagle coin produced at West Point (bearing the "W" mintmark). The coins are struck on specially burnished blanks and sometimes are referred to as "W Uncirculated" or "Burnished Uncirculated".[24] Aside from the standard-issue burnished Eagles, there has been one burnished Eagle issue produced at San Francisco bearing the "S" mintmark for release in the "American Eagle 25th Anniversary Silver Coin Set" in 2011.

Special issues

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Varieties

The first significant variety of the Silver Eagle series appeared in 2008 and is known as the "2008-W Silver Eagle Reverse of 2007 Variety". The United States Mint made slight alterations to the reverse design between 2007 and 2008 and some 2008 uncirculated coins inadvertently were struck with the 2007 reverse type die resulting in a die error. The variety is distinguishable by differences in the "U" in UNITED STATES and the dash between SILVER and ONE.[46]

Effect of recession on availability, 2008–2010

As a result of the global recession, the demand from investors for bullion coins as a hedge against inflation and economic downturn surged.[47] This increased demand began to affect the availability of American Silver Eagle bullion coins in February 2008 when sales to authorized dealers were suspended temporarily. In March 2008, sales increased ninefold from the month before (from 200,000 to 1,855,000).[47] [48] In April 2008, the United States Mint began an allocation program, effectively rationing Silver Eagle bullion coins to authorized dealers on a weekly basis due to "unprecedented demand".[47] At least one observer[49] has questioned the legality of the allocation program, as the Treasurer of the United States is required by law to mint and issue these coins "in quantities sufficient to meet public demand". On June 6, 2008, the Mint announced that all incoming silver planchets were being used to produce only bullion issues of the Silver Eagle and not proof or uncirculated collectible issues.[50] The 2008 Proof Silver Eagle became unavailable for purchase from the United States Mint in August 2008 and the 2008 Uncirculated Silver Eagle sold out in January 2009 (however, it was available as part of the "2008 Annual Uncirculated Dollar Coin Set" until it sold out on January 28, 2010).

On March 5, 2009, the United States Mint announced that the proof and uncirculated versions of the Silver Eagle coin for that year were temporarily suspended due to continuing high demand for the bullion version.[51] The allocation program that had been put in place in March 2008 was lifted on June 15, 2009, leading to speculation that proof and uncirculated versions might be produced before the end of the year.[52] However, on October 6, 2009, the Mint announced that the collectible versions of the Silver Eagle coin would not be produced for 2009.[53] The disappointment of collectors was expressed in a December 1 article by Representative Gary C. Peters (D-Michigan).[54] Peters offered alternative scenarios to the cancellation of 2009 proof and uncirculated Silver Eagles and explained that he would be sending a letter to Mint Director Edmund C. Moy urging him to begin minting these products as soon as possible and continuing to do so until the end of the year. This effort was not successful and the collectible versions were not produced. The sale of 2009 Silver Eagle bullion coins was suspended from November 24 to December 6 and the allocation program was re-instituted on December 7; the product sold out on January 12, 2010.[55]

Production of the 2010 Silver Eagle bullion coins began in January of that year (as opposed to beginning typically in December preceding the year of issue) and the coins were distributed to authorized dealers under an allocation program until September 3.[56] [57]

On July 20, 2010, Mint Director Edmund C. Moy provided testimony to the House Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology on the matter of proof and uncirculated Silver Eagle coins, referencing the possibility of a legislative solution. Moy explained:

On September 22, 2010, Representative Melvin L. Watt (D-North Carolina) introduced the "Coin Modernization, Oversight, and Continuity Act of 2010" to amend (e) and (i) by giving the Secretary of the Treasury authority to mint American Eagle silver and gold coins in "qualities [e.g. bullion, proof, or uncirculated] and quantities" sufficient to meet public demand. The bill was signed into law by President Barack Obama on December 14, 2010.

