Siddhartha Mukherjee Explained

Siddhartha Mukherjee
Native Name Lang:bn
Birth Date:21 July 1970
Birth Place:New Delhi, India
Nationality:American
Workplaces:Columbia University
Spouse:Sarah Sze
Children:2
Fields:Immunology
Cancer epidemiology
Genetic epidemiology
Thesis Title:The processing and presentation of viral antigens
Thesis Url:http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph013369598
Thesis Year:1997
Awards:Rhodes Scholarship
Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction (2011)
Guardian First Book Award (2011)
Padma Shri (2014)

Siddhartha Mukherjee (Bengali: সিদ্ধার্থ মুখার্জী; born 21 July 1970)[1] is an Indian-American physician, biologist, and author. He is best known for his 2010 book, , that won notable literary prizes including the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction,[2] and Guardian First Book Award,[3] among others. The book was listed in the "All-Time 100 Nonfiction Books" (the 100 most influential books of the last century) by Time magazine in 2011.[4] His 2016 book made it to #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list,[5] and was among The New York Times 100 best books of 2016,[6] and a finalist for the Wellcome Trust Prize and the Royal Society Prize for Science Books.

After completing secondary school education in India, Mukherjee studied biology at Stanford University, obtained a D.Phil. from University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, and an M.D. from Harvard University. He joined New York–Presbyterian Hospital / Columbia University Medical Center in New York City in 2009. As of 2018, he is an associate professor of medicine in the Division of Hematology and Oncology.[7]

Featured in the Time 100 list of most influential people, Mukherjee writes for The New Yorker and is a columnist in The New York Times. He is described as part of a select group of doctor-writers (such as Oliver Sacks and Atul Gawande) who have "transformed the public discourse on human health",[8] and allowed a generation of readers a rare and intimate glimpse into the life of science and medicine.[9] His research concerns the physiology of cancer cells, immunological therapy for blood cancers, and the discovery of bone- and cartilage-forming stem cells in the vertebrate skeleton.[10]

The Government of India conferred on him its fourth highest civilian award, the Padma Shri, in 2014.[11]

Early life and education

Siddhartha Mukherjee was born to a Bengali Brahmin family in New Delhi, India. His father, Sibeswar Mukherjee, was an executive with Mitsubishi, and his mother Chandana Mukherjee, was a former school teacher from Calcutta (now Kolkata). He attended St. Columba's School in Delhi, where he won the school's highest award, the 'Sword of Honour', in 1989. As a biology major at Stanford University, he worked in Nobel Laureate Paul Berg's laboratory, defining cellular genes that change the behaviours of cancer cells. He earned membership in Phi Beta Kappa[12] in 1992, and completed his Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree in 1993.[1]

Mukherjee won a Rhodes Scholarship for doctoral research at Magdalen College, University of Oxford. He worked on the mechanism of activation of the immune system by viral antigens. He was awarded a D.Phil. in 1997 for his thesis titled The processing and presentation of viral antigens.[13] After graduation, he attended Harvard Medical School, where he earned his Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree in 2000.[14] Between 2000 and 2003 he worked as a resident in internal medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital. From 2003 to 2006 he trained in hematology-oncology as a Fellow at the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute (under Harvard Medical School) in Boston, Massachusetts.[15] [16]

Career

In 2009, Mukherjee joined the faculty of the Department of Medicine in the Division of Hematology/Oncology at the Columbia University Medical Center as an assistant professor.[1] [17] The medical center is attached to the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital in New York City.[18]

He was previously affiliated with the Harvard Stem Cell Institute and with Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. He has worked as the Plummer Visiting professor at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, the Joseph Garland lecturer at the Massachusetts Medical Society, and an honorary visiting professor at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.[19] His laboratory is based at Columbia University's Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center.[20]

Contributions

Cancer research

Mukherjee is a trained haematologist and oncologist whose research focuses on the links between normal stem cells and cancer cells. Through his findings, he had shown the roles of cells in cancer therapy.[21] He has been investigating the microenvironment ("niche") of stem cells, particularly on blood-forming (haematopoietic) stem cells. Blood-forming stem cells are present in the bone marrow in very specific microenvironments. Osteoblasts, cells that form bone, are one of the principal components in this environment. These cells regulate the process of blood cell formation and development by providing them with signals to divide, remain quiescent, or maintain their stem cell properties.[22] Distortion in the development of these cells results in severe blood cancers, such as myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia.[23] Mukherjee's research has been recognised through many grants from the National Institutes of Health and from private foundations.[10] [24] [25]

Mukherjee and his co-workers have identified several genes and chemicals that can alter the microenvironment, or niche, and thereby alter the behavior of normal stem cells, as well as cancer cells.[26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] Two such chemicals – proteasome inhibitors[26] and activin inhibitors[32] – are under clinical trials.[33] [34] Mukherjee's lab has also identified novel genetic mutations in myelodysplasia and acute myelogenous leukaemia and has played a leading role in finding therapies for these diseases.[35] [36]

Bone formation

Mukherjee's team is also known for defining and characterizing skeletal stem/progenitor cells (also called osteochondroreticular or OCR cells). In 2015, they prospectively identified these progenitor cells from bone, and showed, using lineage tracing, that these cells can give rise to bone, cartilage, and reticular cells (hence the term "OCR" cells). They established that these cells form a part of the adult skeleton in vertebrates, and that they maintain and repair the skeleton.[37]

OCR cells are among the newest progenitor cells to be defined in vertebrates.[38] The work generated wide interest and was described in journals as a major breakthrough for understanding biology and for understanding diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.[39] [40] Mukherjee's team have shown that OCR cells can be transplanted into animals, and they can regenerate cartilage and bone after fractures.[37] With Daniel L. Worthley's team at the University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute they have been working on the translational cell-based research on osteoarthritis and cancer.[37] [41]

Metabolic therapies for cancer

Mukherjee's lab has also been investigating the interaction between cancer genetics and the microenvironment, including the metabolic environment. It has been well established that metabolism in cancer is fundamentally altered,[42] Mukherjee's team has found the role of a high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet) in cancer therapy. They showed that ketogenic diet suppressed insulin production in the body, and this in turn enhances pharmaceutical inhibition of PIK3CA, a gene which is mutated and commonly overactive in cancers.[43]

Immune therapies for acute leukemia

Mukherjee's lab, with the help of PureTech Health plc, has been investigating chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells (CAR-T) therapy in a joint venture called Vor BioPharma since 2016.[44] They have combined CAR-T therapies with genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells to specifically target malignant hematopoietic lineages, while transplanted stem cells replenish the lineage but remain antigenically concealed. This technology has been developed so that, in addition to B cell malignancies, other lineage specific cancers could be targeted.[45] This provides an important new approach to managing acute myeloid leukemia.[46]

Books

In 2010, Simon & Schuster published his book [47] detailing the evolution of diagnosis and treatment of human cancers from ancient Egypt to the latest developments in chemotherapy and targeted therapy.[48] On 18 April 2011, the book won the annual Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction; the citation called it "an elegant inquiry, at once clinical and personal, into the long history of an insidious disease that, despite treatment breakthroughs, still bedevils medical science."[49] It was listed in the "All-Time 100 Nonfiction Books" (the 100 most influential books of the last century)[4] and the "Top 10 Nonfiction Books of 2010" by Time in 2011.[50] It was also listed in "The 10 Best Books of 2010" by The New York Times[51] and "Top 10 Books of 2010" by O, The Oprah Magazine.[52] In 2011, it was nominated as a National Book Critics Circle Award finalist.[53]

Based on the book, Ken Burns made a PBS Television documentary film Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies in 2015,[54] which was nominated for an Emmy Award.[55]

Mukherjee's 2016 book provides a history of genetic research, but also delves into the personal genetic history of the author's family, including mental illness. The book discusses the power of genetics in determining people's health and attributes, but it also has a cautionary tone to not let genetic predispositions define fate, a mentality that led to the rise of eugenics in history and something he thinks lacks the nuance required to understand something as complex as human beings. Harriet Hall describes Cancer and The Gene as "the story of science itself".[56] The Gene was shortlisted for the Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize 2016, "the Nobel Prize of science writing".[57] The book was also the recipient of the 2017 Phi Beta Kappa Society Book Award in Science.[58]

Ken Burns made a two-part PBS Television documentary film The Gene: An Intimate History in 2020.[59]

In his book The Song of the Cell, published in 2022, Mukherjee describes the history and medical mystery from the discovery of cell. Narrated in metaphors, many of which he created, such as "gunslinging sheriff" for antibody and "gumshoe detective" to T cell, he tells the development of cell biology and how it became vital to modern medicine, from genetic engineering to immunotherapies.[60] Suzanne O'Sullivan, reviewing in The Guardian, explains the book as a tool for "the reader to imagine they are an astronaut investigating the cell as if it is an unknown spacecraft".[61]

Criticism and response

In his 2016 article "Same but different" in The New Yorker, Mukherjee attributed the most important genetic functions to epigenetic factors (such as histone modification and DNA methylation). Giving an analogy of his mother and her twin sister, he explains:

Chance events—injuries, infections, infatuations; the haunting trill of that particular nocturne—impinge on one twin and not on the other. Genes are turned on and off in response to these events, as epigenetic marks are gradually layered above genes, etching the genome with its own scars, calluses, and freckles.[62]
Mukherjee also claimed that understanding of epigenetics "would overturn fundamental principles of biology, including our understanding of evolution," as he said:
Conceptually, a key element of classical Darwinian evolution is that genes do not retain an organism's experiences in a permanently heritable manner. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, in the early nineteenth century, had supposed that when an antelope strained its neck to reach a tree its efforts were somehow passed down and its progeny evolved into giraffes. Darwin discredited that model. Giraffes, he proposed, arose through heritable variation and natural selection—a tall-necked specimen appears in an ancestral tree-grazing animal, and, perhaps during a period of famine, this mutant survives and is naturally selected. But, if epigenetic information can be transmitted through sperm and eggs, an organism would seem to have a direct conduit to the heritable features of its progeny. Such a system would act as a wormhole for evolution—a shortcut through the glum cycles of mutation and natural selection... Lamarck is being rehabilitated into the new Darwin.[62]
The article, an excerpt from the chapter "The First Derivative of Identity" of his book The Gene: An Intimate History,[63] "unleashed a torrent of criticism" from geneticists, as The Guardian book review wrote.[64] As David Hornby of the University of Sheffield put it: "all (scientific) hell broke loose! It seemed to some that the slumbering giant of Lamarck was about to gain a new audience."[65] Mukherjee foresaw the reaction, as he noted: "These fantasies should invite skepticism."[62] The article was critiqued by geneticists such as Mark Ptashne, at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and John Greally, at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, because of overemphasis on histone modification and DNA methylation. They commented that these two processes have only minor influences in overall gene function. Steven Henikoff, at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, opined that, "Mukherjee seemed not to realize that transcription factors occupy the top of the hierarchy of epigenetic information," and said, "histone modifications at most act as cogs in the machinery."[66] Omission of transcription factors was viewed as an "overarching" mistake,[67] as Richard Mann at the Columbia University Medical Center remarked: "Only a talmudic-like reading can reveal a hint that something other than histone modifications are at play."

It is now generally believed that histone modification and DNA methylations are major factors of epigenetic functions, aging and certain diseases,[68] and with an ability to influence transcription factors.[69] However, they contribute little to development.[70] [71] In response, Mukherjee did admit that omission of transcription factors "was an error" on his part. However, The New Yorker defended the article that: "None of it negates the fundamental importance of transcription factors."

Jerry Coyne of the University of Chicago remarked: "Until there is evidence for this kind of evolutionary transformation—ANY evidence, people should stop yammering about this kind of 'Lamarckian' evolution."[72] Phillip Ball, British science writer and editor of the journal Nature, also agreed that Mukherjee certainly "got some things wrong". Writing in the Prospect, he said, "Such claims [that some epigenetic changes can be inherited] are controversial—but even if they prove to be true, it seems highly unlikely that the effect will persist for many generations or will have long-term consequences for human evolution." According to Ute Deichmann of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, even if there are evidences of variation by epigenetic inheritance, they would not be counted as Lamarckian as they are not acquired or adaptive.[73]

Mukherjee did not say that epigenetic processes have established Lamarckism, as he noted in his article that "epigenetic scratch marks are rarely, if ever, carried forward across generations."[62] In an interview on NPR, he said, "[Lamarckian inheritance is] very rarely true and I would say almost never true".[74]

Mukherjee also criticises the IQ test as a measure of intelligence, and endorses the theory of multiple intelligences (introduced by Howard Gardner) over general intelligence. He argues that the results of IQ tests for determining general intelligence do not represent intelligence in the real world. Reviewing the book in The Spectator, Stuart Ritchie, a psychologist at the University of Edinburgh, remarked that Gardner's theory is "debunked" and that "general intelligence is probably the most well-replicated phenomenon in all of psychological science."[75]

Bibliography

Books

Essays and reporting

———————

Bibliography notes

Awards and honours

Mukherjee has won many awards including:

Personal life

Mukherjee lives in New York and is married to artist Sarah Sze, winner of a MacArthur "Genius" grant and representative of the United States to the 2013 Venice Biennale. They have two daughters, Leela and Aria.[98]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Rogers. Kara. Siddhartha Mukherjee: Indian-born American physician, scientist, and writer. www.britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. 8 May 2017.
  2. News: Pulitzer for US-Indian Siddhartha Mukherjee's book . 25 June 2018 . BBC . 19 April 2011.
  3. News: Flood . A. . Biography of cancer wins Guardian First Book award . 25 June 2018 . The Guardian . 1 December 2011.
  4. Gilbert . Cruz . All-TIME 100 Nonfiction Books. Time. 17 August 2011. 28 September 2014.
  5. News: The New York Times Best Sellers . 25 June 2018 . The New York Times . 12 June 2016.
  6. Web site: 100 Notable Books of 2010. 24 November 2010. New York Times Sunday Book Review Editorial Staff. New York Times Magazine. 28 September 2014.
  7. News: Siddhartha Mukherjee, author-doctor, is guest at Express Adda today . 25 June 2018 . The Indian Express . 27 March 2018.
  8. News: Mackovich . Ron . Renowned oncologist Siddhartha Mukherjee named USC's 2018 commencement speaker . 25 June 2018 . USC News . 8 March 2018.
  9. News: Solomon . Andrew . Literature about medicine may be all that can save us . 25 June 2018 . The Guardian . 22 February 2018.
  10. Web site: Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD, DPhil . Columbia Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI) . 25 June 2018.
  11. Web site: Indo-American Siddhartha Mukherjee calls Padma Shri a great Honor. IANS. Biharprabha News. 27 January 2014.
  12. Web site: 'The Gene,' by Siddhartha Mukherjee.
  13. DPhil. University of Oxford. The processing and presentation of viral antigens. Siddhartha. Mukherjee. 1997. 43182774.
  14. News: Medical Alumnus Wins Pulitzer Prize for Nonfiction. 2011-04-18. Harvard Magazine. 2017-01-07.
  15. Web site: Cancer's Biographer . Levin . Ann . The Record (Columbia University) . 6 September 2011.
  16. Web site: Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD, DPhil. www.columbiadoctors.org. Columbia University. 8 May 2017.
  17. Web site: How Cancer Acquired Its Own Biographer . McGrath . Charles . 8 November 2010 . . 6 September 2011.
  18. Web site: Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD, DPhil. NewYork-Presbyterian. 10 May 2017.
  19. Web site: Siddhartha Mukherjee, M.D., Ph.D. . ACT for NIH . 25 June 2018.
  20. Web site: Physician's Profile: Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD, DPhil . Columbia University Medical Center, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center . 27 June 2018.
  21. Web site: Mukherjee . Siddhartha . Soon we'll cure diseases with a cell, not a pill . 2015 . Ted Talks . 26 June 2018.
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  24. Web site: Insight. The Rockefeller University. 8 May 2017.
  25. Web site: Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD, DPhil . ColumbiaDoctors . Columbia University Medical Center . 27 June 2018.
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  45. Web site: About VOR . Vor Biopharma . 26 June 2018.
  46. News: Walters . Jenny . Beyond B cells . 26 June 2018 . Biocentury . 18 May 2018.
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  51. News: The 10 Best Books of 2010 . The New York Times . 1 December 2010 . 6 September 2011.
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  53. Web site: All Past National Book Critics Circle Award Winners and Finalists . https://web.archive.org/web/20081219185409/http://www.bookcritics.org/awards/past_awards/ . dead . 19 December 2008 . National Book Critics Circle . 25 June 2018.
  54. News: Genzlinger . Neil . Review: In 'Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies,' Battling an Opportunistic Killer . 27 March 2015 . . 31 March 2015 .
  55. News: Siddhartha Mukherjee's Touching Cancer Docu Nominated at the Emmys. 8 May 2017. The Quint. 24 August 2015.
  56. Hall . Harriet. Harriet Hall . The Story of the Gene . Skeptical Inquirer . 2017 . 41 . 1 . 59–61 . Committee for Skeptical Inquirer.
  57. News: Bill Bryson hails 'thrilling' Royal Society science book prize shortlist. Flood. Alison. 2016-08-04. The Guardian. en-GB. 0261-3077. 2016-09-22.
