Silence (2016 film) explained

Director:Martin Scorsese
Cinematography:Rodrigo Prieto
Editing:Thelma Schoonmaker
Runtime:161 minutes[1]
Budget:$40–50 million[2] [3]
Gross:$23.8 million[4]

Silence is a 2016 epic historical drama film directed by Martin Scorsese from a screenplay by Jay Cocks and Scorsese, based on the 1966 novel of the same name by Shūsaku Endō, marking the third filmed adaptation of the novel. The film stars Andrew Garfield, Adam Driver, Tadanobu Asano, Ciarán Hinds and Liam Neeson. The plot follows two 17th-century Jesuit priests who travel from Portugal to Edo period Japan via Macau to locate their missing mentor and spread Catholic Christianity. The story is set in a time when it was common for the faith's Japanese adherents to hide from the persecution that resulted from the suppression of Christianity in Japan after the Shimabara Rebellion (1637–1638) against the Tokugawa shogunate. These are now called the Kakure Kirishitan, or "hidden Christians".

The pre-production phase of the filmmaking for Silence went through a cycle of over two decades of setbacks and reassessments. After filming of The Wolf of Wall Street concluded in January 2013, Scorsese committed to following it up with Silence. On April 19, 2013, Scorsese indicated that he would begin production on Silence in 2014. Irwin Winkler was then announced as a producer, as were Randall Emmett and George Furla, who would provide financing through their company Emmett/Furla Films. Soon thereafter, planning was made for the film to be shot in Taiwan.

A long-time passion project for Scorsese, which he had developed for over 25 years, the film premiered in Rome on November 29, 2016, and was released in the United States on December 23, 2016. It received critical acclaim, with both the National Board of Review and American Film Institute selecting Silence as one of their top ten films of the year. It also received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. However, the film was a box office bomb, grossing just $22 million against its $50 million budget. Silence is the third of Scorsese's films about religious figures struggling with challenges of faith, following The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) and Kundun (1997).

Plot

Veteran Portuguese Jesuit priest Cristóvão Ferreira is forced to watch as Japanese converts to Christianity are tortured to death for refusing to renounce their faith.

A few years later, at St. Paul's College in Macau, an Italian Jesuit priest, Alessandro Valignano, receives news that Ferreira renounced his faith in Japan. In disbelief, Ferreira's Portuguese pupils, the young Jesuit priests Sebastião Rodrigues and Francisco Garupe, set off to find him, guided by Kichijirō, a fisherman stranded in Macau. Kichijirō is seeking redemption, as he renounced his faith to save himself while the rest of his family was put to death.

Arriving in the 1639 Japanese village of Tomogi, the priests find local Christian populations driven underground in fear of "the Inquisitor." The villagers hide the two priests, but they are horrified when officials of the shogunate arrive to ferret out hidden Christians and force them to step on a fumi-e, a carved image of Christ. The villagers who refuse are left to drown on the shore and their bodies cremated so they cannot be properly buried. Garupe leaves for Hirado Island and Rodrigues to Gotō Island, the last place Ferreira was seen.

Rodrigues finds the village destroyed and in 1643 Kichijirō betrays him to the authorities, who imprison him in Nagasaki. Rodrigues is forced by the Inquisitor, the daimyo Inoue Masashige, to watch as converts are tortured. He is shocked to see an emaciated Garupe among them; as the Inquistor tries to compel Garupe to renounce his faith, the priest refuses and instead swims out to try and save a dying woman. The guards hold him underwater and he drowns. Rodrigues' faith in God is shaken. When Kichijirō is imprisoned alongside him, Rodrigues reluctantly hears his confession.

Rodrigues is taken to meet Ferreira, who has assimilated into Japanese society. Ferreira apostatized while being tortured to save his fellow Christians, and now believes that Christianity has no place in Japan. That night, Rodrigues is brought to watch five Christians being tortured. He learns that they have already apostatized but will continue to suffer until he also abandons his faith. Rodrigues struggles over whether it is self-centered to refuse to recant when doing so will end others' suffering. He hears what he thinks is the voice of Jesus, giving him permission to step on the fumi-e, and he does.

Rodrigues takes a Japanese name and wife and is tasked by the Inquisitor to assist Ferreira in his efforts to prevent Dutch traders from smuggling Christian paraphernalia into Dejima. He hears the voice of Jesus, who assures him that rather than remaining silent as Rodrigues had thought, Jesus also suffered alongside those who were killed.

Despite having apostatized, Rodrigues is forced by shogunate officials to prove that he is not practicing his former religion in secret. Kichijirō is arrested after being caught with a Christian amulet and Rodrigues never sees him again. The former priest lives out the remainder of his life in Japan. After his death in 1685, he is given a traditional Japanese funeral. His wife is allowed to place an offering in his hand to ward off evil spirits - she places the tiny crudely made crucifix that was given to him when he first came to Tomogi, indicating that in his heart, Rodrigues remained a Christian all his life.

Cast

Production

Development

In an interview with America Magazine in December 2016, Scorsese stated that he first read Shūsaku Endō's novel Silence in 1989, when he was invited by Akira Kurosawa to Japan to play the part of Vincent van Gogh in Kurosawa's film Dreams (1990).[18] Scorsese obtained the film rights soon afterwards.[19]

Scorsese considered Silence a "passion project": it had been in development since 1990, two years after the release of his film The Last Temptation of Christ, which also carried strongly religious themes.[20] When asked why he retained interest in the project for over 26 years, Scorsese said:

As you get older, ideas go and come. Questions, answers, loss of the answer again and more questions, and this is what really interests me. Yes, the cinema and the people in my life and my family are most important, but ultimately as you get older, there's got to be more ... Silence is just something that I'm drawn to in that way. It's been an obsession, it has to be done ... it's a strong, wonderful true story, a thriller in a way, but it deals with those questions.[21]
In 2009, with the production beginning to coalesce, Scorsese and a production crew went to Nagasaki, Japan, visiting the original sites that served as the setting for Endō's novel.[22] Additional location scouting was conducted in Canada.[23] However, Silence entered a state of development hell soon afterwards, and Scorsese decided to work on Shutter Island and Hugo instead. In December 2011, Scorsese stated that Silence would be his next film.[24] By March, although he originally put it on the back burner and consequently dropped out, Scorsese signed back on to The Wolf of Wall Street and opted to direct it ahead of Silence.[25] However, at the time, Scorsese's publicist stated that Silence would come first.[26] In May, the film picked up another producer in the recently revived Cecchi Gori Pictures, which placed the project first on its slate of upcoming films. Cecchi Gori was involved in pre-production for Silence, but years of unrelated legal disputes had interrupted its association to the film.[27]

After filming of The Wolf of Wall Street concluded in January 2013, Scorsese committed to following it up with Silence. On April 19, 2013, it was announced that Scorsese would begin production on Silence in 2014, after a reputed 23-year wait. Irwin Winkler was announced as a producer the same day, as were Randall Emmett and George Furla, who would finance the production through their company Emmett/Furla Films. Paul Breuls' Corsan Films was also reportedly funding the project. Additionally, it was announced that the film would be shot in Taiwan.[28] [29]

Producer Irwin Winkler stated the choice to film in Taiwan was due to lower costs. "[The movie] was very, very expensive, and it was budgeted, because it takes place in 1670 in Japan. We got lucky and found out about Taipei, and in and around Taipei and Taiwan, we found great, great locations. The prices were very cheap, and we were able to make it for a price." Winkler disclosed that the tight budget forced many of the cast and crew, including himself, to work for minimum pay: "And all the actors, Liam Neeson, Adam Driver, everybody worked for scale. Marty worked for scale, I worked for under scale. We gave back money."[30] James Martin, a Jesuit priest and published Catholic scholar, as well as Catholic scholar Liam Brockey, worked closely with the filmmakers to ensure an accurate portrayal of the Jesuits.[31]

Legal claims

Scorsese's complex filmmaking commitments to multiple film projects resulted in an early legal challenge before filming of Silence could be initiated. In August 2012, Cecchi Gori Pictures sued Scorsese over an alleged breach of contract agreements related to Silence. According to the company, in 1990 Scorsese signed a written agreement to direct Silence. Scorsese was supposed to shoot the film following 1997's Kundun, and Cecchi Gori Pictures had apparently invested more than $750,000 for this purpose.[32] However, Scorsese chose to make Bringing Out the Dead, Gangs of New York and The Aviator first.[33]

In 2004, Scorsese purportedly signed deals to postpone the film further, in order to direct The Departed and Shutter Island. In 2011, Scorsese ostensibly agreed to one more deal, delaying Silence to direct Hugo. Cecchi Gori Pictures asserted that Scorsese agreed to pay "substantial compensation and other valuable benefits" in order to first direct The Departed, Shutter Island and Hugo. The company said the fees were "$1 million to $1.5 million per film plus up to 20 percent of Scorsese's backend compensation". The complaint was founded on the company's allegation that Scorsese failed to pay the fees agreed upon for Hugo, and that he breached the contract's terms by filming The Wolf of Wall Street ahead of Silence. Scorsese, via his representatives, responded: "The claims asserted are completely contradicted by, inconsistent with, and contrary to the express terms of an agreement entered into by the parties last year." He also denounced the lawsuit as a "media stunt" and a "meritless action".[34] The lawsuit was settled on January 17, 2014. The terms of the settlement are sealed.

Writing

This film marks the second adaptation of Shūsaku Endō's novel, which was previously adapted by Masahiro Shinoda into the 1971 film of the same name. Scorsese penned the initial screenplay in 1991 with co-writer and long-time collaborator Jay Cocks. However, they were unsatisfied with the script and conducted rewrites for an additional 15 years. Later, Endō's official translator, Van C. Gessel, who has translated eight of his novels, assisted as a consultant on the film.[35] The screenplay as finally filmed was assessed in critical review as an accurate depiction of the novel as written by Endō.[36] Religious historian Haruko Nawata Ward has indicated that the inclusion of the small crucifix in the deceased priest's hand at the end of the film was an auteur decision made by Scorsese not included in Endō's original book.[37]

Casting

Beginning in 2009 and into 2010, Daniel Day-Lewis, Benicio del Toro and Gael García Bernal were in negotiations to star.[23] In 2011, the film officially lost the involvement of Day-Lewis, del Toro, and García Bernal.[38] In May 2013, Andrew Garfield and Ken Watanabe joined the cast with Watanabe as the priests' translator. However, due to scheduling conflicts, Watanabe was replaced by Tadanobu Asano in January 2015.[39] [40] [41] In January 2014, Adam Driver and Liam Neeson joined the film, with Driver as Francisco Garupe, the second Jesuit priest, and Neeson as the priests' mentor, Cristóvão Ferreira.[42] [43]