On October 4, 2010, the Mint announced that 2010-dated proof American Silver Eagle coins would be available for purchase beginning on November 19, 2010, at a price of $45.95 per coin[58] and that 2010-dated uncirculated Silver Eagle coins would not be produced.[59]

2013–2015 availability

In January 2013, the Mint suspended sales of American Silver Eagle bullion coins after the first week due to high demand. The Mint resumed the allocation program that had been implemented from 2008 to 2010.[60] [61]

The Silver Eagle coins were sold out in the first week of July 2015. The Mint said its facility in West Point, New York, continued to produce coins and it resumed sales at the end of July 2015. This was the second time the mint's silver coins had sold out in the past nine months. The Mint ran out of 2014-dated American Eagles in November 2014. In 2013, the historic drop in silver increased demand for silver coins, forcing the mint to ration silver coin sales for 18 months.[62]

Impact of COVID-19 on production, 2020

On March 28, 2020, the West Point Mint, believed to be the only producer of bullion American Silver Eagles from 2018 up until early 2020, was shut down for cleaning after an employee tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.[63] [64] The facility reopened on April 1, and bullion coin production was reduced to prevent employee exposure to COVID-19, before once again being shut down on April 15 due to safety concerns.[65]

To make up for the reduced and later suspended production of silver bullion coins, the Philadelphia Mint struck 240,000 American Silver Eagles from April 8 through April 20,[66] making them among the rarest uncirculated issues to date.[67] Although these coins were physically identical to the West Point coins, coin grading companies began certifying Philadelphia Mint Silver Eagles as "Emergency Issues."[68] Production at West Point continued on April 21.

Mintages

YearBullionProofUncirculatedTotal
19865,393,0051,446,778align="center"-6,839,783
198711,442,335904,732align="center"-12,347,067
19885,004,646557,370align="center"-5,562,016
19895,203,327617,694align="center"-5,821,021
19905,840,110695,510align="center"-6,535,620
19917,191,066511,925align="center"-7,702,991
19925,540,068498,654align="center"-6,038,722
19936,763,762405,913align="center"-7,169,675
19944,227,319372,168align="center"-4,599,487
19954,672,051438,511align="center"-5,110,562
1995-Walign="center"-30,125align="center"-30,125
19963,603,386500,000align="center"-4,103,386
19974,295,004435,368align="center"-4,730,372
19984,847,549450,000align="center"-5,297,549
19997,408,640549,796align="center"-7,958,436
20009,239,132600,000align="center"-9,839,132
20019,001,711746,398align="center"-9,748,109
200210,539,026647,342align="center"-11,186,368
20038,495,008747,831align="center"-9,242,839
20048,882,754801,602align="center"-9,684,356
20058,891,025816,663align="center"-9,707,688
200610,676,5221,092,477466,57312,235,572
2006-P Rev. Pr.align="center"-248,875align="center"-248,875
20079,028,036821,759621,33310,471,128
200820,583,000700,979533,75721,817,736
200930,459,000align="center"-align="center"-30,459,000
201034,764,500849,861align="center"-35,614,361
201140,020,000947,355409,77641,377,131
2011-Salign="center"-align="center"-99,88299,882
2011-P Rev. Pr.align="center"-99,882align="center"-99,882
201233,742,500869,386226,12034,838,006
2012-Salign="center"-285,184align="center"-285,184
2012-S Rev. Pr.align="center"-224,981align="center"-224,981
201342,675,000934,812222,09143,831,903
2013-W Enh.align="center"-align="center"-281,310281,310
2013-W Rev. Pr.align="center"-281,310align="center"-281,310
201444,006,000944,757253,16945,203,926
201547,000,000707,518223,87947,931,397
201637,701,500651,467237,75338,590,720
201718,065,500--18,065,500
2017-S--123,799123,799
2017-W-176,739440,596617,335
201815,700,000--15,700,000
2018-S-208,307-208,307
2018-W-418,522138,947557,469
201914,863,500--14,863,500
2019-S-202,206-202,206
2019-S Enh. Rev. Pr.-29,913-29,913
2019-W-410,334141,638551,972
2019-W Enh. Rev. Pr.-99,675-99,675
202031,329,500- - 31,329,500
2020-S- 266,537- 266,537
2020-W V75 Proof -74,709-74,709
2020-W- 414,182154,861569,043
2021 Type 113,306,000- - 13,306,000
2021 Type 214,968,500- - 14,968,500
2021-S Type 2- 274,536- 274,536
2021-S Rev. Pr. Type 2-124,917-124,917
2021-W Type 1- 416,047- 416,047
2021-W Rev. Pr. Type 1-124,917-124,917
2021-W Type 2- 385,776187,891573,667
202215,963,500--15,963,500
2022-S-366,371-366,371
2022-W-691,443199,533890,976
202324,750,000 --24,750,000
2023-S-205,245-205,245
2023-W-159,905135,945295,850
Total636,083,48227,485,2645,059,630668,668,685

