| Šiauliai | |
| Nickname: | Saulės miestas (The City of the Sun) |
| Settlement Type: | City municipality |
| Coordinates: | 55.9333°N 42°W |
| Pushpin Map: | Lithuania#Europe |
| Pushpin Relief: | 1 |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: | Lithuania |
| Subdivision Type1: | Ethnographic region |
| Subdivision Name1: | Samogitia |
| Subdivision Type2: | County |
| Subdivision Name2: | Šiauliai County |
| Subdivision Type3: | Municipality |
| Subdivision Name3: | Šiauliai city municipality |
| Subdivision Type6: | Capital of |
| Subdivision Name6: | Šiauliai County Šiauliai city municipality Šiauliai district municipality |
| Parts Type: | Elderships |
| Parts Style: | para |
| P1: | Medelynas eldership |
| P2: | Rėkyva eldership |
| Established Date: | 1236 |
| Established Title: | First mentioned |
| Established Date2: | 1589 |
| Established Title2: | Granted city rights |
| Population Total: | 108,000 |
| Population Metro: | 140,379[1] |
| Population As Of: | 2023[2] |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Area Total Km2: | 81.13 |
| Elevation M: | 151 |
| Postal Code Type: | Postal code |
| Postal Code: | 76xxx |
| Area Code: | (+370) 41 |
| Timezone: | EET |
| Utc Offset: | +2 |
| Timezone Dst: | EEST |
| Utc Offset Dst: | +3 |
| Blank Name Sec2: | Climate |
| Blank Info Sec2: | Dfb |
| Leader Title: | Mayor |
| Leader Name: | Artūras Visockas |
Šiauliai (; in Lithuanian ɕɛʊ̯ˈlʲɛɪ̯ˑ/; Baltic languages: Šiaulē; German: Schaulen) is a city in northern Lithuania, the country's fourth largest city and the sixth largest city in the Baltic States, with a population of 108,000 in 2023.[3] From 1994 to 2010 it was the capital of Šiauliai County.
Šiauliai is referred to by various names in different languages: Samogitian Šiaulē, Latvian Latvian: Saule (historic) and Latvian: Šauļi (modern), Polish Polish: Szawle, German German: Schaulen, pronounced as /de/, Russian Russian: Шавли (Russian: Shavli – historic) and Russian: Шяуля́й (Russian: Shyaulyai – modern), Yiddish Yiddish: שאַװל (Yiddish: Shavel).[4]
The city was first mentioned in written sources as Soule in Livonian Order chronicles describing the Battle of Saule.[5] Thus the city's founding date is now considered to be 22 September 1236, the same date when the battle took place, not far from Šiauliai.[5] At first, it developed as a defence post against the raids by the Teutonic and Livonian Orders. After the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, the raids stopped and Šiauliai started to develop as an agricultural settlement. In 1445, a wooden church was built. It was replaced in 1625 with the brick church which can be seen in the city center today.[6]
Šiauliai was granted Magdeburg city rights in the 16th century when it also became an administrative centre of the area.[7] However, in the 16th to 18th centuries the city was devastated by The Deluge and epidemics of the Bubonic plague.[7]
The credit for the city's rebirth goes to Antoni Tyzenhaus (1733–1785) who after a violent revolt of peasants of the Crown properties in Northern Lithuania (so-called in Polish: Powstanie Szawelskie, 1769), started the radical economic and urban reforms.[8] [9] [7] He decided to rebuild the city according to the Classicism ideas: at first houses were built randomly in a radial shape, but Tyzenhaus decided to build the city in an orderly rectangular grid. Šiauliai grew to become a well-developed city, with several prominent brick buildings. In 1791 Stanisław August Poniatowski, king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, confirmed once again that Šiauliai's city rights and granted it a coat of arms which depicted a bear, the symbol of Samogitia, the Eye of Providence, and a red bull, the symbol of the Poniatowski family. The modern coat of arms has been modelled after this version.
After the Partitions of Poland, Šiauliai received a new coat of arms. The city grew and became an important educational and cultural centre. Also, infrastructure was rapidly developing: in 1836–1858 a road connecting Riga and Tilsit was built, in 1871 a railroad connecting Liepāja with Romny was built.[10] Šiauliai, being in a crossroad of important merchant routes, started to develop as an industrial town. Already in 1897, it was the third-largest city in Lithuania with a population of about 16,000. The demographics changed also: 56.4% of the inhabitants were Jewish in 1909. Šiauliai was known for its leather industry. Chaim Frenkel owned the biggest leather factory in the Russian Empire.
