List of sieges of Constantinople explained

The following is a list of sieges of Constantinople, a historic city located in an area which is today part of Istanbul, Turkey. Constantinople was built on the land that links Europe to Asia through Bosporus and connects the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. As a transcontinental city within the Silk Road, Constantinople had a strategic value for many empires and kingdoms who tried to conquer it throughout history.

Originally known as Byzantium in classical antiquity, the first recorded siege of the city occurred in 510 BC by the Achaemenid Empire under the command of Otanes. Following this successful siege, the city fell under the rule of Persians until it won its independence again, and around 70 BC it became part of the Roman Republic, which was succeeded by the Roman Empire. Despite being part of Rome, it was a free city until it became under siege by Septimius Severus between 193–196 and was partially sacked during the civil war. After it was captured by Constantine the Great in 324, it became the capital of the Roman Empire, under the name of New Rome. It later became known as Constantinople, and in the years that followed it came under attack by both Byzantine pretenders fighting for the throne and also by foreign powers for a total of 22 times. The city remained under Byzantine rule until the Ottoman Empire took over as a result of the siege in 1453, known as the Fall of Constantinople, after which no other sieges took place.

Constantinople was besieged 36 times throughout its history. Out of the ten sieges that occurred during its time as a city-state and while it was under Roman rule, six were successful, three were repelled and one was lifted as a result of the agreement between the parties. Three of these sieges were carried out by the Romans who claimed the throne during civil war. Of all the sieges that took place from its founding by Constantine the Great till 1453, only three were successful, 21 were unsuccessful, and three were lifted by reaching mutual agreements. Four of these sieges took place during civil wars. The Sack of Constantinople that took place in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade caused the city to fall and to be established as the capital of the Latin Empire. It also sent the Byzantine imperial dynasty to exile, who founded the Empire of Nicaea. Constantinople came under Byzantine rule again in 1261 who ruled for nearly two centuries. The city was taken by the Ottomans with the siege in 1453, and as a result the Byzantine Empire came to an end. The city has been under the rule of Turks since the last siege, except for the period of Allied occupation from 1920 to 1923.

List of sieges

data-sort-type="number" scope="col" DateAttackersDefendersForces usedResultReference(s)
Achaemenid EmpireByzantiumNaval and landSuccessful[1] [2] [3]
Delian LeagueAchaemenid EmpireNavalSuccessful[4]
AthensByzantium, Megara, BoeotiaNaval and landSuccessful[5]
MacedoniaByzantium, AthensNaval and landUnsuccessful[6] [7]
GalatiansByzantiumLandLifted[8]
Seleucid EmpireByzantium, Heraclea Pontica,
Ptolemaic Kingdom		Naval and landUnsuccessful
PontusByzantiumNaval and landUnsuccessful[9]
Septimius SeverusPescennius NigerNaval and landSuccessful
Maximinus IILiciniusLandSuccessful[10] [11] [12]
Constantine the GreatLiciniusNaval and landSuccessful
GothsRoman EmpireLandUnsuccessful[13] [14] [15]
Pannonian Avars, Sasanian EmpireByzantine EmpireNaval and landUnsuccessful[16]
Rashidun CaliphateByzantine EmpireNaval and landUnsuccessful[17] [18]
UmayyadsByzantine EmpireNaval and landUnsuccessful[19] [20] [21]
UmayyadsByzantine EmpireNaval and landUnsuccessful[22]
Theodosius III, Byzantine EmpireAnastasios II, Byzantine EmpireNaval and landSuccessful[23]
UmayyadsByzantine EmpireNaval and landUnsuccessful
First Bulgarian EmpireByzantine EmpireLandUnsuccessful
Thomas the SlavMichael IINaval and landUnsuccessful
Rus' KhaganateByzantine EmpireNaval and landUnsuccessful
Kievan Rus'Byzantine EmpireNaval and landUnsuccessful
First Bulgarian EmpireByzantine EmpireLandUnsuccessful
First Bulgarian EmpireByzantine EmpireLandUnsuccessful
First Bulgarian EmpireByzantine EmpireLandUnsuccessful
Kievan Rus'Byzantine EmpireNaval and landUnsuccessful
Leo TornikiosConstantine IX MonomachosLandUnsuccessful
CrusadersByzantine EmpireNaval and landLifted[24]
CrusadersByzantine EmpireNaval and landSuccessful[25] [26]
Empire of Nicaea, Second Bulgarian EmpireLatin Empire, Duchy of the ArchipelagoNaval and landUnsuccessful
Empire of NicaeaLatin EmpireNaval and landSuccessful[27]
Andronikos IV Palaiologos, GenoaJohn V PalaiologosLandSuccessful
Ottoman EmpireByzantine EmpireNaval and landUnsuccessful[28] [29]
Ottoman EmpireByzantine EmpireNaval and landUnsuccessful[30]
Musa ÇelebiByzantine EmpireLandUnsuccessful[31] [32] [33]
Ottoman EmpireByzantine EmpireLandUnsuccessful[34]
Ottoman EmpireByzantine EmpireNaval and landSuccessful[35] [36] [37] [38]

Notes and References

  1. Book: Herodotos. Herodot. Tarih. 8. 2012. 392. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. İstanbul. 978-975-458-721-0. Müntekim Ökmen, çev..
  2. Book: Vasilev, Miroslav Ivanov. The Policy of Darius and Xerxes towards Thrace and Macedonia. 2015. 86. Brill. Lahey. 978-90-04-28214-8. 10.1163/9789004282155. en.
  3. Encyclopedia: Kuban. Doğan. Doğan Kuban. Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi. Bizantion. 1993. Tarih Vakfı Yayınları. 2. İstanbul. 258–260.
  4. Book: Harris, Jonathan. Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. 2. 2017. 26. Bloomsbury Publishing. Londra. 978-1-4742-5465-6. en. 10.1111/j.1540-6563.2009.00246_52.x. 144417364.
  5. Book: Grote, George. George Grote. A History of Greece: From the Time of Solon to 403 B.C.. 2001. 884. Routledge. Londra. 0-415-22369-5. en.
  6. Book: Sevin, Veli. Anadolu'nun Tarihi Coğrafyası I. 2016. 24. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. Ankara. 978-975-16-0984-7. 4.
  7. Book: Tekin, Oğuz. Byzas'tan I. Constantinus'a Kadar Eskiçağ'da İstanbul. 2001. 2. 33. Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yayınları. İstanbul. 978-975-7938-04-0.
  8. Arslan. Murat. January–February 2014. Galatların Byzantion Kuşatması. Aktüel Arkeoloji. 37. 68–75. İstanbul. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları. 1307-5756.
  9. Book: Grillo, Luca. Cicero's De Provinciis Consularibus Oratio. 2015. 116. Oxford University Press. Londra. en. 978-0-19-022459-2.
  10. Book: Sextus Aurelius Victor. Sextus Aurelius Victor. Aurelius Victor: De Caesaribus. 1994. 188. Liverpool University Press. Liverpool. 978-0-85323-218-6. 10.3828/978-0-85323-218-6. en. H. W. Bird, çev..
  11. Book: Gibbon, Edward. Edward Gibbon. Roma İmparatorluğu'nun Gerileyiş ve Çöküş Tarihi. I. 1988. 444. Bilim, Felsefe, Sanat Yayınları. İstanbul. Asım Baltacıgil, çev..
  12. Encyclopedia: Meydan Larousse. İstanbul. 1992. Sabah. 10. İstanbul. 77.
  13. Book: Alexander Van Millingen. Byzantine Constantinople: The Walls of the City and Adjoining Historical Sites. 19 August 2013. 31 October 2010. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-108-01456-4. 40–.
  14. Book: Stephen Turnbull. The Walls of Constantinople AD 324-1453. 19 August 2013. 21 August 2012. Osprey Publishing. 978-1-78200-224-6. 5–.
  15. Book: Jane Penrose. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. 19 August 2013. 2005. Osprey Publishing. 978-1-84176-932-5. 269–.
  16. Reazaei. Iman S.. September 2016. V.-VII. Yüzyıllarda Bizans-Sâsânî İlişkileri. İraniyat Dergisi. 1. 18–31. Ankara. İranoloji Derneği Yayınları.
  17. O'Sullivan. Shaun. 2004-01-01. Sebeos' account of an Arab attack on Constantinople in 654. Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 28. 1. 67–88. 10.1179/byz.2004.28.1.67. 161590308 . 0307-0131.
  18. Book: Hoyland, Robert G.. In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire. 2014-01-01. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-991636-8. 107. en.
  19. Apak. Adem. July 2009. Emevîler Döneminde Anadolu'da Arap-Bizans Mücadelesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 18. 2. 104. Bursa. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi. 1301-3394.
  20. Web site: Müslümanlar ve İstanbul. Unan. Fahri. 14 September 2009. hacettepe.edu.tr. https://web.archive.org/web/20170825210254/http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~unan/akademik34.html. 25 August 2017. 26 August 2017.