Sources:

Distribution

Bullion

Sales of American Silver Eagle bullion coins began on November 24, 1986, and initial inventories sold out "immediately due to the phenomenal demand".[69]

Silver Eagle bullion coins, along with American Gold Eagle bullion coins, were planned as "viable investment alternatives to the gold and silver bullion coins produced by other countries. ..." To ensure wide distribution of the coins, the United States Mint awarded a contract to Grey Advertising to assist in marketing and publicizing the coins domestically and internationally.[70] Advertising efforts were expanded in fiscal years 1987 and 1988.[71] [72]

Like the American Gold Eagle and American Platinum Eagle bullion coins, Silver Eagle bullion coins are not sold directly to the public by the United States Mint. In order to provide "effective and efficient distribution, which maximizes the availability of the coins in retail markets as well as major investment markets" the Mint utilizes a network of "authorized purchasers" to distribute the coins.[73] The coins are sold in bulk at a premium ($2.00 per coin effective October 1, 2010)[74] over the spot price of silver. The coins are sold to banks, brokerage companies, coin dealers, precious metal firms, and wholesalers that meet the following requirements:

Authorized purchasers must order a minimum of 25,000 coins which they sell to secondary retailers that sell them, in turn, to the public. When sales of Silver Eagle bullion coins began in November 1986, the Mint had approved twenty-eight authorized purchasers to market the coins throughout the world.[76]

Bullion coins are shipped in so-called "monster boxes". Each green plastic box holds 500 coins which are packaged in 20-coin plastic tubes. On the lid of each box are two raised Department of the Treasury seals and the phrase "United States Mint" in raised lettering. Before shipping, the boxes are sealed with straps by the Mint and labeled with the year of issue and a serial number.[77]

Proof, uncirculated, and special issues

Proof American Silver Eagle coins dated 1986 through 2008 were sold directly to the public by the United States Mint at a fixed price. The coins were packaged in a protective plastic capsule mounted in a satin-lined, velvet-covered presentation case and accompanied by a certificate of authenticity.[78] Proof Silver Eagle coins first became available through the United States Mint's subscription program in October 2002.[79] Uncirculated coins dated 2006 through 2008 were sold directly to the public by the United States Mint in packaging similar to that of the proof coins; however, the 2006 coin's capsule was housed in a velvet drawstring bag. Special issues and sets are sold directly to the public by the United States Mint.

Value

American Silver Eagle bullion coins carry a face value of US$1. This is their legal value reflecting their issue and monetization as coins. Per, the coins are legal tender for all debts public and private at their face value. This value does not reflect their intrinsic value which is much greater than their $1 legal tender face value. American Silver Eagle Coin prices and premiums are mainly dictated by the fluctuating silver spot price and ongoing supply-demand.