Having completed the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola for playing a Jesuit in the movie, Andrew Garfield said: "What was really easy was falling in love with this person, was falling in love with Jesus Christ. That was the most surprising thing."[44]

Filming

In January 2012, Scorsese discussed the possibility of utilizing 3D, however reconsidered.[45] By February 2014, Scorsese had begun scouting locations in Taiwan,[46] with filming set for the summer, and eventually pushed back to early 2015.[47] Principal photography took place in Taiwan from January 30 to May 15, 2015,[48] using studios in Taipei and Taichung and locations in Hualien County.[49]

On January 28, 2015, the production experienced an accident at Taiwan's CMPC Studios. According to a spokesperson for the film, a tragic incident occurred in one of the backlots of the production when a ceiling collapsed, which resulted in the death of one contracted employee and the injury of two others.[50]

Scorsese and cinematographer Rodrigo Prieto drew inspiration from painters from the Baroque period when determining the color palettes of the film, using blue and cyan tones at the beginning and later a golden-yellow hue, which in Prieto's opinion, gave the film a sense of progression in color. While Prieto shot the landscapes and the actors using film stock, he resorted to digital when it came to the night scenes.

Prieto found some difficulties when shooting the film. With the weather constantly changing, he would have inconsistencies in terms of lighting that he solved by filming some sequences at night time that would be lit for either dusk or sunset. To simulate moonlight for many of the night scenes, Prieto used a rig of blue-green lights called the "UFO" and hung them on a crane.[51]

Music

See main article: Silence (soundtrack). The music for the film was composed by Kim Allen Kluge, the former music director at Quad City Symphony Orchestra, and Kathryn Kluge. Much of the soundtrack includes ambient nocturnal and ocean sounds repeated over several of the tracks. A 51-minute soundtrack of 25 tracks was released on February 17, 2017, by the recording studio for Rhino Warner Classics under ASIN release number B01N7S3IB9. An extended track of 12 minutes titled "Meditation" is included as the leading track on the soundtrack release.[52] [53]

Release

Scorsese brokered several distribution deals when he attended the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.[54] In July 2014, Paramount Pictures acquired distribution rights for the United States and optimistically eyed a late 2015 release.[55] Discussing the film in March 2016, Winkler revealed the film was in the editing process and that the film would be released "at the end of the year", confirming a 2016 release date. In August 2016, Scorsese stated the film would be completed in October, and the 2016 release of the film depended on Paramount.[56] Paramount Pictures released the first trailer for the film on November 22, 2016.[57]

The world premiere of the film was held at the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome on November 29, followed by a special screening the next day in Vatican City.[58] [59] It received a limited release (in four theaters) on December 23, 2016, in order to qualify for 2017 Oscar nominations,[60] which expanded to 1580 theaters on January 20.[61] [62] [63]

Home media

The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 28, 2017, with a slightly earlier release date of March 14, 2017, set for digital streaming of the film.[64]

Reception

Box office

Silence grossed $7.1 million in the United States and Canada and $16.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $23.7 million, against a production budget of $40–50 million.

In North America, the film had its expansion alongside the openings of Monster Trucks, The Bye Bye Man and Sleepless, as well as the wide expansions of Live by Night and Patriots Day. The film was expected to gross $4–6 million from 747 theaters in its four-day MLK opening weekend.[65] It ended up debuting to $1.9 million (a four-day total of $2.3 million), finishing 15th at the box office. Deadline Hollywood attributed the film's low opening to its 161-minute runtime and lack of major award nominations to create buzz.[66] Similarly, The Hollywood Reporter noted that, unlike some of the other films released, Silence was playing in fewer cinemas and had been released at a time when the marketplace had "too many adult dramas" and "a lack of interest in the subject matter".[67]

Critical response

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on 286 reviews, and an average rating of 7.60/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Silence ends Martin Scorsese's decades-long creative quest with a thoughtful, emotionally resonant look at spirituality and human nature that stands among the director's finest works."[68] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating, the film has a score of 79 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[69] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[70] Several critics have referred to the film as being among the finest films of Scorsese's career.[68] [71]

Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film four out of four stars, stating: "Silence is a monumental work, and a punishing one. It puts you through hell with no promise of enlightenment, only a set of questions and propositions, sensations and experiences ... This is not the sort of film you 'like' or 'don't like.' It's a film that you experience and then live with."[72] Richard Roeper also awarded the film four out of four stars, saying: "When Ferreira finally appears and we learn the truth about where he's been all this time, it further serves Scorsese's central theme about the conflict between adhering to one's sacred vows and traditional beliefs and doing the right thing, the prudent thing, the moral thing, on a very pragmatic level."[73]

Several reviewers such as Justin Chang and Mark Kermode emphasized Scorsese's collaboration with his production crew and with his actors as contributing to the film's quality. Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Justin Chang called the film an "anguished masterwork" for Scorsese, stating: "Working with such sterling past collaborators as editor Thelma Schoonmaker, production designer Dante Ferretti and cinematographer Rodrigo Prieto, Scorsese has done more than resurrect a vision of feudal Japan... Silence feels less like a feat of adaptation than an act of artistic submission".[74] Mark Kermode writing for The Guardian indicated exemplary performances by the range of Japanese supporting actors in the cast, stating: "The real stars however, are the Japanese cast, from Yōsuke Kubozuka's enigmatic wretch, Kichijirō ... to Yoshi Oida's devout elder Ichizo, to whose village these priests bring both salvation and suffering. As a smiling, silver-tongued interpreter, Tadanobu Asano is a superb foil to the inquisitor, Inoue, played with fly-swatting menace by a wheedling Issey Ogata".[75]

Apart from the narrative qualities of the film, the filmmaking was also praised for the depth and thoroughness of its thematic content. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone, who assigned it stars out of four, wrote that Silence "offers frustratingly few answers but all the right questions" and argued that it is among the director's "most spiritually moving films to date".[76] In Slant, Jesse Cataldo argued: "Tapping into the vast pool of vagueness and uncertainty that exists beneath the veneer of a rigid, righteous belief, Scorsese crafts a versatile, multifaceted work that encourages serious reflection and contemplation".[77] Alissa Wilkinson of Vox wrote that Silence "is beautiful, unsettling and one of the finest religious movies ever made".[78] John Ehrett of The Federalist praised the film highly, saying: "Silence is a must-see masterpiece about the paradoxes of faith." Ehrett further added: "Complex yet reverent, Silence explores the meanings and dilemmas of Christian faith, and decisively sets a new benchmark for religious films."

Some reviewers cited the legacy aspects of the film for Scorsese, and compared Scorsese to iconic director Ingmar Bergman. Ty Burr of The Boston Globe said: "The movie's being promoted as the third in the director's unofficial trilogy of faith, after The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) and Kundun (1997), and it feels like a self-conscious masterpiece, a summing-up from a filmmaker who, at 74, may be thinking of his legacy."[79] Joshua Rothkopf of Time Out London gave the film five stars out of five, saying: "Scorsese has hit the rare heights of filmmakers like Ingmar Bergman and Carl Theodor Dreyer, artists who find in religion a battleground that leaves even the strongest in tatters, compromised and broken."[80] Emma Green of The Atlantic gave the film high praise, stating: "This is what makes Scorsese's film so radical and so unlike many movies about religion: It's actually art."[81] Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film five stars out of five, stating: "Scorsese's brutal spiritual epic will scald, and succor, your soul." Collin further added: "It's the kind of work a great filmmaker can only pull off with a lifetime's accrued expertise behind him".[82] Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three-and-a-half stars, stating: "With the religious historical drama Silence, Martin Scorsese proves he's as masterful a filmmaker with men of God as he is with gangsters." Truitt also argued that the film "marks one of the deeper and most thoughtful projects in Scorsese's career".[83]

The film also garnered criticism. Writing for Variety, Peter Debruge found major flaws with the film, writing: "Though undeniably gorgeous, it is punishingly long, frequently boring, and woefully unengaging at some of its most critical moments. It is too subdued for Scorsese-philes, too violent for the most devout, and too abstruse for the great many moviegoers who such an expensive undertaking hopes to attract."[84] John Patterson of The Guardian stated in his review: "I fear that Silence expired in the womb during that long gestation period. It is beautiful to look at, but feels inert, humourless and overly devout (to say nothing of over-long; Masahiro Shinoda's 1971 adaptation got Shūsako Endō's 1966 novel on to film using 30 fewer minutes than Scorsese). Perhaps that leap toward the devout is needed to savour it fully–and I found I couldn't make it."[85]

In 2023, Cannes Film Festival director Thierry Frémaux revealed in a podcast that he mentioned to Scorsese in 2017 his belief that, had Silence premiered at Cannes first before going to theaters, it would have had a better reception.[86]

Top ten lists

Silence was listed on numerous American critics' top ten lists for 2016.[87]

Industry reception

See main article: List of accolades received by Silence (2016 film). Silence received an Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography at the 89th Academy Awards. In addition to other competitive awards for which the film received accolades, the American Film Institute selected Silence as one of its ten Movies of the Year.[88]

Analysis

Scorsese has stated in interviews that among the most difficult aspects of the film to represent were the spiritual themes presented in Endō's original book used for the film. The first version of the script he attempted to write with his co-writer Jay Cocks managed to get only midway through the material before being set aside as insufficiently sensitive to the spiritual aspects of the book. It took Scorsese many years to envision a way to approach an accurate and informed filming of the scenes, involving spiritual transitions among the actors in the film.[89]

Caesar A. Montevecchio of the University of Notre Dame published a theological assessment of the spiritual themes in the film concentrating on the act of priestly renunciation depicted towards the end, stating: "This climactic scene of Rodrigues trampling the fumi-e makes clear that Silence is as much about the object of Christian faith as it is the experience of that faith. As ambient and live sound are washed out entirely, Rodrigues hears the voice of Christ telling him to trample, that it was to be trampled upon that Christ came into the world. The object of faith becomes a Christ who is a hero of pity, who takes up the weakness and suffering of humankind as his cross, rather than a hero of triumphant resolve. The Jesus of Silence is one of utter kenosis (self-emptying), and one who in the mercy of that kenosis radically sympathizes with the weakness, and frailty, of human beings, even ones like Judas and Kichijirō."[90]