  21. Book: Uçar, Şahin. Anadolu'da İslâm-Bizans Mücadelesi. 1990. İşaret Yayınları. İstanbul. 82.
  22. Book: Hitti, Philip K.. Philip Khuri Hitti. Siyâsî ve Kültürel İslam Tarihi. II. 1989. Boğaziçi Yayınları. İstanbul. 320. Salih Tuğ, çev..
  23. Sumner. Graham V.. 1976. Philippicus, Anastasius II and Theodosius III. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 17. 3. 287–294. Durham, North Carolina. Duke University Department of Classical Studies. 2159-3159. 6415521. en.
  24. Book: Demirkent, Işın. Haçlı Seferleri. 1997. 172. Dünya Yayıncılık. İstanbul. 975-7632-54-6.
  25. Book: Robert de Clari. Robert de Clari. İstanbul'un Zaptı (1204). 1994. VI. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. Ankara. Beynun Akyavaş, çev..
  26. Ayönü. Yusuf. July 2015. IV. Haçlı Seferi'nin Ardından Batı Anadolu'da Mücadele Eden İki Rakip: İstanbul Latin Krallığı ve İznik İmparatorluğu. Cihannüma: Tarih ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi. 1. 1. 13. İzmir. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Fakültesi. 10.30517/cihannuma.283488. 2149-0678. free.
  27. Book: Georgios Akrapolites. Vekayinâme. 2008. 162. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları. İstanbul. 978-605-396-093-5. Bilge Umar, çev..
  28. Eroğlu. Haldun. 2004. Osmanlıların 1453 Öncesi İstanbul Kuşatmaları. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi. 22. 35. 89–101. Ankara. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi. 1015-1826. 10.1501/Tarar_0000000188. free.
  29. Encyclopedia: Demirkent. Işın. İslâm Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul. 2001. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları. 23. İstanbul. 205–212.
  30. Taeschner. Franz. 1990. 1453 Yılına Kadar Osmanlı Türkleri. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi. 5. 1. 296. İzmir. Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü. 0257-4152. Necmi Ülker, çev..
  31. Book: Cezar. Mustafa. Mufassal Osmanlı Tarihi. 2010. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. Ankara. 978-975-16-2322-5. 233. I.
  32. Encyclopedia: Başar. Fahameddin. İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Mûsâ Çelebi. 2006. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları. 31. İstanbul. 975-389-427-9. 216–217.
  33. Encyclopedia: Tekirdağ. Şehabeddin. İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Mûsâ Çelebî. 1979. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü. 8. İstanbul. 661–666.
  34. Encyclopedia: İnalcık. Halil. Halil İnalcık. İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Murad II. 1979. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü. 8. İstanbul. 600.
  35. Book: Yeorgios Francis. Georgios Frantzis. Şehir Düştü. 1992. 98. İletişim Yayınları. İstanbul. 975-470-283-7. Kriton Dinçmen, çev..
  36. Book: Barbaro, Nicolò. Konstantiniye'den İstanbul'a. 2007. 183. Moralite Yayınları. İstanbul. 978-975-6397-96-1. Muharrem Tan, çev..
  37. Book: Âşık Paşazâde. Osmanoğulları'nın Tarihi. 2003. 222. Koç Kültür Sanat Tanıtım. İstanbul. 975296043X. Kemal Yavuz; M. A. Yekta Saraç, çev..
  38. Book: Mahmut. Ak. Fahameddin. Başar. İstanbul'un Fetih Günlüğü. 2010. 2. 47. Çamlıca Basım Yayın. İstanbul. 978-9944-905-96-1.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of sieges of Constantinople".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.