During World War I, about 85% of the buildings were burned down and the city centre was destroyed. After the war and re-establishment of Lithuania, the importance of Šiauliai grew. Before Klaipėda was attached to Lithuania, the city was second after Kaunas by population size. By 1929 the city centre was rebuilt. Modern utilities were also included: streets were lighted and there was public transportation, telephone and telegraph lines, water supply network and sewer.
The first years of independence were difficult because the industrial city lost its markets in Russia. It needed to find new clients in Western Europe. In 1932, a railroad to Klaipėda was built and it connected the city to the Western markets. In 1938, the city produced about 85% of Lithuania's leather, 60% of footwear, 75% of flax fibre and 35% of candies. Culture also flourished as many new periodicals were printed, new schools and universities opened, a library, theatre, museum, and conventional school opened.
See also: Šiauliai Ghetto and Šiauliai Offensive. In 1939, one-fifth of the city's population was Jewish.[11] German soldiers entered Šiauliai on June 26, 1941. The first mass murder of Šiauliai Jews was perpetrated in the Kužiai forest, about 12 kilometres outside Šiauliai, on June 29, 1941. According to one of the Jewish survivors of Šiauliai, Nesse Godin, some 700 people were shot in nearby woods during the first weeks of occupation after having been forced to dig their own graves. Beginning on July 29, 1941, and continuing throughout the summer, the Germans murdered about 8,000 Jews from Šiauliai and the Šiauliai region in the Kužiai forest. One hundred twenty-five Jews from Linkuva were also murdered there, along with ethnic Lithuanian and Russian members of the Communist Party and the Communist Youth.[12]
The Šiauliai Ghetto was established in July 1941. There were two Jewish ghetto areas in Šiauliai, one in the Kaukas suburb, and one in Trakų. During World War II, the Jewish population was reduced from 8,000 to 500. Approximately 80% of the buildings were destroyed.[13] [14]
The city was largely rebuilt anew in a typical Soviet fashion during the years of subsequent Soviet occupation.
Šiauliai located in eastern part of the northern plateau, Mūša, Dubysa and Venta River divide. Distance of 210km (130miles) to Vilnius, Kaunas – 142km (88miles), Klaipėda – 161km (100miles), Riga – 128km (80miles), Kaliningrad – 250km (160miles). The total city area 81.13km², from the green areas 18.87km², water – 12.78km². Urban land outside perimeter of the administrative 70317km (43,693miles).
Altitude: Rėkyvos the lake water level – 129.8m (425.9feet) above sea level, Talsos lake level – 103m (338feet) in the city center – 128.4m (421.3feet), Salduvės Hill – 149.7m (491.1feet) above sea level.
The total water area – 1,280 ha, 15.7% in urban areas.
Under the Köppen climate classification, Šiauliai has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb). The average temperature in January; -3°C in July; +18°C. The amount of precipitation in a year – 620mm.
In 1942, the city recorded the lowest Lithuania year mean temperature (+3.6 °C).
In 1795, there were 3,700 people living in Šiauliai, rising to 16,128 by 1897, when it was the third-most populous city in Lithuania after Kaunas. The Jewish population of Šiauliai rose steadily through the second half of the nineteenth century, from 2,565 in 1847 to around 7,000 at century's end.[15] By the outbreak of World War I, 12,000 of the town's inhabitants were Jews, making Šiauliai majority Jewish. A battlefield during World War I, Šiauliai saw thousands of its Jewish citizens flee, never to return. In 1923, Šiauliai population's was third to that of Kaunas and Klaipėda.
According to the 2021 census, the city population was 100,653 people, of which:[16]
Beginning in the 19th century, Šiauliai became an industrial centre. During the Russian Empire period, the city had the largest leather factory in the whole empire, owned by Chaim Frenkel. Šiauliai contributed to around 85% of all leather production in Lithuania, 60% of the footwear industry, 75% of the flax fibre industry, and 35% of the sweets industry.
During the Soviet years, the city produced electronics (Nuklonas), mechanical engineering, wood processing, construction industry. Most of the industrial enterprises were concentrated in urban areas.
