| Three Friends of Winter | |
| Pic: | Three_Friends_of_Winter_by_Zhao_Mengjian.jpg |
| Piccap: | The Three Friends of Winter by the painter Zhao Mengjian, Song dynasty |
| Picsize: | 300px |
| T: | 歲寒三友 |
| S: | 岁寒三友 |
| P: | suìhán sānyǒu |
| Qn: | Tuế hàn tam hữu |
| Chuhan: | 歲寒三友 |
| Kanji: | 歳寒三友 |
| Hiragana: | さいかんさんゆう |
| Romaji: | Saikan san'yū |
| Hangul: | 세한삼우 |
| Hanja: | 歲寒三友 |
| Rr: | Sehansamu |
The Three Friends of Winter is an art motif that comprises the pine, bamboo, and plum.[1] The Chinese celebrated the pine, bamboo and plum together, for they observed that unlike many other plants these plants do not wither as the cold days deepen into the winter season. Known by the Chinese as the Three Friends of Winter, they later entered the conventions of Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese culture.[2] [3] [4] [5] Together they symbolize steadfastness, perseverance, and resilience.[6] They are highly regarded in Confucianism as representing its scholar-gentleman ideal.[1]
The Three Friends of Winter are common in works of art from Chinese culture[7] and those cultures influenced by it. The three are first recorded as appearing together in a ninth-century poem by the poet Zhu Qingyu (Chinese: 朱慶餘) of the Tang dynasty. Artists such as Zhao Mengjian (Chinese: 趙孟堅, c. 1199–1264) of the Southern Song dynasty and other contemporaries later made this grouping popular in painting.[8]
The earliest literary reference to the term "[Three] Friends of Winter" can be traced back to the Record of the Five-cloud Plum Cottage (Chinese: 五雲梅舍記) from The Clear Mountain Collection (Chinese: 霽山集) by the writer Lin Jingxi (Chinese: 林景熙, 1242–1310) of the Song dynasty:[9] [10]
The Three Friends are known as in Japan.[11] They are particularly associated with the start of the New Year, appearing on greeting cards and as a design stamped into seasonal sweets.[12] They are sometimes also used as a three-tier ranking system; in this context, the is usually the highest rank, followed by the as the middle rank, and the as the lowest.[13] [14]
In a Korean poem by Kim Yuki (1580–1658), the three friends are brought together in order to underline the paradoxical contrast:
In Vietnam, the three along with chrysanthemum create a combination of four trees and flowers usually seen in pictures and decorative items. The four also appear in works but mostly separately with the same symbolic significance. They are known as Tuế hàn tam hữu in Vietnamese.[15]