Shirk (Islam) Explained

Shirk (Arabic: شِرْك|lit=polytheism) in Islam is a sin often roughly translated as 'idolatry' or 'polytheism', but more accurately meaning 'association [with [[God in Islam|God]]]'.[1] [2] It refers to accepting other divinities or powers alongside God as associates.[3] [4] In contrast, Islam teaches that God does not share divine attributes with anyone, as it is disallowed according to the Islamic doctrine of tawhid.[5] [6] The Quran, the central religious text of Islam, states in 4:48 that God will not forgive shirk if one dies without repenting of it.[7] [6] [8]

The one who commits shirk is called a mushrik. The opposite of shirk is tawhid and the opposite of mushrik is muwahhid.

Etymology

The word shirk comes from the Arabic root sh-r-k (Arabic: ش ر ك), with the general meaning of 'to share'.[9] In the context of the Quran, the particular sense of 'sharing as an equal partner' is usually understood, so that polytheism means 'attributing a partner to God'. In the Quran, shirk and the related word mushrikūn (Arabic: مشركون)—those who commit shirk and plot against Islam—often refer to the enemies of Islam (as in al-Tawbah verses 9:1–15).[10]

Quran

According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the Quran states twice in An-Nisa verses 48 and 116 that God can forgive all sins save one: shirk.[11]

Islamic commentators on the Quran have emphasized that a number of pre-Islamic Arabian deities and jinn, most notably the three goddesses Manat, al-Lat and al-Uzza mentioned in al-Najm, were considered associates of God.[12]

Entities worshipped besides God are called shurakāʾ (Arabic: شُرَكَاء).[13] [14] After Judgement Day, they will be cast into Hell along with devils and evil jinn,[13] to whom the polytheists are said to sacrifice in order to gain protection.

Charles Adams writes that the Quran reproaches the People of the Book with kufr for rejecting Muhammad's message when they should have been the first to accept it as possessors of earlier revelations, and he singles out Christians for disregarding the evidence of God's unity.[15] The Quranic verse Al-Ma'idah 5:73[16] ("Certainly they disbelieve [''kafara''] who say: God is the third of three"), among other verses, has been traditionally understood in Islam as rejection of the Christian Trinity doctrine,[17] but modern scholarship has suggested alternative interpretations. Other Quranic verses strongly deny the divinity of Jesus Christ, the son of Mary, and reproach the people who treat Jesus as equal with God as disbelievers, who will be doomed to eternal punishment in Hell.[18] [19] The Quran also does not recognise the attribute of Jesus as the Son of God or God himself but respects Jesus as a prophet and messenger of God, who was sent to children of Israel.[20] Some Muslim thinkers such as Mohamed Talbi have viewed the most extreme Qur'anic presentations of the dogmas of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus (Al-Ma'idah 5:19, 5:75-76, 5:119)[16] as non-Christian formulas, which were rejected by the Church.[21]

Cyril Glasse criticises the use of kafirun (pl. of kafir) to describe Christians as a "loose usage".[22] According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, traditional Islamic jurisprudence has ahl al-kitab being "usually regarded more leniently than other kuffar [pl. of ''kafir'']," and "in theory," a Muslim commits a punishable offense if he says to a Jew or a Christian, "Thou unbeliever."[23]

Historically, People of the Book permanently residing under Islamic rule were entitled to a special status known as dhimmi, and those who were visiting Muslim lands received a different status known as musta'min.[23] In the Quran Jews and Christians, although accused of believing shared divinity by asserting lineage between God and Ezra or Jesus respectively, are not described as mushrik.[24] The term is reserved for pre-Islamic beliefs who associated partners with God. Nonetheless, medieval Muslim philosophers identified belief in the Trinity with shirk ("associationism"), by limiting the infinity of God by associating his divinity with physical existence.[25]

Theological interpretation

In a theological context, one commits shirk by associating some lesser being with God (Allah). The sin is committed if one imagines that there is another power associated with Allah as a partner.[26] It is stated in the Quran: "Allah forgives not that partners should be set up with Him, but He forgives anything else, to whom He pleases, to set up partners with Allah is to devise a sin most heinous indeed" (Quran An-Nisa 4:48).[27] [28]

The term is often translated as polytheism, however more complex than the English translation.[29] [30] The term also implies that humans need to renounce claiming divine status for themselves by regarding themselves as better than others.[31] Besides worshipping only one God, it also postulates that God must be considered as entirely unique and condemns anthropomorphization.[32] Shirk further implies that God's attributes cannot be associated with any other entity or that any other entity can exist independent from God.[33]

Forms of shirk

Shirk is classified into two categories:[34]

Shirk al-akbar

Shirk al-akbar is defined as open association and has been described in two forms:[37]

Shirk al-asghar

Shirke al-asghar may be committed by one who professes tawhid, but for the sake of others.

Mahmud ibn Lubayd reported,

Mahmud ibn Lubayd also said,

Umar ibn al-Khattab narrated that the Messenger of Allah said: "Whoever swears by other than Allah has committed an act of kufr or shirk." (graded hasan by Al-Tirmidhi and saheeh by Al-Hakim)

According to Ibn Mas’ood, one of Muhammad's companions said: "That I should swear by Allah upon a lie is more preferable to me than that I should swear by another upon the truth."[38]

Sufism and Wahhabism thoughts on shirk

Sufism

According to Sufi teachings, to avoid "hidden shirk" (al-shirk al-khafi), it is necessary to focus solely on God and give up one's own will.[39]

Some Sufi scholars even go so far as to describe a belief in free will as a form of shirk. According to such an uncompromising view, beliefs usually accommodated within Islamic monotheism, such as that in a personal devil (rather than the unregenerate self deficient in God) as the source of evil, or a belief in the concept of free will, are regarded as beliefs in creative powers other than (i.e. standing beside/external to) God, and are thus equated with shirk.[40]

Abdullah Ansari describes the highest stage of tawhid a human can possess, when the mind becomes fully immersed in the presence of God and understand how all things are put into their proper places.[41]

Wahhabism

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabi movement, classified shirk into three main categories.[42] However, ibn Taymiyya is considered to have been the spiritual founder of this distinction.