Aaron Baker in his book A Companion to Martin Scorsese discussed aspects of the theological themes in the film, stating: "According to an analysis of the novel by the Japanese-American theologian Fumitaka Masuoka, it pivots on the idea that the "silence" of God is in fact the "message" of God, being not the silence of "nihil", or 'nothingness', but rather 'the "accompaniment" for the forsaken and the suffering', and the concomitant silence of Christians quietly hoping for salvation. Implicit here is what Matsuoka terms 'an element of uncertainty', a possibility that the "nihil" of emptiness, meaninglessness, and hopelessness will eventually prevail. Uncertainty about the fate of the soul (or the self, for secularists) lies at the heart of human experience, injecting many a mind with the existential fear, trembling, and sickness unto death of which Søren Kierkegaard vividly wrote."[91]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Silence (15) . . December 12, 2016 . January 14, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220215305/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/silence-film-0 . December 20, 2016.
  2. Web site: Box Office: 'Hidden Figures' Dominates MLK Weekend as 'Live by Night,' 'Monster Trucks,' 'Silence' Collapse . . January 16, 2017 . August 4, 2017 . August 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015043/http://variety.com/2017/film/box-office/hidden-figures-box-office-live-by-night-monster-trucks-silence-1201961015/ . live .
  3. Web site: Box-Office Pileup: Three Major Films Crash and Burn in Same Weekend . . January 13, 2017 . August 4, 2017 . August 5, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015027/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hidden-figures-box-office-mlk-weekend-silence-live-by-night-affleck-monster-trucks-doa-964232 . live .
  4. Web site: Silence (2016) . . August 9, 2017 . August 4, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170804105616/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=silence2016.htm . live .
  5. Web site: Martin Scorsese Casts Andrew Garfield and Ken Watanabe in 'Silence' . slashfilm.com . May 7, 2013 . March 2, 2014 . live . https://archive.today/20140303203322/http://www.slashfilm.com/martin-scorsese-casts-andrew-garfield-and-ken-watanabe-in-silence/ . March 3, 2014.
  6. Web site: Garfield Interview with Steve Colbert . Steve Colbert Late Night . August 2, 2017 . July 25, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170725034333/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fi3V4OzrkaA . live .
  7. Web site: Adam Driver Joins Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' . slashfilm.com . January 13, 2014 . March 2, 2014 . live . https://archive.today/20140303203256/http://www.slashfilm.com/adam-driver-joins-martin-scorseses-silence/ . March 3, 2014.
  8. Web site: Tadanobu Asano to Replace Ken Watanabe in Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' . Deadline Hollywood . January 6, 2015 . November 14, 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151117051016/http://deadline.com/2015/01/silence-tadanobu-asano-mongol-martin-scorsese-ken-watanabe-1201341580/ . November 17, 2015.
  9. Web site: Silence . Metacritic.com . November 14, 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161213143934/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/silence/details . December 13, 2016.
  10. Web site: Liam Neeson to Star in Martin Scorsese Movie 'Silence' . Deadline Hollywood . January 31, 2014 . March 2, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140301160042/http://www.deadline.com/2014/01/liam-neeson-silence-movie-martin-scorsese/ . March 1, 2014.
  11. Web site: First Picture of Andrew Garfield in Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' as Production Wraps in Taiwan . ropeofsilicon.com . November 14, 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150912115307/http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/first-picture-of-andrew-garfield-in-martin-scorseses-silence-as-production-wraps-in-taiwan/ . September 12, 2015.
  12. Web site: Shinya Tsukamoto interview: We spoke to the real star of Martin Scorsese's Silence . The Independent . January 13, 2017 . August 2, 2017 . August 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170807193932/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/shinya-tsukamoto-interview-silence-mokichi-character-tetsuo-death-scene-martin-scorsese-a7525986.html . live .
  13. Web site: Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' Wraps Production; First Image with Andrew Garfield Released . Screen Rant . May 5, 2015 . November 14, 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014442/http://screenrant.com/silence-martin-scorsese-andrew-garfield-images/ . November 17, 2015.
  14. Web site: Psycho Drama . Twitter . November 14, 2015 . June 22, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170622043702/https://twitter.com/_tMF/status/595814093233205248?lang=fi . live .
  15. Web site: Nana Komatsu making herself seen in Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' . Bull . Brett . May 12, 2016 . November 23, 2016 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161124155900/http://variety.com/2016/film/news/nana-komatsu-martin-scorsese-silence-1201771412/ . November 24, 2016.
  16. Web site: 沈黙. kinenote. August 4, 2021. August 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210803204450/http://www.kinenote.com/main/public/cinema/detail.aspx?cinema_id=86842. live.
  17. Web site: You Talkin' to Me? . . January 6, 2018 . January 7, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180107060901/https://www.filmcomment.com/article/martin-scorsese-silence-interview/ . live .
  18. Web site: Martin Scorsese discusses his faith, his struggles, and "Silence" . America Magazine . July 28, 2017 . April 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210421200651/https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=silence+scrsese+interview&view=detail&mid=5EDD208A9D39E5065C6A5EDD208A9D39E5065C6A&FORM=VRDGAR . live .
  19. Web site: Here's the Film Martin Scorsese Has Been Trying to Make for 27 Years . NoFilmSchool.com . December 9, 2016 . January 28, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170220223643/http://nofilmschool.com/2016/12/martin-scorsese-film-silence . February 20, 2017.
  20. "Silence release date sets Martin Scorsese's passion project up for Oscars ". The Independent. September 27, 2016.
  21. Web site: Martin Scorsese to Make Noise on 'Silence' at Cannes; Emmett/Furla Funding The Film . Deadline Hollywood . April 19, 2013 . January 16, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160219231833/http://deadline.com/2013/04/martin-scorsese-to-make-noise-on-silence-at-cannes-emmettfurla-films-funding-the-film-479101/ . February 19, 2016.
  22. Web site: Visit Nagasaki, Silence Feature . Nagasaki Prefecture Official Visitor Guide . Nagasaki Prefecture Tourism Association . December 22, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161222153834/http://visit-nagasaki.com/silence/ . December 22, 2016.
  23. Web site: Day-Lewis in talks for Scorsese's 'Silence' . . February 2, 2009 . March 2, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141101235458/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a145320/day-lewis-in-talks-for-scorseses-silence.html . November 1, 2014.
  24. Web site: Martin Scorsese Revives Adaptation of 'Silence' for His Next Project . FirstShowing.net . December 5, 2011 . March 2, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140302204610/http://www.firstshowing.net/2011/martin-scorsese-revives-adaptation-of-silence-for-his-next-project/ . March 2, 2014.
  25. Web site: Martin Scorsese Gets Back on 'The Wolf of Wall Street' with Leonardo DiCaprio; Shooting Stars in August . IndieWire.com . March 2, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140302220740/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/martin-scorsese-gets-back-on-the-wolf-of-wall-street-with-leonardo-dicaprio-shooting-stars-in-august . March 2, 2014.
  26. Web site: Scorsese Opts For 'Silence' Over 'Wolf' . darkhorizons.com . March 2, 2014 . November 2, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141102042934/http://www.darkhorizons.com/news/19559 . live .
  27. Web site: Martin Scorsese's Long Developing 'Silence' Finds Backer in Cecchi Gori Pictures, to Be Produced First on Company's Slate . IndieWire.com . March 2, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131019173549/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/martin-scorseses-long-developing-silence-finds-backer-in-cecchi-gori-pictures-to-be-produced-first-on-companys-slate-20120501 . October 19, 2013.
  28. Web site: Martin Scorsese's SILENCE Gets Financing; Poised to Start Filming July 2014 in Taiwan . Collider.com . April 19, 2013 . March 2, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140223014150/http://collider.com/martin-scorseses-silence-filming-july-2014/ . February 23, 2014.
  29. Web site: Martin Scorsese Locks Funding for 'Silence' . . January 22, 2015 . November 14, 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151023010318/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/martin-scorsese-locks-funding-for-silence-1201412246/ . October 23, 2015.
  30. News: Everyone, Including Martin Scorsese, Worked for Scale to Get 'Silence' Made; Film Will Be Released by End of 2016 . Kevin . Jagernauth . IndieWire.com . March 4, 2016 . January 14, 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160519132704/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/everyone-including-martin-scorsese-worked-for-scale-to-get-silence-made-film-will-be-released-by-end-of-2016-20160304 . May 19, 2016.
  31. Web site: Jesuit James Martin says new Scorsese movie is 'like a prayer' . Crux . December 7, 2016 . During the past two years, Jesuit Father James Martin, author of The Jesuit Guide to (Almost) Everything, was heavily involved in the process, working as a consultant on the script to make sure its portrayal of the members of the Society of Jesus, as the order founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola is named, was accurate. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161208144525/https://cruxnow.com/interviews/2016/12/07/father-james-martin-on-movie-silence/ . December 8, 2016.
  32. Web site: Martin Scorsese Settles 'Silence' Suit . Deadline Hollywood . January 31, 2014 . September 30, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161206215315/https://deadline.com/2014/01/martin-scorsese-silence-lawsuit-cecchi-gori-pictues-674768/ . December 6, 2016.
  33. Web site: Martin Scorsese Settles 'Silence' Lawsuit, Casts Liam Neeson . IndieWire.com . January 31, 2014 . September 30, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161002062445/http://www.indiewire.com/2014/01/martin-scorsese-settles-silence-lawsuit-casts-liam-neeson-30585/ . October 2, 2016.
  34. Web site: Martin Scorsese Sued by Producer Cecchi Gori over Alleged Deal to Direct 'Silence' . . August 22, 2012 . March 2, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140321152122/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/martin-scorsese-movies-lawsuit-cecchi-gori-364934 . March 21, 2014.
  35. News: Fall 2015 . BYU College of Humanities Alumni Magazine . January 14, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091200/https://issuu.com/byuhumanities/docs/humanities-singlepages . December 20, 2016.
  36. Web site: Matthews . Joshua . 'Silence': A Review Essay . Pro Rege . December 1, 2017 . July 31, 2017 . August 4, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170804113554/http://digitalcollections.dordt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2932&context=pro_rege&sei-redir=1&referer=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fas_ylo%3D2016%26q%3Dsilence%2Bscorsese#search=%22silence%20scorsese%22 . live .
  37. Ward . Haruko Nawata . Silence dir. by Martin Scorsese (review) . Pro Rege . March 1, 2017 . 103 . 1 . 169–170 . 10.1353/cat.2017.0055 . 164221036 . July 31, 2017 . August 4, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170804174544/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/651403 . live .
  38. Web site: Del Toro: "Scorsese is like my Yoda" . . March 2, 2014 . March 2, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140302202933/http://www.digitalspy.ca/movies/news/a202628/del-toro-scorsese-is-like-my-yoda.html . live .
  39. Web site: Asano Replaces Watanabe in Scorsese's 'SILENCE' . . January 16, 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160113065703/http://twitchfilm.com/2015/01/asano-replaces-watanabe-in-scorseses-silence.html . January 13, 2016.
  40. Web site: Andrew Garfield Set to Headline Silence . ComingSoon.net . May 7, 2013 . March 2, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140302215533/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=103888 . March 2, 2014.
  41. Web site: Andrew Garfield to Star in Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' (EXCLUSIVE) . . May 7, 2013 . March 2, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140312231441/http://variety.com/2013/film/news/andrew-garfield-to-star-in-martin-scorseses-silence-exclusive-1200470625/ . March 12, 2014.
  42. Web site: Adam Driver Joins Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' . . January 13, 2014 . March 2, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140302222457/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/adam-driver-joins-martin-scorseses-silence-kristen-wiig-alexander-skarsgard-to-star-in-the-diary-of-a-teenage-girl-more-20140113 . March 2, 2014.
  43. Web site: Liam Neeson Joins Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' . . January 31, 2014 . March 2, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140307034917/http://variety.com/2014/film/news/liam-neeson-joins-martin-scorseses-silence-1201080196/ . March 7, 2014.
  44. Web site: Andrew Garfield played a Jesuit in Silence, but he didn't expect to fall in love with Jesus.. 10 January 2017. America Magazine. 28 November 2020. 24 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201124162221/https://www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/2017/01/10/andrew-garfield-played-jesuit-silence-he-didnt-expect-fall-love-jesus. live.
  45. Web site: Martin Scorsese's 3D Plans for 'Silence' and 'Sinatra' Still Alive . The Film Stage . January 2, 2012 . March 2, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140308113427/http://thefilmstage.com/news/martin-scorseses-3d-plans-for-silence-and-sinatra-still-alive/ . March 8, 2014.
  46. Web site: Martin Scorsese Scouts Locations for 'Silence' in Taiwan . . February 7, 2014 . March 2, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140321151814/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/martin-scorsese-scouts-locations-silence-678187 . March 21, 2014.
  47. Web site: Martin Scorsese's Silence To Film in Taiwan This Summer . CinemaBlend.com . February 11, 2014 . March 2, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140302215829/http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Martin-Scorsese-Silence-Film-Taiwan-Summer-41616.html . March 2, 2014.
  48. News: Shackleton . Liz . May 5, 2015 . Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' to wrap in Taiwan . . September 9, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160921022117/http://www.screendaily.com/screenasia/scorseses-silence-to-wrap-in-taiwan/5087351.article . September 21, 2016.
  49. Web site: Frater . Patrick . 2015-05-05 . Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' To Wrap In Taiwan . 2022-05-27 . Variety . en-US . August 6, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180806210835/https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/martin-scorsese-silence-to-wrap-in-taiwan-1201487399/ . live .
  50. Web site: Tragic Death on Taiwan Set of Martin Scorsese-Directed 'Silence' . Deadline Hollywood . January 29, 2015 . February 20, 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150203122231/http://deadline.com/2015/01/silence-martin-scorsese-tragic-death-on-set-taiwan-1201362165/ . February 3, 2015.
  51. Web site: Daron . James . 'Silence' Cinematographer Rodrigo Prieto on Shooting Film and Digital for Scorsese . No Film School . December 29, 2016 . September 7, 2018 . September 7, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144731/https://nofilmschool.com/2016/12/silence-cinematographer-rodrigo-prieto-interview . live .
  52. News: Kluge . Kathryn . February 17, 2017 . Soundtrack for Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' to wrap in Taiwan . Amazon Music Releases . July 28, 2017 . April 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210421200652/https://www.amazon.com/Silence-Various-Artists/dp/B01N7S3IB9/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1501262138&sr=8-2&keywords=soundtrack+silence . live .
  53. Web site: Silence (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack). Soundtrack.net. January 6, 2024. January 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240106022419/https://www.soundtrack.net/album/silence/. live.
  54. Web site: Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' Lands Key Foreign Territory Deals . . March 2, 2014 . May 30, 2013 . Pamela McClintock . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140321151825/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/martin-scorseses-silence-lands-key-560715 . March 21, 2014.
  55. Web site: Paramount Acquiring Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' For 2015 Oscar Season . Deadline Hollywood . November 14, 2015 . Mike Jr. . Fleming . July 14, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151117050710/http://deadline.com/2014/07/paramount-martin-scorsese-silence-803900/ . November 17, 2015.
  56. Web site: Martin Scorsese Says 2016 Release of 'Silence' "Depends on Paramount" . . Kevin . Jaugernauth . August 5, 2016 . August 19, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160822103957/http://theplaylist.net/martin-scorsese-says-2016-release-silence-depends-paramount-20160805/ . August 22, 2016.
  57. Web site: Watch the first trailer for Martin Scorsese's Silence . . November 22, 2016 . November 23, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161123095222/http://variety.com/2016/film/news/watch-the-first-trailer-for-martin-scorseses-silence-1201925350/ . November 23, 2016.
  58. Web site: On Tuesday, "Silence" screened for roughly 300 Jesuits at the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome, in what amounted to the film's de facto world premiere. Attendees were able to discuss the film with Scorsese afterwards. . Variety . Martin Scorsese Meets Pope Francis and Talks Jesuit History Prior to 'Silence' Screening . Nick Vivarelli . November 30, 2016 . January 4, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170105180011/http://variety.com/2016/film/global/martin-scorsese-meets-pope-francis-talks-jesuit-history-prior-to-silence-screening-1201930025/ . January 5, 2017.
  59. Web site: Martin Scorsese on Screening of Christian Persecution Film 'Silence' on Vatican's Giant Crucifix . . December 6, 2016 . Stoyan Zaimov . live . http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20161207204447/http://www.christianpost.com/news/martin-scorsese-screening-christian-persecution-film-silence-vaticans-giant-crucifix-171944/ . December 7, 2016.
  60. Web site: December 24, 2016 . January 21, 2017 . Box Office: 'Rogue One', 'Sing' Take Top Two Spots on Friday, Others Lag . Variety . Seth Kelley . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010238/http://variety.com/2016/film/box-office/box-office-rogue-one-star-wars-sing-passengers-why-him-1201948206/ . February 2, 2017.