  58. News: DeSimone. Bailey. The Key Reporter – Siddhartha Mukherjee. www.keyreporter.org. The Key Reporter. The Phi Beta Kappa Society. 1 December 2017.
  59. Govindaraju . Diddahally R. . 2020 . A Chronicle on Genetics and the March of Darwinian and Mendelian Medicine . Evolution . 13 . 1 . 15 . 10.1186/s12052-020-00129-5 . 1936-6426 . 7330526 . free .
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  61. Web site: O'Sullivan . Suzanne . 2022-11-03 . Song of the Cell by Siddhartha Mukherjee review – the little lives within us . 2022-11-12 . The Guardian . en.
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  64. Web site: Shapin . Steven . 2016-05-25 . The Gene by Siddhartha Mukherjee review – 'one of the most dangerous ideas in history' . 2022-09-17 . The Guardian . en.
  65. Web site: Hornby . David . 2017-10-17 . Epigenetics: past and present . 2022-09-17 . The Biochemist Blog . Biochemical Society, London, UK . en.
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  67. Web site: Resnick . Brian . 2016-05-07 . Why scientists are infuriated with a New Yorker article on epigenetics . 2022-09-19 . Vox . en.
  68. López . V. . Fernández . A.F. . Fraga . M.F. . 2017 . The role of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in development, aging and age-related diseases . Ageing Research Reviews . 37 . 28–38 . 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.002 . 28499883 . 3748806.
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  72. Web site: Ball . Phillip . 2016-06-07 . The genetics debate has been derailed—by both sides . 2022-09-17 . Prospect . en.
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  74. News: The Power Of Genes, And The Line Between Biology And Destiny . en . NPR.org . 2022-09-19.
  75. News: Ritchie. Stuart. How Siddhartha Mukherjee gets it wrong on IQ, sexuality and epigenetics. 8 May 2017. The Spectator. 28 May 2016.
  76. Suh, Dong Hoon. J Gynecol Oncol. Book Review: The emperor of all maladies: a biography of cancer by Siddhartha Mukherjee. October 2012. 23. 4. 291–292. 10.3802/jgo.2012.23.4.291. 3469866.
  77. Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Laws of Medicine: Field Notes from an Uncertain Science, Simon & Schuster, 2015 (page visited on 10 December 2015).
  78. James Gleick, "The Gene, by Siddhartha Mukherjee, York Times May 15, 2016 review
  79. News: Nolen . Stephanie . 2022-09-09 . Siddhartha Mukherjee Weaves History and Biology to Tell the Story of Us . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-09-17 . 0362-4331.
  80. Online version is titled "Why does the pandemic seem to be hitting some countries harder than others?".
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  82. Web site: PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award Winners . 28 April 2016 . Pen America . 25 June 2018.
  83. Web site: Annual Cancer Leadership Awards Reception . Friends of Cancer Research . 25 June 2018.
  84. The 2011 TIME 100 Poll Results . 25 June 2018 . Time.
  85. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61585-7 . 2011 Wellcome Trust Book Prize shortlist . The Lancet . 378 . 9801 . 1454 . 2011 . Bourke . Joanna . 54401744 .
  86. News: Farrington . Roger . The Associates of the Boston Public Library's "Literary Lights" Dinner . 25 June 2018 . Wellesley Patch . 25 April 2012.
  87. Web site: Padma Awards Announced. Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 25 January 2014. 26 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735. 22 February 2014. dead. dmy-all.
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  89. Web site: Nobel laureate Svetlana Alexievich heads longlist for UK's top nonfiction award . . 20 September 2016.
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  92. News: NUI . Conferring of NUI degrees in RCSI, Dublin – May 2018 . 27 June 2018 . National University of Ireland . 31 May 2018.
  93. News: Mackovich . Ron . USC announces five honorary degree recipients for 2018 commencement . 27 June 2018 . USC News . 6 April 2018.
  94. Web site: Siddhartha Mukherjee . June 25, 2024 . Carnegie Corporation of New York.
  95. 2023, American Library Association. Reference and User Services Association. 2023 Notable Books List Announced: Year's Best in Fiction, Nonfiction and Poetry
  96. News: National Academy of Medicine Elects 100 New Members . 9 October 2023 . National Academy of Medicine . 9 October 2023.
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