Sidney Poitier Explained

Birth Date:20 February 1927
Birth Place:Miami, Florida, U.S.
Death Place:Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
Spouse:
    Partner:Diahann Carroll (1959–1968)
    Children:6, including Sydney Tamiia
    Years Active:1946–2009
    Works:Full list
    Awards:Full list
    Module:
    Embed:yes
    Office:Ambassador of the Bahamas
    Suboffice: Ambassador to Japan
    Subterm:1997–2007
    Suboffice2: Ambassador to UNESCO
    Subterm2:2002–2007
    Module2:
    Embed:yes
    Branch:United States Army
    Battles:World War II
    Serviceyears:1943–1944

    Sidney Poitier (;[1] February 20, 1927 – January 6, 2022) was a Bahamian-American actor, film director, activist, and diplomat. In 1964, he was the first Black actor and first Bahamian to win the Academy Award for Best Actor.[2] He received two competitive Golden Globe Awards, a BAFTA Award, and a Grammy Award as well as nominations for two Emmy Awards and a Tony Award. In 1999, he was ranked among the "American Film Institute's 100 Stars".[3] [4] Poitier was one of the last surviving stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood cinema.[5] [6] [7]

    Poitier's family lived in the Bahamas, then still a Crown colony, but he was born in Miami, Florida, while they were visiting, which automatically granted him U.S. citizenship. He grew up in the Bahamas, but moved to Miami at age 15, and to New York City when he was 16. He joined the American Negro Theatre, landing his breakthrough film role as a high school student in the film Blackboard Jungle (1955). Poitier gained stardom for his leading roles in films such as The Defiant Ones (1958) for which he made history becoming the first African American to receive an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination. Additionally Poitier won the Silver Bear for Best Actor for that performance. In 1964, he won the Academy Award and the Golden Globe for Best Actor[8] for Lilies of the Field (1963).[9]

    Poitier broke ground playing strong leading African American male roles in films such as Porgy and Bess (1959), A Raisin in the Sun (1961), and A Patch of Blue (1965). He acted in three films in 1967, films which dealt with issues of race and race relations: To Sir, with Love; Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, and In the Heat of the Night, the latter of which earned him Golden Globe and BAFTA Award nominations. In a poll the next year he was voted the US's top box-office star.[10] Poitier made his directorial film debut with Buck and the Preacher (1972) followed by A Warm December (1973), Uptown Saturday Night (1974), and Stir Crazy (1980). He later starred in Shoot to Kill (1988) and Sneakers (1992).

    Poitier was granted an honorary knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II in 1974.[11] [12] He received numerous honors including the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1982, the Kennedy Center Honor in 1995, Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award in 1999, and the Honorary Academy Award in 2002.[13] In 2009, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.[14] In 2016, he was awarded the BAFTA Fellowship for outstanding lifetime achievement in film. From 1997 to 2007, he was the Bahamian Ambassador to Japan.[15]

    Early life

    Sidney Poitier was born on February 20, 1927, in Miami, Florida.[16] He was the youngest of seven children[17] born to Evelyn and Reginald James Poitier, Afro-Bahamian farmers who owned a farm on Cat Island.[18] The family would travel to Miami to sell tomatoes and other produce to wholesalers. His father also worked as a cab driver in Nassau.[19] Poitier was born unexpectedly in Miami while his parents were there on business; his birth was two months premature, and he was not expected to survive, but his parents remained in Miami for three months to nurse him to health.[20] Poitier grew up in the Bahamas, then a British Crown colony. His birth in the United States entitled him to US citizenship.

    Although there were few Poitiers of French ancestry in the Bahamas,[21] some believe that the Poitier ancestors had migrated from Haiti,[22] and were probably among the runaway slaves who established maroon communities throughout the Bahamas, including Cat Island. There had, however, been one Poitier of French ancestry on Cat Island, planter Charles Leonard Poitier, who had immigrated from Jamaica in the early 1800s, possibly originally from Haiti. In 1834, following the abolition of slavery, 86 slaves from his wife's estate kept the Poitier name.

    Poitier lived with his family on Cat Island until he was ten, when they moved to Nassau. There he was exposed to the modern world, where he saw his first automobile and first experienced electricity, plumbing, refrigeration, and motion pictures.[23] [24] He was raised Catholic[25] but later became an agnostic[26] with views closer to deism.[27]

    At age fifteen, in 1942, he was sent to Miami to live with his brother's large family, but Poitier found it impossible to adjust to the racism in Jim Crow era Florida.[28] At sixteen, he moved to New York City, looking to become an actor, holding a string of jobs as a dishwasher in the meantime.[29] After failing his first audition with the American Negro Theatre due to his inability to fluently read the script, an elderly Jewish waiter sat with him every night for several months, helping him to improve his reading by using the newspaper.[30] During World War II, in November 1943, he lied about his age (he was only 16 at the time) and enlisted in the Army. He was assigned to a Veteran's Administration hospital in Northport, New York, and was trained to work with psychiatric patients. Poitier became upset with how the hospital treated its patients and feigned mental illness to obtain a discharge. Poitier confessed to a psychiatrist that he was faking his condition, but the doctor was sympathetic and granted his discharge under Section VIII of Army regulation 615–360 in December 1944.[31]

    After leaving the Army, he worked as a dishwasher until a successful audition landed him a role in an American Negro Theatre production, the same company he failed his first audition with.[32] [33]

    Career

    1947–1957: Early work and blacklist

    Poitier joined the American Negro Theater but was rejected by audiences. Contrary to what was expected of black actors at the time, Poitier's tone deafness made him unable to sing.[34] Determined to refine his acting skills and rid himself of his noticeable Bahamian accent, he spent the next six months dedicating himself to achieving theatrical success. He modeled his legendary speech pattern after radio personality Norman Brokenshire. On his second attempt at the theater, he was noticed and given a leading role in the Broadway production of Lysistrata, through which, though it ran a failing four days, he received an invitation to understudy for Anna Lucasta. Poitier would later befriend Harry Belafonte at the American Negro Theater.[35] [36]

    In 1947, Poitier was a founding member of the Committee for the Negro in the Arts (CNA),[37] an organization whose participants were committed to a left-wing analysis of class and racial exploitation.[38] Among his other CNA-related activities, in the early 1950s he was a Vice Chair of the organization.[39] In 1952, he was one of several narrators in a pageant written by Alice Childress and Lorraine Hansberry for the Negro History Festival put on by the leftist Harlem monthly newspaper Freedom.[40]

    His participation in such events and CNA generally, along with his friendships with other leftist Black performers, including Canada Lee and Paul Robeson, led to his subsequent blacklisting for a few years.[41] Even associating with Poitier added to the basis for blacklisting Alfred Palca, the writer and producer of one of Poitier's earliest films, the 1954 Go Man Go.[42] Poitier never did sign a loyalty oath, despite being asked in connection with his prospective role in Blackboard Jungle (1955).[43]

    By late 1949, Poitier had to choose between leading roles on stage and an offer to work for Darryl F. Zanuck in the film No Way Out (1950).[44] His performance in No Way Out, as a doctor treating a white bigot (played by Richard Widmark, who became a friend), was noticed and led to more roles, each considerably more interesting and more prominent than those most African-American actors of the time were offered.[45] In 1951, he traveled to South Africa with the African-American actor Canada Lee to star in the film version of Cry, the Beloved Country.[46] Poitier's distinction continued in his role as Gregory W. Miller, a member of an incorrigible high-school class in Blackboard Jungle (1955).[47] But it was his performance in Martin Ritt's 1957 film Edge of the City that the industry could not ignore. It was a pitch towards stardom granted him.