According to 2005 data, the city has:
In 2020, construction of Europe's largest aircraft maintenance and repair centre will begin on the territory of Šiauliai International Airport. The related company will repair Airbus A320, Boeing 737 Classic, Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft and will also provide aircraft administration and parking services. It is planned that the centre will create 1000 new workplaces.[18]
Students in the city (in 2006):
There are 8 gymnasiums, 7 high schools, 16 secondary schools, 7 primary schools, 9 children's non-formal education schools, 29 kindergartens.[19] 21,000 students studied in general education schools in 2006.
The city park to the creation of Anton Tyzenhaus essentially graduated Vladimir Zubov. The 19th-century park was of a rectangular shape and was similar to English-style freely designed parks. For a small fee, citizens were allowed to walk in the park. In 1931, the Park and Alley chestnut was officially donated to the Šiauliai city municipality.
Šiauliai has 16 parks, covering an area of 1,177 hectares. Didždvario province and Rėkyvos parks add to the cultural values of the registry.
Šiauliai has always been a major intersection. The famous Saulės battle took place near a trade route from Riga to Bubiai and Tauragė.In 1836–1858 Riga–Tilsit (Sovetsk) highway was built near it. About 1912, first cars appeared on city's streets.
Highways passing through Šiauliai :
In 2006, Šiauliai had 297km (185miles) of roads, of which 32% had a gravel surface. The longest streets are Tilžės street – 9.72km (06.04miles) and Vilnius street – 5.67km (03.52miles) with 1.28km (00.8miles) of it being a pedestrian boulevard.
In 1871, the Liepaja-Romny railway was built. The Tilžė–Riga and Šiauliai–Klaipeda railways were built in 1916 and 1931, respectively. The city has a railway station.
In 1930, an air strip was developed. It was expanded in 1961 during the Soviet period and developed into a large VVS base. It is now a military base for NATO, and home to the Šiauliai International Airport.
The first passenger transport company in Šiauliai was founded in 1940. It was Autotrestas, which had 29 buses. In 1944 a motor firm replaced Autotrestas. In 1947 the first taxi company, Šiauliai cars, appeared. Subsequently, to meet the needs of an increasing population, more busses and Taksomotorų Autoūkis were added in 1955. In 2006, a modern bus station with a trade centre was constructed. The city has 27 city routes, the maximum number is 29.
Šiauliai of communication in 1897 could be used not only for mail or telegraph, and telephone. Telephone subscribers in 1923 was 170, while in 1937 – 700 rooms. 1936; the city to install a phone machine.
1957, a television tower, which are equipped with radio and antenna lines. In 1995 launched the construction of cable television lines, 1998 started to install the cable internet, since 2003 – Optical Internet line. In 2008 the city has 14 post offices (central LT-76001).
Since 1924 football was played in Šiauliai. By the year 1936 there were 14 football teams in the city. Later other sports also started to be played professionally: basketball, handball, rugby, hockey, athletics, cycling, boxing and other sports. On July 25, 2007, in preparation for the 37th European men basketball championship, a modern Šiauliai Arena was opened to the public.
| Club | Sport | League | Venue | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BC Šiauliai | Basketball | Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL), Baltic Basketball League (BBL), Eurocup | Šiaulių arena | |
| FA Šiauliai | Football | The A League A Lyga | ||
| ABRO- Saulė | Basketball | Šiaulių sporto rūmai | ||
| RK Šiauliai | Handball | Lithuanian Handball League (LRL) | Šiaulių sporto rūmai | |
| RK Vairas | Rugby union | Lithuanian Rugby Championship | Zoknių stadionas | |
| RK Baltrex | Rugby union | Talšos stadionas | ||
| RK Šiauliai | Rugby union | Talšos stadionas |
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Lithuania. Šiauliai is twinned with:[20]
Częstochowa, Poland
Jelgava, Latvia
Khmelnytsky, Ukraine
Kristianstad, Sweden
Omaha, United States
Pärnu, EstoniaThe city was previously twinned with:[21]
Baranavichy, Belarus
Kaliningrad, RussiaAccording to the population census of 2001, ethnic Lithuanians comprise 93%, Russians – 5%, and the remaining 2% consist of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Jews, Roma, Latvians, Armenians and other ethnic groups. About 94% of the city's population consider Lithuanian their native language, 5% are Russian speakers and the remainder speak Ukrainian, Belarusian, Latvian, Roma, Armenian etc. About 80% of those older than 20 have a command of the Russian language, while only 17% can speak English and 7% – German.[22]
People who were born in or near Šiauliai include: