Silesian language explained

Silesian language should not be confused with Sicilian language.

Silesian
Also Known As:Upper Silesian
Nativename:ślōnskŏ gŏdka
ślůnsko godka
Pronunciation:pronounced as /sla/
Ethnicity:Silesians
States:Poland (Silesian Voivodeship, Opole Voivodeship)
Czech Republic (Moravia–Silesia, Jeseník)
Region:Silesia
Ref:[1]
Date:2021 census
Familycolor:Indo-European
Fam2:Balto-Slavic
Fam3:Slavic
Fam4:West Slavic
Fam5:Lechitic[2]
Dia1:Cieszyn
Dia2:Sulkovian
Dia3:Texan
Dia4:Prudnik
Dia5:Niemodlin
Script:Latin script (Steuer's alphabet and ślabikŏrzowy szrajbōnek)
Iso3:szl
Glotto:sile1253
Glottorefname:Silesian
Lingua:53-AAA-cck, 53-AAA-dam

Silesian, occasionally called Upper Silesian, is an ethnolect[3] [4] of the Lechitic group spoken by part of people in Upper Silesia. Its vocabulary was significantly influenced by Central German due to the existence of numerous Silesian German speakers in the area prior to World War II and after.[5] The first mentions of Silesian as a distinct lect date back to the 16th century, and the first literature with Silesian characteristics to the 17th century.[6]

Linguistic distinctiveness of Silesian has long been a topic of discussion among Poland's linguists, especially after all of Upper Silesia was included within the Polish borders, following World War II.[7] Some regard it as one of the four major dialects of Polish,[8] [9] [10] [11] while others classify it as a separate regional language, distinct from Polish.[12] [13] [14] According to the official data from the 2021 Polish census, about 500 thousand people consider Silesian as their native language. Internationally, Silesian has been fully recognized as a language since 2007, when it was accorded the ISO 639-3 registration code szl.[15]

Several efforts have been made to gain recognition for Silesian as an official regional language in Poland. In April 2024, the Polish Sejm took a significant step by passing a bill recognizing it as such, however, the bill was vetoed by President Andrzej Duda on 29 May 2024.[16]

Distribution

Silesian speakers currently live in the region of Upper Silesia, which is split between southwestern Poland and the northeastern Czech Republic. At present Silesian is commonly spoken in the area between the historical border of Silesia on the east and a line from Syców to Prudnik on the west as well as in the Rawicz area.

Until 1945, Silesian was also spoken in enclaves in Lower Silesia, where the majority spoke Lower Silesian, a variety of Central German. The German-speaking population was either evacuated en masse by German forces towards the end of the war or deported by the new administration upon the Polish annexation of the Silesian Recovered Territories after its end. Before World War II, most Slavic-language speakers also knew German and, at least in eastern Upper Silesia, many German speakers were acquainted with Slavic Silesian.

According to the last official census in Poland in 2021, about 460,000[1] people declared Silesian as their native language, whereas in the country's census of 2011, the figure was about 510,000.[17] In the censuses in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, nearly 900,000 people declared Silesian nationality; Upper Silesia has almost five million inhabitants, with the vast majority in the Polish part speaking Polish and Czech in the Czech part and declaring themselves to be Poles in the former and Czechs in the latter.[17] [18] [19] [20]

Grammar

See main article: Silesian grammar. Although the morphological differences between Silesian and Polish have been researched extensively, other grammatical differences have not been studied in depth.

A notable difference is in question-forming. In standard Polish, questions which do not contain interrogative words are formed either by using intonation or the interrogative particle Polish: czy. In Silesian, questions which do not contain interrogative words are formed by using intonation (with a markedly different intonation pattern than in Polish) or inversion (e.g. Je to na karcie?); there is no interrogative particle.

Example

According to Jan Miodek, standard Polish has always been used by Upper Silesians as a language of prayers.[21] The Lord's Prayer in Silesian, Polish, Czech, and English:

Dialects of Silesian

Silesian has many dialects:

Dialect vs. language

Politicization

Opinions are divided among linguists regarding whether Silesian is a distinct language, a dialect of Polish, or, in the case of Lach, a variety of Czech. The issue can be contentious, because some Silesians consider themselves to be a distinct nationality within Poland. When Czechs, Poles, and Germans each made claims to substantial parts of Silesia as constituting an integral part of their respective nation-states in the 19th and 20th centuries, the language of Slavic-speaking Silesians became politicized.

Some, like Óndra Łysohorsky (a poet and author in Czechoslovakia), saw the Silesians as being their own distinct people, which culminated in his effort to create a literary standard which he called the "Lachian language". Silesian inhabitants supporting the cause of each of these ethnic groups had their own robust network of supporters across Silesia's political borders which shifted over the course of the 20th century prior to the large-scale ethnic cleansing in the aftermath of World War II.

Views

Some linguists from Poland, such as Jolanta Tambor,[23] Juan Lajo,[24] Tomasz Wicherkiewicz,[25] philosopher Jerzy Dadaczyński,[26] sociologist Elżbieta Anna Sekuła,[27] and sociolinguist Tomasz Kamusella,[28] [29] support its status as a language. According to Stanisław Rospond, it is impossible to classify Silesian as a dialect of the contemporary Polish language because he considers it to be descended from Old Polish.[30] Other Polish linguists, such as Jan Miodek and Edward Polański, do not support its status as a language. Jan Miodek and Dorota Simonides, both of Silesian origin, prefer to see the preservation of the entire range of Silesian dialects rather than standardization.[31] The German linguist Reinhold Olesch was greatly interested in the "Polish vernaculars" of Upper Silesia and other Slavic varieties such as Kashubian and Polabian.[32] [33] [34] [35]

The United States Immigration Commission in 1911 classified it as one of the dialects of Polish.[36] [37]

In their respective surveys of Slavic languages, most linguists writing in English, such as Alexander M. Schenker,[38] Robert A. Rothstein,[39] and Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley[40] list Silesian as a dialect of Polish, as does Encyclopædia Britannica.[41]

On the question of whether Silesian is a separate Slavic language, Gerd Hentschel wrote that "Silesian ... can thus ... without doubt be described as a dialect of Polish" ("German: Das Schlesische ... kann somit ... ohne Zweifel als Dialekt des Polnischen beschrieben werden").[42] [43] [44]

In Czechia, disagreement exists concerning the Lach dialects which rose to prominence thanks to Óndra Łysohorsky and his translator Ewald Osers.[45] While some have considered it a separate language, most now view Lach as a dialect of Czech.[46] [47] [48]

Phonology

See main article: Silesian orthography.

Vowels

Oral Vowels[49] !!Front!Central!Back
Closepronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Close-midpronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Open-midpronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Openpronounced as /link/
Nasal Vowels!!Front!Central!Back
Open-midpronounced as /link/
Openpronounced as /link/

Consonants

!Labial!Dental/
Alveolar!Retroflex!(Alveolo-)
palatal!Velar
Nasalpronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Plosivepronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Affricatepronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Fricativepronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Trillpronounced as /link/
Approximant(pronounced as /link/)pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/

Writing system

See main article: Silesian orthography. There have been a number of attempts at codifying the language spoken by Slavophones in Silesia. Probably the most well-known was undertaken by Óndra Łysohorsky when codifying the Lachian dialects in creating the Lachian literary language in the early 20th century.

Ślabikŏrzowy szrajbōnek is the relatively new alphabet created by the Pro Loquela Silesiana organization to reflect the sounds of all Silesian dialects. It was approved by Silesian organizations affiliated in Rada Górnośląska. Ubuntu translation is in this alphabet[50] as is some of the Silesian Wikipedia, although some of it is in Steuer's alphabet. It is used in a few books, including the Silesian alphabet book.[51]

Letters: A, Ã, B, C, Ć, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, Ł, M, N, Ń, O, Ŏ, Ō, Ô, Õ, P, R, S, Ś, T, U, W, Y, Z, Ź, Ż.

One of the first alphabets created specifically for Silesian was Steuer's Silesian alphabet, created in the Interwar period and used by Feliks Steuer for his poems in Silesian. The alphabet consists of 30 graphemes and eight digraphs:

Letters: A, B, C, Ć, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, Ł, M, N, Ń, O, P, R, S, Ś, T, U, Ů, W, Y, Z, Ź, Ż

Digraphs: Au, Ch, Cz, Dz, Dź, Dż, Rz, Sz

Based on the Steuer alphabet, in 2006 the was proposed:

Letters: A, B, C, Ć, Č, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ń, O, P, R, Ř, S, Ś, Š, T, U, Ů, W, Y, Z, Ź, Ž.