    Poitier enjoyed working for director William Wellman on Good-bye, My Lady (1956). Wellman was a big name, he had previously directed the famous Roxie Hart (1942) with Ginger Rogers and Magic Town (1947) with James Stewart. What Poitier remembered indelibly was the wonderful humanity in this talented director. Wellman had a sensitivity that Poitier thought was profound, which Wellman felt he needed to hide."[48] Poitier later praised Wellman for inspiring his thoughtful approach to directing when he found himself taking the helm from Joseph Sargent on Buck and the Preacher in 1971.[49]

    1958–1969: Breakthrough and stardom

    In 1958 he starred alongside Tony Curtis in director Stanley Kramer's The Defiant Ones.[50] The film was a critical and commercial success with the performances of both Poitier and Curtis being praised.[51] [52] The film landed eight Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Actor nominations for both stars, making Poitier the first Black male actor to be nominated for a competitive Academy Award as best actor.[53] Poitier did win the British Academy Film Award for Best Foreign Actor.

    Poitier acted in the first production of A Raisin in the Sun alongside Ruby Dee on the Broadway stage at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre in 1959. The play was directed by Lloyd Richards. The play introduced details of Black life to the overwhelmingly White Broadway audiences, while director Richards observed that it was the first play to which large numbers of Black people were drawn.[54] The play was a groundbreaking piece of American theater with Frank Rich, critic from The New York Times writing in 1983, that A Raisin in the Sun "changed American theater forever".[55] For his performance he earned a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play nomination. That same year Poitier would star in the film adaptation of Porgy and Bess (1959) alongside Dorothy Dandridge. For his performance, Poitier received a 1960 Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.[56]

    In 1961, Poitier starred in the film adaptation of A Raisin in the Sun for which he received another Golden Globe Award nomination.[57] Also in 1961, Poitier starred in Paris Blues alongside Paul Newman, Joanne Woodward, Louis Armstrong, and Diahann Carroll.[58] The film dealt with the American racism of the time by contrasting it with Paris's open acceptance of Black people. In 1963 he starred in Lilies of the Field.[59] For this role, he won the Academy Award for Best Actor and became the first Black male to win the award.[60] His satisfaction at this honor was undermined by his concerns that this award was more of the industry congratulating itself for having him as a token and it would inhibit him from asking for more substantive considerations afterward.[61] Poitier worked relatively little over the following year; he remained the only major actor of African descent and the roles offered were predominantly typecast as a soft-spoken appeaser.[62]

    In 1964, Poitier recorded an album with the composer Fred Katz called Poitier Meets Plato, in which Poitier recites passages from Plato's writings.[63] He also performed in the Cold War drama The Bedford Incident (1965) alongside the film's producer Richard Widmark, the Biblical epic film The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) alongside Charlton Heston and Max von Sydow, and A Patch of Blue (1965) co-starring Elizabeth Hartman and Shelley Winters.[64] [65] [66]

    In 1967, he was the most successful draw at the box office, the commercial peak of his career, with three popular films, To Sir, with Love, and In the Heat of the Night, and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner.[67] Although these three films seemingly shared little similarity, they all, albeit not overtly, dealt with the black and white divide.[68] In To Sir, with Love, Poitier plays a teacher at a secondary school in the East End of London. The film deals with social and racial issues in the inner city school. The film was met with mixed response; however, Poitier was praised for his performance, with the critic from Time writing, "Even the weak moments are saved by Poitier, who invests his role with a subtle warmth."[69]

    In Norman Jewison's mystery drama In the Heat of the Night, Poitier played Virgil Tibbs, a police detective from Philadelphia who investigates a murder in the Deep South in Mississippi alongside a cop with racial prejudices played by Rod Steiger. The film was a critical success with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling it "the most powerful film I have seen in a long time."[70] Roger Ebert placed it at number ten on his top ten list of 1967 films.[71] [72] Art Murphy of Variety felt that the excellent Poitier and outstanding Steiger performances overcame noteworthy flaws, including an uneven script.[73] Poitier received a Golden Globe Award and British Academy Film Award nomination for his performance.[74]

    In Stanley Kramer's social drama Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, Poitier played a man in a relationship with a White woman played by Katharine Houghton. The film revolves around her bringing him to meet with her parents played by Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy. The film was one of the rare films at the time to depict an interracial romance in a positive light, as interracial marriage historically had been illegal in most states of the United States. It was still illegal in 17 states—mostly Southern states—until June 12, 1967, six months before the film was released. The film was a critical and financial success. In his film review, Roger Ebert described Poitier's character as "a noble, rich, intelligent, handsome, ethical medical expert" and that the film "is a magnificent piece of entertainment. It will make you laugh and may even make you cry."[75] To win his role as Dr. Prentice in the film, Poitier had to audition for Tracy and Hepburn at two separate dinner parties.[76]

    Poitier began to be criticized for being typecast as over-idealized African-American characters who were not permitted to have any sexuality or personality faults, such as his character in Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. Poitier was aware of this pattern himself but was conflicted on the matter. He wanted more varied roles; but he also felt obliged to set an example with his characters, by challenging old stereotypes, as he was the only major actor of African descent being cast in leading roles in the American film industry at the time. For instance, in 1966, he turned down an opportunity to play the lead in an NBC television production of Othello with that spirit in mind.[77] Despite this, many of the films in which Poitier starred during the 1960s would later be cited as social thrillers by both filmmakers and critics.[78] [79] [80] [81]

    1970–1989: Transition to directing

    In the Heat of the Night featured his most successful character, Virgil Tibbs, a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, detective whose subsequent career was the subject of two sequels: They Call Me Mister Tibbs! (1970) and The Organization (1971).[82]

    In 1972 he made his feature film directorial debut, the Western Buck and the Preacher, in which Poitier also starred, alongside Harry Belafonte and Ruby Dee.[83] Poitier replaced the original director, Joseph Sargent.[84] The following year he directed his second feature, the romantic drama A Warm December.[85] Poitier also starred in the film alongside Esther Anderson.

    Along with Barbra Streisand and Paul Newman, Poitier formed First Artists Production Company so actors could secure properties and develop movie projects for themselves.[86] Working with First Artists, Poitier directed several financially successful comedy films, including three in which he also starred: Uptown Saturday Night (1974) with Bill Cosby and Harry Belafonte; and Let's Do It Again (1975) and A Piece of the Action (1977), both with Cosby.[87] His most successful comedy was Stir Crazy (1980; not a First Artists production), starring Richard Pryor and Gene Wilder, which for many years was the highest-grossing film directed by a person of African descent.[88]

    In 1985, he directed Fast Forward[89] and, in 1990, he reunited with Cosby directing him in the family comedy Ghost Dad.[90]

    In 1988, he starred in Shoot to Kill with Tom Berenger.[91] In 1992, he starred in Sneakers with Robert Redford and Dan Aykroyd.[92] In 1997, he co-starred in The Jackal with Richard Gere and Bruce Willis.[93]

    1990–2022: Later work

    In the 1990s, he starred in several well received television movies and miniseries such as Separate but Equal (1991), To Sir, with Love II (1996), Mandela and de Klerk (1997), and The Simple Life of Noah Dearborn (1999).[94] He received Emmy nominations for his work in Separate but Equal and Mandela and de Klerk, as well as a Golden Globe nomination for the former.[95] He won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2001.[96]

    In 2002, Poitier received the 2001 Honorary Academy Award for his overall contribution to American cinema. Later in the ceremony, Denzel Washington won the award for Best Actor for his performance in Training Day, becoming the second Black actor to win the award.[97] In his victory speech, Washington saluted Poitier by saying "I'll always be chasing you, Sidney. I'll always be following in your footsteps. There's nothing I would rather do, sir."[98]

    With the death of Ernest Borgnine in 2012, Poitier became the oldest living recipient of the Academy Award for Best Actor.[99] On March 2, 2014, Poitier appeared with Angelina Jolie at the 86th Academy Awards to present the Best Director Award.[100] He was given a standing ovation and Jolie thanked him for all his Hollywood contributions, stating: "We are in your debt." Poitier gave a brief speech, telling his peers to "keep up the wonderful work" to warm applause.[101] In 2021, the academy dedicated the lobby of the new Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles as the "Sidney Poitier Grand Lobby" in his honor.[102]

    Poitier was a lifelong activist for racial and social justice. He declined film roles he considered based on offensive racial stereotypes.

    Board and diplomatic service

    From 1995 to 2003, Poitier served as a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company.[103]

    In April 1997, Poitier was appointed ambassador from the Bahamas to Japan, a position he held until 2007.[104] From 2002 to 2007, he was concurrently the ambassador of the Bahamas to UNESCO.[105]

    Personal life

    Poitier was first married to Juanita Hardy from April 29, 1950, until 1965. Though Poitier became a resident of Mount Vernon in Westchester County, New York, in 1956,[106] they raised their family in Stuyvesant, New York, in a house on the Hudson River.[107] In 1959, Poitier began a nine-year affair with actress Diahann Carroll.[108] On January 23, 1976, he married Joanna Shimkus, a Canadian actress who starred with Poitier in The Lost Man in 1969, and they remained married until his death. Poitier had four daughters with his first wife: Beverly,[109] [110] Pamela,[111] Sherri,[112] and Gina.[113] He had two daughters with his second wife: Anika[114] and Sydney Tamiia.[115] Poitier had eight grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.[116] When Hurricane Dorian hit the Bahamas in September 2019, Poitier's family had 23 missing relatives.[117]

    Death

    On January 6, 2022, Poitier died at his home in Beverly Hills, California, at the age of 94.[118] [119] [120] [121] His death was confirmed by Fred Mitchell, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Bahamas.[122] According to a copy of his death certificate obtained by TMZ, the cause of death was cardiopulmonary failure, with Alzheimer's disease and prostate cancer listed as underlying causes.[123]

    Upon Poitier's death, many people released statements honoring him, including President Joe Biden, who wrote in part: "With unflinching grandeur and poise – his singular warmth, depth, and stature on-screen – Sidney helped open the hearts of millions and changed the way America saw itself." Former president Barack Obama paid tribute to Poitier, calling him "a singular talent who epitomized dignity and grace". Michelle Obama, Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton also released statements.[124]

    Many people in the entertainment industry also paid tribute to Poitier, including Martin Scorsese who wrote, "For years, the spotlight was on Sidney Poitier. He had a vocal precision and physical power and grace that at moments seemed almost supernatural."[125] Harry Belafonte, Morgan Freeman, Viola Davis, Whoopi Goldberg, Lupita Nyong'o, Halle Berry, Ava DuVernay, Oprah Winfrey, Octavia Spencer, Jeffrey Wright, Giancarlo Esposito, Quincy Jones, Michael Eisner, Ron Howard and others also paid tribute.[126] [127] [128] Broadway paid tribute when its theaters dimmed their lights on January 19, 2022, at 7:45 pm ET.[129]

    The Ebertfest film festival announced it would be dedicating its 2022 event to the memory of Poitier and Gilbert Gottfried.[130]

    Acting credits and accolades

    See main article: Sidney Poitier filmography and List of awards and nominations received by Sidney Poitier.

    Poitier became the first Black actor to win the Academy Award for Best Actor for Lilies of the Field (1963).[131] He also received a Grammy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and a British Academy Film Award.[96] [132] He received numerous honoraries during his lifetime including the Academy Honorary Award for his lifetime achievement in film in 2001. In 1992, Poitier received the AFI Life Achievement Award.[133] In 1994, Poitier received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[134] In 1981, he received the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award and in 2016 he received the BAFTA Fellowship.[135] [136] In 2022, he was inducted into the National Multicultural Western Heritage Museum.[137]

    In 1995, he received the Kennedy Center Honor and in 2009, Poitier was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Barack Obama.[138] [139] He was also named an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in 1974.[140] In 1986, he gave the Commencement Address to the University of Miami graduating class and was given the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Fine Arts.[141]

    Legacy

    Poitier was described as an icon in his obituary by USA Today.[142] Laura Jacobs for Vanity Fair hailed Poitier as the "Martin Luther King Jr. of the movies".[143] Several film historians and journalists have called him Hollywood's first African-American film star.[144] [145] The New York Times noted after his death, that Poitier was instrumental for the diversity of Hollywood and "paved the way for Black actors in film". The Hollywood Reporter wrote that "Poitier was the first actor to star in mainstream Hollywood movies that depicted a Black man in a non-stereotypical fashion, and his influence, especially during the 1950s and '60s as role model and image-maker, was immeasurable."[146]

    While presenting Poitier the Honorary Academy Award in 2002, Denzel Washington said of Poitier: "Before Sidney, African American actors had to take supporting roles in major studio films that were easy to cut out in certain parts of the country. But you couldn't cut Sidney Poitier out of a Sidney Poitier picture". He was an influential African-American actor and highly viewed as such as he became the first Black actor to be nominated for an Academy Award and the first Black male actor to win the award.[128] He was also described as the "sole representative" of African-Americans in mainstream cinema during the 1950s and 1960s, especially during the height of the American Civil Rights movement.[147] The New York Times noted that Poitier was "an ambassador to white America and a benign emblem of Black power".[148] For his role in diversifying Hollywood and for his role in paving the way for further Black actors, he was described as one of "the most important figures of 20th century Hollywood".[149]

    Former president of the United States Barack Obama noted that Poitier had "[advanced] the nation's dialogue on race and respect" and "opened doors for a generation of actors".[150]

    Sidney, a documentary film about Poitier's life and legacy by Reginald Hudlin, was released on September 23, 2022.[151]

    Works about Poitier

    AutobiographiesPoitier wrote three autobiographical books:

    Biographies

    Other works

    Poitier wrote the novel Montaro Caine (2013).[157]

    Documentaries

    In popular culture

    The play and film, Six Degrees of Separation, is about a young Black man named Paul, who cons a white, wealthy Manhattan couple living in a swanky home overlooking Central Park. Paul shows up at their home claiming to be friends with the couple's children at Harvard, but indicates he is in town to meet his father, Sidney Poitier. Paul charms the couple with glowing tales of his celebrity father, whom he indicates is in New York directing a film version of the Broadway musical, Cats. The original play of Six Degrees of Separation premiered in 1990 in New York. It has starred actors including Stockard Channing and Courtney B. Vance. The 1993 film of Six Degrees of Separation starred Stockard Channing, Will Smith and Donald Sutherland. The play and film were inspired by David Hampton, a real life con-man who had claimed to be the son of Sidney Poitier.

    See also

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Web site: NLS Other Writings: Say How, M-P. March 21, 2022. National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled (NLS) | Library of Congress.
    2. Web site: Sidney Poitier First Black Ever To Receive 'Best Actor' Oscar. Dave. Kaufman. Variety. April 14, 1964. February 20, 2021. July 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184811/https://variety.com/1964/film/news/sidney-poitier-first-black-ever-to-receive-best-actor-oscar-1201342512/. live.
    3. Web site: Sidney Poitier. Golden Globes. February 20, 2021. March 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210306163734/https://www.goldenglobes.com/person/sidney-poitier. live.
    4. Web site: The 6th annual screen actors guild awards. sagawards.org. February 20, 2021. March 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210307085722/https://sagawards.org/about/6th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards. live.
    5. Web site: What Was Sidney Poitier's Net Worth Upon His Death at Age 94?. January 7, 2022. finance.yahoo.com.
    6. Web site: Legendary Actor Sidney Poitier Dead at 94. January 7, 2022. E! Online.
    7. Web site: Actor, civil rights pioneer, Sidney Poitier dies – DW – 01/07/2022. dw.com.
    8. Web site: Bill . Goodykoontz . Oscar win proved Sidney Poitier was second to none . USA Today . February 25, 2014 . August 10, 2014 . May 4, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140504174709/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2014/02/25/black-history-month-poitier-oscar/5817735/ . live .
    9. News: Sidney Poitier, groundbreaking actor and Hollywood legend, dead at 94. Times Union. January 7, 2022. April 25, 2023. Television. Hearst.
    10. Web site: Top Ten Money Making Stars. Quigley Publishing Co.. August 30, 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130114130743/http://www.quigleypublishing.com/MPalmanac/Top10/Top10_lists.html. January 14, 2013.
    11. Web site: Award of Honorary Knight Commander of the British Empire (KBE) to Sidney Poitier, actor... | The National Archives . Discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk . February 5, 2020 . February 5, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200205011124/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11245449 . live .
    12. News: Sidney Poitier to be Honoured with BAFTA Fellowship. June 10, 2017. BAFTA. January 12, 2016. March 12, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170312052013/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/sidney-poitier-to-be-honoured-with-bafta-fellowship. live.
    13. Web site: Sidney Poitier awards: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences awards database . . January 29, 2010. August 10, 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120114044424/http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/DisplayMain.jsp?curTime=1200268027690. January 14, 2012.
    14. News: Sidney Poitier, Sen. Ted Kennedy Among 16 Who Receive Medal of Freedom . The Washington Post . Ruth . McCann . Anne E. Kornblut . Anne Kornblut . September 13, 2009 . August 10, 2014 . November 11, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171111152218/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/12/AR2009081203383.html . live .
    15. Web site: Legendary Actor Sidney Poitier Dead at 94. January 7, 2022 . NBC. January 7, 2022. April 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220407020002/https://www.nbcsandiego.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/legendary-actor-sidney-poitier-dead-at-94/2833491/. live.
    16. News: Grimes. William. William Grimes (journalist). January 7, 2022. Sidney Poitier, Who Paved the Way for Black Actors in Film, Dies at 94. The New York Times. January 7, 2022. 0362-4331. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107155212/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/07/movies/sidney-poitier-dead.html. live.
    17. Book: Poitier, Sidney. This Life. Knopf (US), Random House (Canada). 1980. US, Canada. 2, 5. At this point [his father, Reginald Poitier] still had four boys and two girls (quite a few to make it through)... (2); When Reginald and Evelyn Poitier returned to Cat Island from Miami, carrying me—the new baby they now called 'Sidney'—they were greeted by their six children... my older brother Cyril, fifteen; Ruby, thirteen; Verdon (Teddy) [female], eleven; Reginald, eight; Carl, five; and Cedric, three. (5).
    18. News: Goudsouzian. Aram. April 25, 2004. Sidney Poitier. The New York Times. January 10, 2022. 0362-4331. January 10, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124358/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/25/books/chapters/sidney-poitier.html. live.
    19. Web site: Tavis Smiley interviews Sidney Poitier. https://web.archive.org/web/20090316054952/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/tavissmiley/archive/200806/20080609.html. dead. PBS. March 16, 2009.
    20. Goudsouzian, Aram, Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon (2004), p. 8.
    21. Book: Goudsouzian, Aram . Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon . University of North Carolina Press . 2004 . 978-0-8078-2843-4 . 9 . registration.
    22. Web site: Bio – Sidney Poitier . May 6, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140506092315/http://ifogo.com/1Authors/Sidney%20Poitier/poitier.html . May 6, 2014 .
    23. Sidney Poitier . . . 1 . 7 . April 22, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131027220213/http://www.oprah.com/topics/entertainment/movies/actors/sidney-poitier.htm . October 27, 2013 .
    24. Poitier, Sidney. The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography. (2000). New York. HarperCollins.
    25. Web site: Winfrey. Oprah. Oprah Talks to Sidney Poitier. The Oprah Winfrey Show. I come from a Catholic family.. October 15, 2000. September 16, 2010. December 4, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141204214401/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Oprah-Interviews-Sidney-Poitier/11. dead.
    26. Book: Poitier, Sidney . Life Beyond Measure: Letters to My Great-Granddaughter. 2009. HarperCollins. 978-0-06-149620-2. 84. The question of God, the existence or nonexistence, is a perennial question, because we don't know. Is the universe the result of God, or was the universe always there?.
    27. Book: Poitier, Sidney. Life Beyond Measure. registration. 2009. HarperCollins. 978-0-06-173725-1. 85–86. I don't see a God who is concerned with the daily operation of the universe. In fact, the universe may be no more than a grain of sand compared with all the other universes.... It is not a God for one culture, or one religion, or one planet..