  61. Web site: Silence (2016) – Financial Information . The Numbers . January 21, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004610/http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Silence-%282016%29 . February 2, 2017.
  62. Web site: Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' Adds Hundreds of Theaters Ahead of Oscar Nominations . Variety . Dave McNary . January 19, 2017 . January 21, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170120141911/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/paramount-expands-martin-scorsese-silence-oscar-nominations-1201964362/ . January 20, 2017.
  63. Web site: Arthouse Audit: Audiences Skip Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' . Tom Brueggemann . IndieWire . January 15, 2017 . January 21, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170117130127/https://www.indiewire.com/2017/01/box-office-arthouse-audit-martin-scorsese-silence-oscar-contenders-la-la-land-1201769151/ . January 17, 2017.
  64. Web site: Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' DVD Release Date . DVDs Release Dates . January 19, 2017 . July 21, 2017 . July 15, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170715060028/http://www.dvdsreleasedates.com/movies/6766/silence . live .
  65. Web site: Crowded Field Fuels Potentially Wild MLK Weekend – Box Office Preview . Deadline Hollywood . January 11, 2017 . January 12, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170112181346/http://deadline.com/2017/01/patriots-day-rogue-one-hidden-figures-la-la-land-monster-trucks-martin-luther-king-jr-weekend-box-office-1201883066/ . January 12, 2017.
  66. Web site: 'Hidden Figures' Stays Smart, But Why Are So Many Movies Bombing Over MLK Weekend? . Deadline Hollywood . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170116005957/http://deadline.com/2017/01/patriots-day-sleepless-bye-bye-man-live-by-night-rogue-one-mlk-box-office-1201885490/ . January 16, 2017.
  67. Web site: Box-Office: Why Ben Affleck's 'Live by Night' and Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' Fared So Poorly . McClintock . Pamela . January 14, 2017 . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . January 17, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155113/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-why-ben-afflecks-live-by-night-martin-scorseses-silence-fared-poorly-964185 . January 16, 2017.
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  70. Web site: Box Office: Why Ben Affleck's 'Live by Night' and Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' Fared So Poorly . Pamela . McClintock . . January 14, 2017 . October 7, 2017 . January 16, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155113/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-why-ben-afflecks-live-by-night-martin-scorseses-silence-fared-poorly-964185 . live .
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  73. Web site: Roeper . Richard . 'Silence': Scorsese revisits issues of faith in haunting style . Chicago Sun Times . January 5, 2017 . March 21, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170116204954/http://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/silence-scorsese-revisits-issues-of-faith-in-haunting-style/ . January 16, 2017.
  74. Web site: Chang . Justin . Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' is an anguished masterwork of spiritual inquiry . Los Angeles Times . December 22, 2016 . July 21, 2017 . July 20, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170720145111/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-silence-review-20161216-story.html . live .
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  77. Silence . Cataldo . Jesse . Slant . December 15, 2016 . February 12, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170213012110/http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/silence . February 13, 2017.
  78. Web site: Wilkinson . Alissa . January 14, 2017 . Silence is beautiful, unsettling and one of the finest religious movies ever made . Vox . March 21, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170208033325/http://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/21/14005760/silence-review-spoilers-martin-scorsese-andrew-garfield-adam-driver . February 8, 2017.
  79. Web site: Burr . Ty . Martin Scorsese's 'Silence' is a masterpiece of faith . The Boston Globe . January 5, 2017 . March 21, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170322111522/https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/movies/2017/01/04/martin-scorsese-silence-masterpiece-faith/EurKLJrI5Z3ZAAdQXolGnJ/story.html . March 22, 2017.
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  81. Web site: Green . Emma . Martin Scorsese's radical act of turning theology into art . The Atlantic . December 21, 2016 . March 21, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112509/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/12/martin-scorsese-silence-theology-art-jesuits/510827/ . March 22, 2017.
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  84. Web site: Peter . Debruge . 'Silence' Review: Martin Scorsese Belabors His Passion Project . Variety . December 10, 2016 . March 21, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170326134326/http://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/silence-review-martin-scorsese-1201935391/ . March 26, 2017.
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  86. Web site: Le Figaro. Thierry Frémaux est l'invité du Club Le Figaro Culture. Ausha. May 18, 2023. French. May 10, 2023. May 18, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230518182150/https://podcast.ausha.co/le-club-le-figaro-culture/thierry-fremaux-est-l-invite-du-club-le-figaro-culture. live.
  87. Web site: Best of 2016: Film Critic Top Ten Lists. Metacritic. March 6, 2017. December 13, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161213020719/http://www.metacritic.com/feature/film-critics-list-the-top-10-movies-of-2016. live.
  88. Web site: Hipes . Patrick . AFI Awards: Best Of 2016 List Includes 'Silence', 'Hacksaw Ridge' & More . Deadline Hollywood . December 8, 2016 . January 14, 2017 . December 9, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161209182310/http://deadline.com/2016/12/afi-awards-film-2016-list-silence-sully-zootopia-1201867080. live.
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  91. Book: Baker, Aaron . Not nihil . A Companion to Martin Scorsese . April 1, 2016 . John Wiley & Sons . 9781118588369 . July 31, 2017 . April 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210421200659/https://books.google.com/books?id=aNNLBAAAQBAJ&q=silence+scorsese&pg=PT168 . live .

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