Silesian's phonetic alphabet replaces the digraphs with single letters (Sz with Š, etc.) and does not include the letter Ł, whose sound can be represented phonetically with U. It is therefore the alphabet that contains the fewest letters. Although it is the most phonetically logical, it did not become popular with Silesian organizations, with the argument that it contains too many caron diacritics and hence resembles the Czech alphabet. Large parts of the Silesian Wikipedia, however, are written in Silesian's phonetic alphabet.

Sometimes other alphabets are also used, such as the "Tadzikowy muster" (for the National Dictation Contest of the Silesian language) or the Polish alphabet, but writing in this alphabet is problematic as it does not allow for the differentiation and representation of all Silesian sounds.

Culture

Silesian has recently seen an increased use in culture, for example:

Recognition

In 2003, the National Publishing Company of Silesia (Polish: Narodowa Oficyna Śląska) commenced operations.[59] This publisher was founded by the Alliance of the People of the Silesian Nation (Polish: Związek Ludności Narodowości Śląskiej) and it prints books about Silesia and books in Silesian language.

In July 2007, the Slavic Silesian language was given the ISO 639-3 code szl.[60]

On 6 September 2007, 23 politicians of the Polish parliament made a statement about a new law to give Silesian the official status of a regional language.[61]

The first official National Dictation Contest of the Silesian language (Polish: Ogólnopolskie Dyktando Języka Śląskiego) took place in August 2007. In dictation as many as 10 forms of writing systems and orthography have been accepted.[62] [63]

On 30 January 2008 and in June 2008, two organizations promoting Silesian language were established: Pro Loquela Silesiana and Tôwarzistwo Piastowaniô Ślónskij Môwy "Danga".[64]

On 26 May 2008, the Silesian Wikipedia was founded.[65] [66]

On 30 June 2008 in the edifice of the Silesian Parliament in Katowice, a conference took place on the status of the Silesian language. This conference was a forum for politicians, linguists, representatives of interested organizations and persons who deal with the Silesian language. The conference was titled "Silesian – Still a Dialect or Already a Language?" (Polish: Śląsko godka – jeszcze gwara czy jednak już język?).[67]

In 2012, the Ministry of Administration and Digitization registered the Silesian language in Annex 1 to the Regulation on the state register of geographical names;[68] however, in a November 2013 amendment to the regulation, Silesian is not included.[69]

On 26 April 2024, the Sejm voted 236-186 with five abstentions to recognise Silesian as a regional language.[70] [71] [72] On 29 May 2024, President Andrzej Duda vetoed the bill.[73]

On 26 June 2024, Silesian was added to the languages offered in the Google Translate service.[74] [75] [76]

See also

Literature

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Wstępne wyniki Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań 2021 w zakresie struktury narodowo-etnicznej oraz języka kontaktów domowych. Report of results: National Census of Population and Housing, 2021.. pl. Central Statistical Office of Poland. 2023.
  2. Web site: Ethnologue report for language code: szl . Ethnologue. Languages of the World .
  3. News: Ptak . Alicja . 2022-12-28 . Supermarket introduces bilingual Polish-Silesian signs . 2023-04-14 . Notes from Poland . Kraków . en.
  4. News: Tilles . Daniel . 2023-04-13 . New census data reveal changes in Poland's ethnic and linguistic makeup . 2023-04-14 . Notes from Poland . Kraków . en.
  5. [Tomasz Kamusella]
  6. 18 August 2020 . Najstarszy zabytek śląskiej literatury? (Część 1) . Wachtyrz.eu . pl . 21 June 2023 . Najstarsze dokumenty będące świadectwem wyodrębniania się dialektów śląskich w oddzielną grupę pochodzą z XVI w. Należą do nich m. in. list Ambrożego Szklorza z Olesna opublikowany przez Władysława Nehringa (Nehring 1902 [1]) i rachunek ślusarza Matysa Hady opublikowany przez Leona Derlicha i Andrzeja Siuduta (Derlich, Siudut 1957). Są to jednak zabytki piśmiennictwa, a nie literatury – początków tej drugiej można się doszukiwać na Śląsku w najlepszym razie dopiero w wieku XVII..
  7. News: Law to recognise Silesian as regional language in Poland approved by parliament. Daniel. Tilles. Notes from Poland. Kraków. 2024-04-26. en. 2024-04-29.
  8. Book: Gwara Śląska – świadectwo kultury, narzędzie komunikacji . 2002 . „Śląsk" . Jolanta Tambor (eds.); Aldona Skudrzykowa . 83-7164-314-4 . Katowice . 830518005.
  9. „Słownik gwar Śląskich". Opole, Bogusław Wyderka (eds.)
  10. „Dialekt śląski" author: Feliks Pluta, publication: Wczoraj, Dzisiaj, Jutro. – 1996, no 1/4, pp 5–19
  11. „Fenomen śląskiej gwary" author: Jan Miodek publication: Śląsk. – 1996, no 5, pp 52
  12. News: Ptak . Alicja . 2022-12-28 . Supermarket introduces bilingual Polish-Silesian signs . 2023-04-14 . Notes from Poland . Kraków . en.
  13. Norman Davies, Europe: A History, Oxford 1996 pp 1233
  14. https://d.polskatimes.pl/k/r/10/26/fe/4dd5396ff3179_z.pdf Jolanta Tambor. Opinia merytoryczna na temat poselskiego projektu ustawy o zmianie Ustawy o mniejszościach narodowych i etnicznych oraz o języku regionalnym, a także niektórych innych ustaw, Warszawa 3 maja 2011 r. (English: Substantive opinion on the parliamentary bill amending the Act on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional language, as well as some other acts, Warsaw, May 3, 2011.)
  15. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/szl/ Silesian szl. Ethnologue.
  16. Web site: S . 2024-05-29 . President Duda Vetoes Bill to Recognize Silesian Dialect as Regional Language . 2024-05-30 . PolandDaily24.com . en-US.
  17. Web site: Raport z wyników: Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20121021013327/https://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_raport_z_wynikow_NSP2011.pdf. 21 October 2012. Report of results: National Census of Population and Housing, 2011.. pl. Central Statistical Office of Poland. 2011.
  18. Web site: Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti podle krajů . https://web.archive.org/web/20120131022340/https://notes2.czso.cz/cz/sldb2011/cd_sldb2011_11_12/index_html_files/PVCR062.pdf . 31 January 2012 . .
  19. Web site: Národnost ve sčítání lidu v českých zemích . https://web.archive.org/web/20060613165802/https://www.cvvm.cas.cz/upl/nase_spolecnost/100023s_Samanova-narodnost.pdf. 13 June 2006 . 16 August 2012.
  20. https://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/special_issues/CEDIME-unwgm2001/un%20wgm%20slovakia%20appendix%20on%20minorities%203a%2015-5-01.doc National Minorities in the Slovak Republic
  21. Web site: Jan Miodek: Dyskusja o języku śląskim w piśmie jest żenująca. 26 March 2011.
  22. Web site: Endangered Languages Project – Upper Silesian – Ôjcze nasz. 20 April 2021. www.endangeredlanguages.com. en.
  23. "Ekspertyza naukowa prof. UŚ Dr hab. Jolanty Tambor" (en: "Scientific expertise by Juan Lajo"), 2008
  24. "Ekspertyza naukowa pana Juana Lajo" (en: "Scientific expertise by Juan Lajo"), 2008
  25. "Ekspertyza naukowa dra Tomasza Wicherkiewicza" (en: "Scientific expertise by Tomasz Wicherkiewicz"), 2008
  26. "Ekspertyza naukowa ks. dra hab. Jerzego Dadaczyńskiego") (en: "Scientific expertise by Jerzy Dadaczyński"), 2008
  27. "Ekspertyza naukowa dr Elżbiety Anny Sekuły" (en: "Scientific expertise by Elżbieta Anna Sekuła"), 2008
  28. Book: Schlonzska mowa – Język, Górny Śląsk i nacjonalizm . Silesian speech – language, Upper Silesia and nationalism . Tomasz Kamusella . 83-919589-2-2 . pl. 2005 .
  29. Web site: The Szlonzoks and their Language: Between Germany, Poland and Szlonzokian Nationalism . Tomasz Kamusella . . 2003 .
  30. "Polszczyzna śląska" – Stanisław Rospond, Ossolineum 1970, p. 80–87
  31. Web site: The Silesian Language in the Early 21st Century: A Speech Community on the Rollercoaster of Politics Tomasz Kamusella. xlibx.com. 11 December 2012. 11 June 2015.
  32. Book: Neue deutsche Biographie . New German biography . Ernst Eichler . 1999 . 519. de.
  33. Book: Zur schlesischen Sprachlandschaft: Ihr alter slawischer Anteil . On the Silesian language landscape: their old Slavic share . Reinhold Olesch . 1987 . 32–45 . de.
  34. Book: Śląski był jego językiem ojczystym: Reinhold Olesch, 1910–1990 . Silesian was his mother tongue: Reinhold Olesch, 1910–1990 . Joanna Rostropowicz . pl.
  35. Book: Śląsk bogaty różnorodnością – kultur, narodów i wyznań. Historia lokalna na przykładzie wybranych powiatów, miast i gmin . Silesia, a rich diversity – of cultures, nations and religions. Local history, based on selected counties, cities and municipalities . Krzysztof Kluczniok, Tomasz Zając . Urząd Gm. i M. Czerwionka-Leszczyny, Dom Współpracy Pol.-Niem., Czerwionka-Leszczyny . 2004 . 83-920458-5-8 .
  36. Book: Dictionary of Races or Peoples. Dillingham. William Paul. Folkmar. Daniel. Folkmar. Elnora. Washington, Government Printing Office. United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910). 1911. Washington, D.C.. 104–105.
  37. Book: Dictionary of Races or Peoples. Dillingham. William Paul. Folkmar. Daniel. Folkmar. Elnora. Washington, Government Printing Office. 1911. Washington, D.C.. 128.
  38. Alexander M. Schenker, "Proto-Slavonic", The Slavonic Languages (1993, Routledge), pages 60–121.
  39. Robert A. Rothstein, "Polish", The Slavonic Languages (1993, Routledge), pages 686–758.
  40. Roland Sussex & Paul Cubberley, The Slavic Languages (2006, Cambridge University Press).
  41. Encyclopedia: Silesian . .
  42. Web site: Schlesisch . Gerd Hentschel . de.
  43. Book: Gerd Hentschel . Mitteleuropa – Osteuropa. Oldenburger Beiträge zur Kultur und Geschichte Ostmitteleuropas . 2001 . Das Schlesische – eine neue (oder auch nicht neue) slavische Sprache? . P. Lang . 3-631-37648-0.
  44. Gerd Hentschel: Das Schlesische – eine neue (oder auch nicht neue) slavische Sprache?, Mitteleuropa – Osteuropa. Oldenburger Beiträge zur Kultur und Geschichte Ostmitteleuropas. Band 2, 2001
  45. Book: Silesian Idiom and Language . Ewald Osers . New York . 1949 .
  46. Web site: Tschechisch . Dušan Šlosar . de.
  47. Web site: Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens. Encyclopedia of Languages of Eastern Europe. de. Aleksandr Dulichenko. Aleksandr Dulichenko.
  48. Web site: Útvary českého národního jazyka . Structures of the Czech National Language . Pavlína Kuldanová . 2003 . cs . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120902040929/https://www.osu.cz/fpd/kcd/dokumenty/cestinapositi/igstema1.htm . 2 September 2012 .
  49. Book: Jaroszewicz, Henryk. Zasady pisowni języka śląskiego. 2022. szl. 11–59.
  50. Web site: "Silesian Ubuntu Translation" team . Launchpad.net . 5 July 2009 . 11 June 2015.
  51. Mirosław Syniawa: Ślabikŏrz niy dlŏ bajtli. Pro Loquela Silesiana.
  52. Web site: Home . wachtyrz.eu.
  53. Web site: Niklaus Pieron – YouTube. www.youtube.com.
  54. Web site: SlonskyRadio. SlonskyRadio.
  55. Web site: Po śląsku w kaplicy . Once in the chapel of Silesia . e-teatr.pl . 6 April 2012 . pl.
  56. Web site: Stanisław Mutz – Polterabend . https://web.archive.org/web/20070624085950/https://www.teatrslaski.art.pl/przedstawienia/polterabend.php . 24 June 2007 . Silesian Theatre . pl.
  57. https://jednoaktowka.pl/poczytaj/ Jednoaktówki po śląsku
  58. News: Ślabikorz dlo Slůnzokůw. Przemysław Jedlicki, Mirosław Syniawa. 13 February 2009. Gazeta Wyborcza Katowice. https://bi.gazeta.pl/im/6/6274/m6274016.jpg. 13 February 2009.
  59. Web site: Narodowa Oficyna Śląska. National Publishing Company of Silesia. szl. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070904145609/https://www.narodowaoficynaslaska.friko.pl/. 4 September 2007.
  60. Web site: ISO documentation of Silesian language . .
  61. Web site: Śląski wśród języków świata . Silesian Among the Languages of the World . Dziennik Zachodni . 2008 . . pl. Dziennik Zachodni .
  62. Web site: National Dictation contest of the Silesian language .
  63. Orthography: diacritic, Czech, phonetic, Hermannowa, Polish, Polish plus, Steuer's, Tadzikowa, Wieczorkowa, multisigned.
  64. Web site: Śląski wśród języków świata . https://web.archive.org/web/20080620224607/https://www.dz.com.pl/?tekst,2484 . 20 June 2008 . The Silesian language is a foreign language . . 2008 . pl.
  65. Web site: Śląska Wikipedia już działa . Silesian Wikipedia already operating . Gazeta Wyborcza-Gospodarka . 2008 . pl.
  66. https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikipedia_Silesian Requests for new languages/Wikipedia Silesian. 2008. Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. 27 May.
  67. News: Katowice: konferencja dotycząca statusu śląskiej mowy . Katowice: Conference concerning the status of the Silesian language . . 1 July 2008 . 6 April 2012 .
  68. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20120000309 Dz.U. 2012 nr 0 poz. 309
  69. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20130001346 Dz. U. z 2013 r. poz. 1346
  70. Web site: Polish parliament recognizes Silesian as official regional language . . 26 April 2024 . en.
  71. Web site: 2024 . Język śląski uznany za język regionalny. Sejm uchwalił ustawę . Silesian language recognized as a regional language. The Sejm passed the act. . . pl.
  72. Web site: 2024 . Sejm uznał mowę śląską za język regionalny. . The Sejm recognized the Silesian language as a regional language. . . pl.
  73. Web site: S . 2024-05-29 . President Duda Vetoes Bill to Recognize Silesian Dialect as Regional Language . 2024-05-30 . PolandDaily24.com . en-US.
  74. https://support.google.com/translate/answer/15139004?visit_id=638554307175779141-4093546030&p=TranslateNewLanguages2024&rd=1 What’s new in Google Translate: More than 100 new languages. 2024. Google Translate Help. 27 Jun.
  75. https://blog.google/intl/en-in/google-translate-new-languages-2024/ 110 new languages are coming to Google Translate. 2024. Google India Blopg. 27 Jun.
  76. https://www.slazag.pl/milowy-krok-dla-promocji-jezyka-slaskiego-tlumacz-google-wlaczyl-go-do-swoich-jezykow-nie-jest-idealnie-glownie-smiesznie Katarzyna Pachelska. 2024. Milowy krok dla promocji języka śląskiego!? Tłumacz Google włączył go do swoich języków. Nie jest idealnie, głównie - śmiesznie. Slązag. 28 Jun.
  77. https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/eurasia_border_review/ebr_v5n2/EBR_v5n2_35.pdf "The Long Shadow of Borders: The Cases of Kashubian and Silesian in Poland"
  78. https://web.archive.org/web/20150210191347/https://www.pol-int.org/pl/publikationen/l-nsko-godka-silesian-language Tomasz Kamusella (2013): "Ślōnsko godka. The silesian language" - Review by Mark Brüggemann

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Silesian language".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.