    28. News: James . Frank . May 20, 2009 . Sidney Poitier's Reflections Of Dignity . NPR . January 11, 2022 . January 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220111210147/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2009/05/sidney_poitiers_reflection_of.html . live .
    29. Web site: Sidney Poitier Biography and Interview. achievement.org. February 17, 2009. American Academy of Achievement. March 16, 2020. August 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200812073442/https://achievement.org/achiever/sidney-poitier/#interview. live.
    30. Goudsouzian, Aram (2004), Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon, University of North Carolina Press,, p. 44.
    31. Book: Bergman . Carol . Sidney Poitier . limited . 1988 . Chelsea House Publishers . 978-1-55546-605-3 . 54–56.
    32. Poitier, Sidney. The Measure of a Man (2000). New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
    33. Book: Chenrow, Fred. Reading Exercises in Black History. 1974. The Continental Press, Inc.. Elizabethtown, PA. 0-8454-2108-5. 46. Chenrow, Carol.
    34. Missourian; Sidney Poitier; pp. 69, 133.
    35. Book: Poitier, Sidney. The Measure of a Man. registration. 2000. Harper. San Francisco. 978-0-06-135790-9. 59–60. First.
    36. Web site: How the American Negro Theatre Shaped the Career of the Iconic Harry Belafonte. The New York Public Library.
    37. Book: Buckner . Jocelyn . Sidney Poitier . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Stage Actors and Acting . Simon . Williams . 2015 . . Cambridge, UK . 456 . January 8, 2022 . January 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220108054127/https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=theatre_books . live .
    38. Web site: Smith . Judith E . Finding a New Home in Harlem: Alice Childress and the Committee for the Negro in the Arts . ScholarWorks . . January 8, 2022 . March 3, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210303033702/https://scholarworks.umb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=amst_faculty_pubs . live .
    39. Book: Washington, Mary . The other blacklist : the African American literary and cultural left of the 1950s . Columbia University Press . New York New York . 2014 . 978-0231526470 . 1088439510.
    40. Book: Perry, Imani . Looking for Lorraine : the radiant and radical life of Lorraine Hansberry . Beacon Press . Boston, Massachusetts . 2018 . 978-0807039830. 1080274303 . November 17, 2020.
    41. Book: Goudsouzian, Aram. Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon. registration. 2004. University of North Carolina Press. 978-0-8078-2843-4. 899204579. January 29, 2022 .
    42. News: Bruce . Weber . Four Decades After He Was Blacklisted, A Writer-Producer Finally Gets Credit . . August 20, 1997 . April 19, 2022 . February 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220210145344/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/20/nyregion/four-decades-after-he-was-blacklisted-a-writer-producer-finally-gets-credit.html . live .
    43. News: Trescott . Jacqueline . The Prime Time of Sidney Poitier . January 29, 2022 . . April 7, 1991 . February 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220210144834/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1991/04/07/the-prime-time-of-sidney-poitier/6a61cc0e-53d4-4755-bbb1-dfb9a997c3c1/ . live .
    44. Web site: No Way Out. TCM. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107182245/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/85174/no-way-out/#overview. live.
    45. Web site: 'No Way Out' and the Best of "Social Message" Film Noir. November 21, 2021. Film School Rejects. January 7, 2022. December 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211230000218/https://filmschoolrejects.com/no-way-out/. live.
    46. Crossing the Black Atlantic: The Global Antiapartheid Movement and the Racial Politics of the Cold War. Nicholas. Grant. January 1, 2014. Radical History Review. 2014. 119. 72–93. Duke University Press. 10.1215/01636545-2401951. March 23, 2018. July 1, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180701165221/https://read.dukeupress.edu/radical-history-review/article-abstract/2014/119/72/22226/Crossing-the-Black-AtlanticThe-Global. live.
    47. Web site: 10 Essential Sidney Poitier Movies, From 'Blackboard Jungle' to 'To Sir, With Love' (Photos). Thom. Geier. January 7, 2022. Yahoo. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107160550/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/10-essential-sidney-poitier-movies-153514946.html. live.
    48. Book: Powers, Philip. Philip Powers. Sidney Poitier Black and White: Sidney Poitier's Emergence in the 1960s as a Black Icon. 2020. 1M1 Digital. Sydney. 979-8-56-763871-2. 102. First.
    49. News: Poitier Directs 'Buck and the Preacher'. The New York Times. April 29, 1972. January 7, 2022. Canby. Vincent. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107173606/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/29/archives/poitier-directs-buck-and-the-preacher.html. live.
    50. Web site: Sidney Poitier's Best Films: 13 Movies Now Streaming Online. Zack. Sharf. January 7, 2022. Variety. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107172300/https://variety.com/lists/sidney-poitier-best-movies-streaming-online/. live.
    51. News: Thompson. Bosley Crowtherhoward. September 25, 1958. Screen: A Forceful Social Drama; ' The Defiant Ones' Has Debut at Victoria. en-US. The New York Times. March 21, 2022. 0362-4331.
    52. Web site: January 1, 1958. The Defiant Ones. March 21, 2022. Variety. en-US.
    53. Web site: Sidney Poitier, Trailblazing Oscar Winner and Activist, Dead at 94. Rebecca. Alter. January 7, 2022. Vulture. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107160236/https://www.vulture.com/2022/01/sidney-poitier-dead-at-94.html. live.
    54. News: A Raisin In the Sun. NPR. March 21, 2022.
    55. News: Rich . Frank . Frank Rich . Theater: 'Raisin in Sun,' Anniversary in Chicago . The New York Times . October 5, 1983 . March 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160621150419/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/05/theater/theater-raisin-in-sun-anniversary-in-chicago.html . June 21, 2016 . live.
    56. Web site: Porgy and Bess. January 7, 2022. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. November 11, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211111183904/https://www.goldenglobes.com/film/porgy-and-bess. live.
    57. Web site: Sidney Poitier. Golden Globes. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107161732/https://www.goldenglobes.com/person/sidney-poitier. live.
    58. Web site: Paris Blues. January 7, 2022. TMC. December 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211222131209/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/16151/paris-blues/#overview. live.
    59. Web site: Lilies of the Field. TCM. January 7, 2022. January 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108225658/https://admin.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/81430/lilies-of-the-field#overview. live.
    60. Web site: Sidney Poitier, 1st Black man to win best actor Oscar, dies at 94. Luchina. Fisher. January 7, 2022. ABC News. April 17, 2022. April 17, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220417152526/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Culture/sidney-poitier-1st-black-man-win-best-actor/story?id=41432549. live.
    61. Book: Harris, Mark. Pictures at a Revolution: Five Films and the Birth of a New Hollywood. registration. 2008. Penguin Press. 58–9. 978-1-59420-152-3.
    62. Harris 2008, pp. 81–2.
    63. Goudsouzian, Aram, Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon, The University of North Carolina Press, 2004, p. 395.
    64. Web site: The Bedford Incident (1965). TMC. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107184114/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/21990/the-bedford-incident/#overview. live.
    65. Web site: The Greatest Story Ever Told. TMC. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107173841/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/3656/the-greatest-story-ever-told#overview. live.
    66. Web site: A Patch of Blue. January 7, 2022. TMC. January 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108235513/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1040/a-patch-of-blue#overview. live.
    67. Web site: Sir, we loved you: Sidney Poitier dies at 94. Watson. Walter Ray. Morning Edition. NPR. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107161039/https://www.npr.org/2022/01/07/311902059/sidney-poitier-obituary. live.
    68. Book: Powers . Philip . Sidney Poitier Black and White: Sidney Poitier's Emergence in the 1960s as a Black Icon . December 31, 2020 . 1M1 Digital Pty Ltd . 77 . au . B08RCJDV8D.
    69. Cinema: Class War. Time. June 30, 1967. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107162242/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,837070,00.html. live.
    70. 'Heat of Night' Scores With Crix; Quick B.O. Pace. Variety. August 9, 1967. 3.
    71. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20130707145722/http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/eberts-10-best-lists-1967-present. December 15, 2004. Ebert's 10 Best Lists: 1967 to Present. July 7, 2013. Ebert. Roger. Roger Ebert. Chicago Sun-Times. Internet Archive. October 18, 2016.
    72. Web site: The Best 10 Movies of 1967. Ebert. Roger. Roger Ebert. Chicago Sun-Times. December 31, 1967. Internet Archive. October 18, 2016. August 25, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160825215224/http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/the-best-10-movies-of-1967. live.
    73. In The Heat Of The Night. June 21, 1967. Variety. Murphy. A.D.. April 19, 2022. January 13, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220113021433/https://variety.com/1967/film/reviews/in-the-heat-of-the-night-1200421432/. live.
    74. News: Sidney Poitier's BAFTA wins and nominations . January 7, 2022 . BAFTA.org . January 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220107165417/http://awards.bafta.org/keyword-search?keywords=Sidney%20Poitier . live .
    75. Web site: Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. RogerEbert.com. Roger. Ebert. Roger Ebert. January 25, 1968. February 21, 2021. February 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210206033205/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/guess-whos-coming-to-dinner-1968. live.
    76. Powers, Philip, "Sidney Poitier Black and White", 1M1 Digital, Sydney, 2020, p.210
    77. Harris 2008, p. 161.
    78. Book: Bleiler. David. TLA Film and Video Guide 2000–2001: The Discerning Film Lover's Guide. 2013. St. Martin's Press. 978-1-4668-5940-1.
    79. Book: Maltin. Leonard. Leonard Maltin. Sader. Luke. Clark. Mike. Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide. 2008. Penguin. 978-0-452-28978-9. 681.
    80. Thompson . Bennie G. . Etension of Remarks: A Tribute to Ms. Beulah "Beah" Richards . Congressional Record . March 10, 2004 . 150 . 3 . 2872 . Government Printing Office .
    81. News: Ebiri. Bilge. Bilge Ebiri. Get Out's Jordan Peele Brings the 'Social Thriller' to BAM. August 1, 2017. The Village Voice. February 14, 2017. November 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201108211916/https://www.villagevoice.com/2017/02/14/get-outs-jordan-peele-brings-the-social-thriller-to-bam/. live.
    82. News: Sidney Poitier's "Tibbs Trilogy" Out On DVD. Nye, Doug. January 18, 2001. January 7, 2022. Greensboro News. Knight Ridder. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107173703/https://greensboro.com/sidney-poitiers-tibbs-trilogy-out-on-dvd/article_ba3cc2ed-5ca3-503a-88e4-fe1ab969e42f.html. live.
    83. Web site: Buck and the Preacher. January 7, 2022. TMC. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107180429/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/4470/buck-and-the-preacher#overview. live.
    84. Web site: Buck and the Preacher. January 7, 2022. AFI. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107174927/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/54565. live.
    85. Web site: A Warm December. TMC. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107174929/https://prod-www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/95108/a-warm-december#overview. live.
    86. News: New York Times. First Artists Star-Crossed Child of the 1960s. Pamela G.. Hollie. December 23, 1979. F3.
    87. Web site: Uptown Saturday Night. Black Classic Movies. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107174934/https://www.blackclassicmovies.com/uptown-saturday-night/. live.
    88. George Alexander. Black Enterprise. Fade to Black: Black filmmakers make the most profitable movies, but still fight for dollars and respect. December 2000. 107. February 27, 2016. August 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200820005727/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2UEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA107. live.
    89. News: FILM: FAST FORWARD,' BY POITIER. The New York Times. Vincent. Canby. February 15, 1985. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107174943/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/15/movies/film-fast-forward-by-poitier.html. live.
    90. Web site: Report: Sidney Poitier 'disgusted' with Bill Cosby over sexual assault allegations. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Nick. Vadala. February 4, 2015. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107174948/https://www.inquirer.com/philly/blogs/trending/Report-Sidney-Poitier-disgusted-with-Bill-Cosby-over-sexual-assault-allegations.html. live.
    91. Web site: Shoot to Kill Review. Roger. Ebert. Roger Ebert. RogerEbert.com. February 12, 1988. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107175739/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/shoot-to-kill-1988. live.
    92. News: Sneakers: Robert Redford and River Phoenix nerd out in 1992's prescient, high-tech caper. December 19, 2021. Cryer, Vanessa. January 7, 2022. The Guardian. January 6, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220106205159/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/dec/20/sneakers-robert-redford-and-river-phoenix-nerd-out-in-1992s-prescient-high-tech-caper. live.
    93. Web site: Sidney Poitier, Oscar Winner Who Helped Tear Down Racial Barriers, Dies at 94. Rick. Schulz. Variety. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107155528/https://variety.com/2022/film/obituaries-people-news/sidney-poitier-dead-dies-oscar-winner-1235148871/. live.
    94. Web site: The Simple Life of Noah Dearborn. Variety. May 7, 1999. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107175728/https://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/the-simple-life-of-noah-dearborn-1117499723/. live.
    95. Web site: Sidney Poitier. Television Academy. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107154536/https://www.emmys.com/bios/sidney-poitier. live.
    96. Web site: Sidney Poitier – Artist. grammys.com. November 23, 2020. February 20, 2021. January 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210125225121/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/sidney-poitier/5419. live.
    97. Web site: Sidney Poitier, first Black actor to win best actor Academy Award, dies at 94 -Bahamian official. Katharine. Jackson. Reuters. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107154233/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/sidney-poitier-first-black-actor-win-best-actor-academy-award-dies-94-bahamian-2022-01-07/. live.
    98. O'Neil, Tom (New York, 2003), "Movie Awards: The Ultimate, Unofficial Guide to the Oscars. Golden Globes, Critics, Guild and Indi Honors", Berkley Publishing Group, p. 761.
