Shutrukid dynasty explained

Native Name:Shutrukid dynasty
Conventional Long Name:Shutrukid dynasty
Event Start:Established
Year Start:c. 1210 BC
Event End:Disestablished
Year End:c. 1100 BC
P1:Igehalkid dynasty
S1:Humban-Tahrid (Neo-Elamite) dynasty
Image Map Caption:Map of the territory of Elam.
Common Languages:Elamite

The Shutrukid dynasty (c. 1210 – 1100 BC) was a dynasty of the Elamite empire, in modern Iran. Under the Shutrukids, Elam reached a height in power.[1]

History

Shutruk-Nakhkhunte was the founder of this dynasty. He took as wife a Babylonian princess, the eldest daughter of Melishihu of Babylon. Shutruk-Nakhkhunte and his three sons, Kutir-Nakhkhunte II, Shilhak-In-Shushinak, and Khutelutush-In-Shushinak were capable of frequent military campaigns into Kassite Babylonia (which was also being ravaged by the empire of Assyria during this period), and at the same time were exhibiting vigorous construction activity—building and restoring luxurious temples in Susa and across their Empire.[1] Shutruk-Nakhkhunte raided Babylonia, carrying home to Susa trophies like the statues of Marduk and Manishtushu, the Manishtushu Obelisk, the Stele of Hammurabi and the stele of Naram-Sin.[1] With these trophies, he attempted to give a new aura to Elam, as the conqueror of Babylonia.[1] Shutruk-Nakhunte added his own inscription on the stele of Naram-Sin:

In 1158 BC, after much of Babylonia had been annexed by Ashur-Dan I of Assyria and Shutruk-Nakhkhunte, the Elamites defeated permanently the Kassites, a dynasty which had ruled Mesopotamia for four centuries.[1] [2] They killed the Kassite king of Babylon, Zababa-shuma-iddin, and replaced him with Shutruk-Nakhkhunte's eldest son, Kutir-Nakhkhunte, who held it no more than three years before being ejected by the native Akkadian speaking Babylonians. The Elamites then briefly came into conflict with Assyria, managing to take the Assyrian city of Arrapha (modern Kirkuk) before being ultimately defeated and having a treaty forced upon them by Ashur-Dan I.

Kutir-Nakhkhunte's son Khutelutush-In-Shushinak was defeated by Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon, who sacked Susa and returned the statue of Marduk, but who was then himself defeated by the Assyrian king Ashur-resh-ishi I. He fled to Anshan, but later returned to Susa, and his brother Shilhana-Hamru-Lagamar may have succeeded him as last king of the Shutrukid dynasty. Following Khutelutush-In-Shushinak, the power of the Elamite empire began to wane, for after the death of this ruler, Elam disappears into obscurity for more than three centuries.

Rulers

NameImageTitleBorn-DiedEntered officeLeft officeFamily RelationsNote
Shutrukid dynasty,[3] c. 1200–c. 970 BC
83Hallutush-Inshushinakking of Anshan & Susa?–?c. 1200 BC??
84Shutruk-Nahhunte Iking of Anshan & Susa?–?before c. 1158 BCafter c. 1158 BCson of Hallutush-Inshushinak; son-in-law of Melishihu of Babylon[4]
85Kutir-Nahhunte IIking of Anshan & Susa?–?before c. 1155 BCafter c. 1155 BCson of Shutruk-Nahhunte I
86Shilhak-Inshushinak Iking of Anshan & Susa?–???son of Shutruk-Nahhunte I
87Hutelutush-Inshushinakking of Anshan & Susa?–?before c. 1110 BCafter c. 1110 BCson of Kutir-Nahhunte II
88Shilhina-Hamru-Lakamar king of Anshan & Susa?–?after 1110 BC?son of Shilhak-Inshushinak I
89Humban-Numena IIking of Anshan & Susa?–?early 11th century BC??
90Shutruk-Nahhunte IIking of Anshan & Susa?–?middle of 11th century BC?son of Humban-Numena II
91Shutur-Nahhunte Iking of Anshan & Susa?–?middle of 11th century BC?son of Humban-Numena II
92Mar-biti-apla-usur[5] "son" of Elam?–?before 983 BCafter 978 BC?
?Akshir-Shimutking of Anshan & Susa?–????
?Akshir-Nahhunteking of Anshan & Susa?–????
?Kara-Indashking of Elam?–????

See also

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Book: The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre . 1992 . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 978-0-87099-651-1 . 122 . en.
  2. Book: Álvarez-Mon . Javier . The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC . 31 March 2020 . Routledge . 978-1-000-03485-1 . 434 . en.
  3. Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998.
  4. Potts . D. T. . Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf . Journal of Near Eastern Studies . April 2006 . 65 . 2 . 111–119 . University of Chicago Press. 10.1086/504986 .
  5. He was also king of Babylon.