Mintages, and thus prices, of bullion, proof, and uncirculated Silver Eagle coins have varied widely, and the potential collector is advised to check a standard reference book before buying them. Generally, the bullion versions have been minted in the millions, while the proof and uncirculated versions were issued in the hundreds of thousands each. Most dates of the bullion issue are not particularly expensive (around $25 as of September 2016) and are traded at a premium above the intrinsic value of the silver they contain; most proof versions (around $65–$75 as of 2016) and uncirculated versions (around $25–$75 as of 2016) sell for more. Some issues sell for significant sums, for example, the 1995-W proof ($3,800 as of 2016) and the 2006 20th anniversary set containing a special "Reverse Proof" coin along with a regular proof coin and the new "Burnished Uncirculated" coin ($250 as of 2016).[80]

Security features

Counterfeit coins, especially from China, are a problem as they are illegal and fraudulent. To deter counterfeits and keep the integrity of its product, the American Silver Eagle bullion coin incorporates several security features to ensure its authenticity and deter counterfeiting attempts.

Firstly, the coin possesses reeded edges, which are grooves along the perimeter, serving as a visual and tactile authentication measure. This technique discourage attempts to steal metal from a coin through clipping or filling as it makes any tampering obvious.[81] Coins produced from 2021 have a further anti-counterfeiting feature of a missing reed or notch[82] on its edge that changes depending on the mintage year of the coin.

Additionally, the use of advanced technology has resulted in intricate designs and high-definition details, such as the finely engraved inscriptions and the realistic rendering of the Walking Liberty image.

Furthermore, the Silver Eagle features a unique mint mark, indicating the specific U.S. Mint facility responsible for its production.[83] This mint mark further enhances the coin's traceability and helps verify its origin.

See also

References



Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: American Silver Eagle . Money Metals Exchange . June 1, 2024 . June 23, 2024 .
  2. Web site: Publication 590-A: Contributions to Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs) . United States Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service . 34 . January 13, 2015 . May 20, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150505162347/https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p590a.pdf. May 5, 2015. live.
  3. News: Unser . Darrin Lee . Redesigned 2021-W Uncirculated American Silver Eagle Launch . 2 March 2024 . Coin News . September 9, 2021.
  4. Web site: United States Mint Offers New 'Legacies of Freedom' Set . United States Mint . January 20, 2004 . March 25, 2010 . June 5, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100605190741/http://www.usmint.gov/pressroom/index.cfm?action=press_release&ID=480 . live .
  5. News: Government to Sell 75% of Its Silver Stockpile . Wall Street Journal . July 24, 1981.
  6. News: Congress Asked to Clear Sales from Stockpile: Carter Administration Seeks Authority to Sell Silver, Tin, Other Commodities . Wall Street Journal . March 6, 1978.
  7. News: Nixon Plan to Sell Stockpiled Commodities Could Be Slowed by Market, Legal Snags . Wall Street Journal . March 16, 1973.
  8. News: Jackewicz . Shirley A. . Possible Silver Stockpile Sale Seen as Bullish for Market in Long Run . Wall Street Journal . September 10, 1976.
  9. News: House Committee Rejects Sales of Silver from Government's Strategic Stockpile . Wall Street Journal . September 12, 1979.
  10. News: House Refuses to Sell Any Silver in U.S. Stockpile: Compromise That Called for Sale of 5 Million Ounces Loses by Lopsided Margin . Wall Street Journal . December 13, 1979.
  11. News: House Panel Rejects Reagan Bid to Sell All of Silver in Stockpile . Wall Street Journal . June 5, 1981.
  12. News: Big U.S. Silver Sale Is Likely as Congress Reconciles Budget . Wall Street Journal . June 15, 1981.
  13. News: Lowenstein . Roger . U.S. Plan to Sell Silver from Its Stockpile Depresses Metal's Price 11%; Gold Drops . Wall Street Journal . September 18, 1981.
  14. News: Idaho Officials Protest GSA's Plans for Sale of Stockpiled Silver . Wall Street Journal . October 14, 1981.
  15. Twight . Charlotte . 1989 . The Political Economy of the National Defense Stockpile . Policy Studies Review . 8 . 4 . 778. 10.1111/j.1541-1338.1989.tb00995.x .
  16. National Security Silver Disposal Act of 1982, S. 2598, 97th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record 128, pt. 9:12321.
  17. News: Silver Price Soars After U.S. Postpones Sales of Stockpile . Wall Street Journal . June 30, 1982.
  18. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Gold and Silver Coinage Proposals: Hearing Before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-Eighth Congress, First Session, on S. 42 "To Provide for the Minting of American Gold Eagle Coins Pursuant to Article 1, Section 8 of the United States Constitution" and S. 269 "To Provide for the Disposal of Silver from the National Defense Stockpile through the Issuance of Silver Coins", 98th Cong., 1st sess., April 15, 1983.
  19. Amendment no. 418, 99th Cong., 1st sess., Congressional Record 131, pt. 12:16799-16800.
  20. News: U.S. to Offer $1 Silver Coin . . October 30, 1986 .
  21. News: Sales Start Slowly for the New Silver Eagle Dollars . Ed . Rochette . Chicago Sun-Times . December 28, 1986.
  22. Paul . Gilkes . San Francisco Mint to Strike Silver Bullion . Coin World . March 28, 2011.
  23. United States Mint to Begin Taking Orders for American Eagle Silver Bullion Coins at its San Francisco Facility . United States Mint . May 26, 2011 . May 27, 2011.
  24. Web site: The American Eagle Silver Coin: History, Design, Prices and Mint Figures . Coin News Media Group . January 30, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100105140404/http://www.coinnews.net/coins/the-american-eagle-silver-coin-history-design-prices-and-mint-figures/. 5 January 2010 . live.
  25. Book: 1993 Annual Report . United States Mint . Washington, D.C. . 26.
  26. Web site: 1995-W Proof Silver Eagle . 21 August 2009 . Silver Eagle Guide . January 10, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20091228173439/http://silvereagleguide.com/1995-w-proof-american-silver-eagle/. 28 December 2009 . live. . The 1995-W Proof Silver Eagle is considered the key to the Proof series, due to the low mintage and ability to only purchase with the Proof Gold Eagle set.
  27. Web site: 2000 Silver Eagle . 26 December 2008 . Silver Eagle Guide . March 21, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100205091058/http://silvereagleguide.com/2000-silver-eagle/. 5 February 2010 . live.
  28. Web site: The 2000-D Sacagawea Dollar From The United States Millennium Coinage & Currency Sets . SmallDollars.com . March 21, 2010 . March 18, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160318184823/http://www.smalldollars.com/dollar/add001.html . live .
  29. Web site: 20th Anniversary Silver Eagle Set . 29 January 2009 . Silver Eagle Guide . January 10, 2010 . 25 August 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090825083438/http://silvereagleguide.com/20th-anniversary-silver-eagle-set/ . live .
  30. Web site: U.S. Mint Online Product Catalog: 2007 United States Mint Annual Uncirculated Dollar Coin Set (XA1) . United States Mint . March 14, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100813021720/http://catalog.usmint.gov/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10001&storeId=10001&productId=14322&langId=-1&parent_category_rn=16238 . 2010-08-13 . dead .
  31. Web site: U.S. Mint Online Product Catalog: 2008 United States Mint Annual Uncirculated Dollar Coin Set (XA2) . United States Mint . March 14, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100204044410/http://catalog.usmint.gov/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10001&storeId=10001&productId=14562&langId=-1&parent_category_rn=10111. 4 February 2010 . live.
  32. Web site: 2008 United States Mint Annual Uncirculated Dollar Set Sold Out . Zielinski . Michael . Mint News Blog . January 29, 2010 . March 14, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100202121322/http://mintnewsblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/2008-united-states-mint-annual.html. 2 February 2010 . live.
  33. United States Mint Announces Plans to Issue American Eagle 25th Anniversary Silver Coin Set . United States Mint . August 19, 2011 . October 13, 2011.
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