    99. Web site: Ernest Borgnine's death makes Sidney Poitier the oldest living best actor Oscar winner. Celebrity Circuit. CBS News. July 27, 2012. Lauren. Moraski. July 10, 2012. July 16, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120716053147/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-57469520-10391698/ernest-borgnines-death-makes-sidney-poitier-the-oldest-living-best-actor-oscar-winner/. live.
    100. Web site: Beloved Hollywood actor Sidney Poitier dies at 94. Fortune. Felix. Kessler. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107173705/https://fortune.com/2022/01/07/hollywood-actor-oscar-winner-sidney-poitier-obit/. live.
    101. News: Stolworthy . Jacob . Sidney Poitier death: First Black man to win Best Actor Oscar dies aged 94 . January 7, 2022 . Yahoo News . January 7, 2022 . January 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220107155149/https://ca.news.yahoo.com/sidney-poitier-death-first-black-151301654.html . live .
    102. Web site: Academy Museum Dedicates Grand Lobby to Sidney Poitier. Scott. Feinberg. The Hollywood Reporter. August 30, 2021. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107180017/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/academy-museum-dedicates-grand-lobby-to-sidney-poitier-1235005229/. live.
    103. News: Actor Takes Center Stage as Disney Trial Grinds On. The New York Times. Rita K.. Farrell. August 12, 2004. February 18, 2017. May 28, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150528035416/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/08/business/media/08disney.html. live.
    104. http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/sidney-poitier.html Sidney Poitier Biography
    105. News: New play about Sidney Poitier in development for Broadway run . January 8, 2022 . Broadway News . December 7, 2021 . January 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220108030838/https://broadwaynews.com/2021/12/07/new-play-about-sidney-poitier-in-development-for-broadway-run/ . live .
    106. Web site: A Timeline of Black History in Westchester. Nichelle. Rascoe. January 18, 2018. December 27, 2021. Westchester Magazine. December 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211227115150/https://westchestermagazine.com/publications/a-timeline-of-black-history-in-westchester. live.
    107. Web site: Stuyvesant Outdoor Adventures . September 30, 2019 . Stuyvesant Outdoor Adventures . October 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191001025445/https://www.stuyvesantoutdoor.com/ . live .
    108. Web site: Guess Who's Coming to Terms at Last with His Kids, Racial Politics and Life? Sidney Poitier. Armstrong. Louis. August 4, 1980. People. January 30, 2018. January 31, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180131023248/http://people.com/archive/guess-whos-coming-to-terms-at-last-with-his-kids-racial-politics-and-life-sidney-poitier-vol-14-no-5/. live.
    109. News: Miss Beverly Marie Poitier Bride of William J. Q. Mould. September 6, 1970. The New York Times. September 4, 2019. September 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190904094903/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/06/archives/miss-beverly-marie-poitier-bride-of-william-jq-mould.html. live.
    110. Web site: Poitier-Henderson Holds Book Signing. WLBT 3 . August 6, 2014 . August 10, 2014 . November 11, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181111093442/http://www.wlbt.com/story/1099232/poitier-henderson-holds-book-signing/?redirected=true . live .
    111. News: Feuer. Alan. February 12, 2005. Hundreds Mourn Ossie Davis in Harlem. The New York Times. March 21, 2022. 0362-4331.
    112. Web site: Daughters of King, Malcolm X Also Have a Message . Los Angeles Times . April 9, 1988 . April 19, 2022 . April 20, 2022 . https://archive.today/20220420003606/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-04-09-me-864-story.html . live .
    113. Web site: Bjornson . Greta . What to Know About Sidney Poitier's Late Daughter, Gina, Who Died at 57 . People . April 19, 2022 . January 7, 2022.
    114. News: Dan. Shaw. Chronicle. The New York Times. May 21, 1994. August 10, 2014. August 12, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140812223556/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/21/style/chronicle-166936.html. live.
    115. Web site: Advice For UPN: Get Rid Of 'Abby' . David. Bianculli. David Bianculli. Daily News. New York . August 9, 1969 . August 10, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120730082314/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2003-01-06/entertainment/18227142_1_sydney-tamiia-poitier-upn-cbs-productions . July 30, 2012 .
    116. Web site: News : Press Item : Bahamas International Film Festival. March 21, 2022. bintlfilmfest.com.
    117. News: Hurricane Dorian: more than 23 members of Sidney Poitier's family missing. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/09/08/hurricane-dorian-23-members-sidney-poitiers-family-missing/ . January 10, 2022 . subscription . live. Dixon. Hayley. September 8, 2019. The Telegraph. September 9, 2019. Millward. David. 0307-1235. Maximin. Colin.
    118. Web site: January 6, 2021. Sidney Poitier: Hollywood trailblazer dies aged 94. en-GB. BBC News. January 6, 2021.
    119. News: Stolworthy . Jacob . Legendary actor Sidney Poitier, first Black man to win Best Actor Oscar, dies aged 94 . . January 7, 2022 . January 7, 2022 . January 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220107150114/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/sidney-poitier-death-age-cause-actor-b1988778.html . live .
    120. News: Oscar winner and groundbreaking star Sidney Poitier dies. Associated Press. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. Italie. Hillel. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107160320/https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-arts-and-entertainment-movies-race-and-ethnicity-academy-awards-214e66b7e52909bdc64465e9ff4a1339. live.
    121. Web site: Sidney Poitier, who helped break down Hollywood's on-screen color barriers and made history as the first African American to win an Academy Award for best actor, has died. Dennis. McLellan. January 7, 2022. Los Angeles Times. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107160847/https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2022-01-07/sidney-poitier-dead. live.
    122. News: Pulver . Andrew . Sidney Poitier, Black acting pioneer, dies aged 94 . . January 7, 2022 . January 11, 2022 . January 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220111043840/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/jan/07/sidney-poitier-in-the-heat-of-the-night-acting-pioneer-dies . live .
    123. News: Sidney Poitier Death Certificate Revealed . January 18, 2022 . TMZ . January 18, 2022 . January 18, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220118235207/https://www.tmz.com/2022/01/18/sidney-poitier-death-certificate-cause-of-death-heart-failure-dementia-prostate-cancer/?adid=social-twa . live .
    124. Web site: Joe Biden Says Sidney Poitier 'Changed The Way America Saw Itself'; Barack Obama Praises "Singular Talent" – Update. Ted. Johnson. Deadline Hollywood. January 7, 2022. January 8, 2022. January 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108012940/https://deadline.com/2022/01/barack-obama-sidney-poitier-tribute-1234906316/. live.
    125. Web site: 'Legacy to behold': Joe Biden, Denzel Washington, Martin Scorsese honor trailblazer Sidney Poitier. Elise. Brisco. USA Today. January 8, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107224159/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2022/01/07/sidney-poitier-dies-hollywood-reactions-stars-share-memories/9130366002/. live.
    126. Web site: Hollywood Honors Sidney Poitier: 'One of the Greatest Actors of His Generation'. Jazz. Tangcay. Variety. January 7, 2022. January 8, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107224201/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/sidney-poitier-death-hollywood-reactions-tributes-1235148882/. live.
    127. Web site: 'To Sir, With Love': The world bids farewell to actor and civil rights icon Sidney Poitier. Annie. Reneau. Upworthy. January 8, 2022. January 12, 2022. January 9, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220109202338/https://www.upworthy.com/sidney-poitier-farewell?rebelltitem=3#rebelltitem3. live.
    128. Web site: January 18, 2022. How Sidney Poitier inspired me to be excellent and among the stars. January 18, 2022. Voice Online. en. January 18, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220118193358/https://www.voice-online.co.uk/opinion/comment/2022/01/18/how-sidney-poitier-inspired-me-to-be-excellent-and-among-the-stars/. live.
    129. Web site: Broadway Dims Its Lights in Memory of Academy Award Winner Sidney Poitier January 19. January 19, 2022. Playbill. en. January 19, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220119165157/https://playbill.com/article/broadway-dims-its-lights-in-memory-of-academy-award-winner-sidney-poitier-january-19. live.
    130. News: Ebertfest 2022 Announces Complete Lineup, Will Be Dedicated to Sidney Poitier and Gilbert Gottfried . April 17, 2022 . April 15, 2022 . RogerEbert.com.
    131. News: Grimes. William. William Grimes (journalist). January 7, 2022. Sidney Poitier, Who Paved the Way for Black Actors in Film, Dies at XX. The New York Times. January 7, 2022. 0362-4331. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107155212/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/07/movies/sidney-poitier-dead.html. live.
    132. Web site: BAFTA: Sidney Poitier. awards.bafta.org. February 20, 2021. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107180253/http://awards.bafta.org/keyword-search?keywords=%22Sidney%20Poitier%22. live.
    133. Web site: Video: Sidney Poitier Accepts the 20th AFI Life Achievement Award in 1992. February 17, 2010 . AFI. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107180901/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5iv3lspRV7U&ab_channel=AmericanFilmInstitute. live.
    134. Web site: Sidney Poitier. October 25, 2019. Hollywood Walk of Fame. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107180805/https://walkoffame.com/sidney-poitier/. live.
    135. Web site: Cecil B. DeMille Award Winners: Every Star Who's Ever Earned the Golden Globes' Big Honor. People. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107180802/https://people.com/movies/cecil-b-demille-award-winners-golden-globes-through-the-years/. live.
    136. Web site: Sir Sidney Poitier: BAFTA Fellowship in 2016. January 26, 2016. BAFTA. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107180803/https://www.bafta.org/film/awards/sir-sidney-poitier-bafta-fellowship-in-2016. live.
    137. Web site: Hall of Fame Inductees . National Multicultural Western Heritage Museum . June 17, 2023.
    138. Web site: Kennedy Center Honors Neil Simon, B.B. King, Sidney Poitier. Connie. Cass. Associated Press. September 5, 1995. February 20, 2021.
    139. Web site: Presidential Medal of Freedom. August 12, 2009. CBS. February 20, 2021. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107163835/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/presidential-medal-of-freedom/8/. live.
    140. News: January 7, 2022 . Sidney Poitier: Hollywood trailblazer dies aged 94 . BBC News . January 8, 2022 . January 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220108154233/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-59907931 . live .
    141. Web site: Honorary Degree Recipients. January 7, 2022. commencement.miami.edu. University of Miami. August 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180804050043/https://commencement.miami.edu/about-us/archives/honorary-degree-recipients/index.html. live.
    142. Web site: Trailblazing star Sidney Poitier, first Black man to win best actor Oscar, dies at 94. Hannah. Yasharoff. USA Today. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107160154/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/2022/01/07/sidney-poitier-dead-hollywood-legend-and-trailblazer-94/9129646002/. live.
    143. Sidney Poitier, 1967, and One of the Most Remarkable Runs in Hollywood History. Laura. Jacobs. Vanity Fair. February 1, 2017. January 7, 2022. April 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210428183827/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/02/sidney-poitier-remarkable-run-in-hollywood-history. live.
    144. News: Sidney Poitier, Who Paved the Way for Black Actors in Film, Dies at 94. William. Grimes. William Grimes (journalist). The New York Times. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107155212/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/07/movies/sidney-poitier-dead.html. live.
    145. Web site: Sidney Poitier, Hollywood's First Major Black Movie Star, Dies At 94. NDTV. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107165724/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/sidney-poitier-hollywoods-first-major-black-movie-star-who-won-an-oscar-for-best-actor-dies-at-94-2695587. live.
    146. Web site: Sidney Poitier, Regal Star of the Big Screen, Dies at 94. Duane. Byrge. Mike Barnes. The Hollywood Reporter. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107180922/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sidney-poitier-dead-lillies-of-the-field-1235071323/. live.
    147. Web site: Sidney Poitier has many legacies, but his acting should not be lost among them. Adam. Howard. January 7, 2022. The Grio. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107183318/https://thegrio.com/2022/01/07/sidney-poitier-many-legacies-but-his-acting-should-not-be-lost-among-them/. live.
    148. Web site: Sidney Poitier legacy still looms large in post-#OscarsSoWhite era. Adam. Howard. MSNBC. April 6, 2016. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107192611/https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/sidney-poitier-legacy-still-looms-large-post-oscarssowhite-era-msna828041. live.
    149. Sidney Poitier: The man who changed the face of Hollywood forever. Swapnil Dhruv. Bose. Far Out Magazine. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107154251/https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/sidney-poitier-changed-face-of-hollywood-forever/. live.
    150. Web site: Barack Obama Pays Tribute To Sidney Poitier: 'Epitomized Dignity And Grace'. Ted. Johnson. January 7, 2022. Deadline. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107192837/https://deadline.com/2022/01/barack-obama-sidney-poitier-tribute-1234906316/. live.
    151. Matthew Carey, "Watch 'Sidney' Trailer, Documentary On Late Film Legend Sidney Poitier Produced By Oprah Winfrey". Deadline Hollywood, August 16, 2022.
    152. Web site: This Life. Good Reads. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107152212/https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/572997.This_Life. live.
    153. Web site: The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography. Good Reads. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107174142/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/91563.The_Measure_of_a_Man. live.
    154. Web site: Life Beyond Measure: Letters to My Great-Granddaughter. Good Reads. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107170807/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2237744.Life_Beyond_Measure. live.
    155. Goudsouzian, Aram. Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon (2004). University of North Carolina Press. .
    156. Book: Powers . Philip . Sidney Poitier Black and White: Sidney Poitier's Emergence in the 1960s as a Black Icon . December 31, 2020 . 1M1 Digital Pty Ltd . B08NYX4YSZ.
    157. Web site: Montaro Caine. Good Reads. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107181423/https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/15799370-montaro-caine. live.
    158. Web site: Sidney Poitier, UN Outsider A Hollywood. Toronto Film Fest. January 7, 2022. January 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107181439/https://www.torinofilmfest.org/en/26-torino-film-festival/film/sidney-poitier,-un-outsider-a-hollywood/8458/. live.

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