For abd al-Wahhab, tawhid al-ibada was the decisive factor to determine the identity of a Muslim and also the execution of tawhid al-rububiyyah. Muslims who violated his interpretation of tawhid al-ibada were considered to be "associators" (mushrikūn) and "unbelievers" (kāfirūn).[46]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://www.secularismandnonreligion.org/articles/10.5334/snr.111/ Nonbelief: An Islamic Perspective
  2. Web site: Surah Luqman Verse 13 31:13 لقمان - Quran O. 2021-05-03. qurano.com. en.
  3. Encyclopedia: Gimaret . D. . 2012 . S̲h̲irk . Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2nd. Brill . P. . Bearman . Th. . Bianquis . C. E. . Bosworth . E. . van Donzel . W. P. . Heinrichs . 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6965 .
  4. Encyclopedia: shirk . The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Glassé. Cyril. Smith. Huston. 2003-01-01. Rowman Altamira. 9780759101906. 429. en.
  5. Encyclopedia: Shirk . Encyclopædia Britannica.
  6. Kamoonpuri, S: "Basic Beliefs of Islam" pages 42–58. Tanzania Printers Limited, 2001.
  7. Web site: Forgiveness for Shirk. The meaning of the verse is that whoever dies while a Mushrik (polytheist) Allah will not forgive him and he will surely be punished for this sin, i.e. he will remain in Hell-fire forever. As for the person who repents, Allah forgives his previous Shirk..
  8. Cenap Çakmak. Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO 2017. p. 1450.
  9. [A. A. Nadwi]
  10. Web site: Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Tawbah . Quran 4 U . Ibn Kathir . Ibn Kathir . Tafsir. 11 March 2020.
  11. Encyclopaedia of Islam, volume 9, 2nd edition, s.v. shirk
  12. Pantić, Nikola. Sufism in Ottoman Damascus: Religion, Magic, and the Eighteenth-century Networks of the Holy. Taylor & Francis, 2023. chapter 3
  13. Magic and Divination in Early Islam. (2021). Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis.
  14. Eichler, Paul Arno, 1889-Publication date 1928Topics KoranPublisher Leipzig : KleinCollection microfilm; additional_collectionsDigitizing sponsor Internet ArchiveContributor Internet ArchiveLanguage German
  15. Encyclopedia: Charles Adams . Kevin Reinhart. Kufr. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. John L. Esposito. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 2009. subscription . 9780195305135.
  16. Web site: Surah Al Ma'ida . Quran 4 U . Ibn Kathir . Ibn Kathir . 11 March 2020.
  17. Encyclopedia: Thomas, David . 2006 . Trinity. Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Jane Dammen McAuliffe. Brill. subscription.
  18. Joseph, Jojo, Qur’an-Gospel Convergence: The Qur’an’s Message To Christians , Journal of Dharma, 1 (January–March 2010), pp. 55-76
  19. Mazuz, Haggai (2012) Christians in the Qurʾān: Some Insights Derived from the Classical Exegetic Approach, Journal of Dharma 35, 1 (January–March 2010), 55-76
  20. Schirrmacher, Christine, The Islamic view of Christians: Qur’an and Hadith, http://www.worldevangelicals.org
  21. Book: Carré, Olivier. 2003. Mysticism and Politics: A Critical Reading of Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qurʼān by Sayyid Quṭb. Boston. Brill. 63–64. 978-9004125902.
  22. Book: Glasse. Cyril. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. 1989. Altamira Press. NY. 978-0759101890. 247. Revised 2001.
  23. Encyclopedia: Björkman, W. . 2012 . Kāfir . Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2nd. Brill . P. Bearman . Th. Bianquis . C.E. Bosworth . E. van Donzel . W.P. Heinrichs. 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3775 .
  24. Gimaret, D., “Tawḥīd”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 25 February 2024 First published online: 2012First print edition:, 1960-2007
  25. Learning from other faiths Hermann Häring, Janet Martin Soskice, Felix Wilfred - 2003 - 141 "Medieval Jewish (as well as Muslim) philosophers identified belief in the Trinity with the heresy of shituf (Hebrew) or shirk (Arabic): 'associationism', or limiting the infinity of Allah by associating his divinity with creaturely being"
  26. Mark, Durie. "Semantic decomposition of four Quranic words." Russian Journal of Linguistics 26.4 (2022): 937-969.
  27. Web site: Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Nisa . Quran 4 U . Ibn Kathir . Ibn Kathir . Tafsir. 11 March 2020.
  28. Faruki, Kemal. "TAWḤĪD AND THE DOCTRINE OF'IṢMAH." Islamic Studies 4.1 (1965): 31-43.
  29. Mark, Durie. "Semantic decomposition of four Quranic words." Russian Journal of Linguistics 26.4 (2022): 937-969.
  30. Mulia, Siti Musdah. "Muslim Family Law Reform in Indonesia A Progressive Interpretation of The Qur’an." Al-Mawarid: Jurnal Hukum Islam (2015): 1-18.
  31. Mulia, Siti Musdah. "Muslim Family Law Reform in Indonesia A Progressive Interpretation of The Qur’an." Al-Mawarid: Jurnal Hukum Islam (2015): 1-18.
  32. Mulia, Siti Musdah. "Muslim Family Law Reform in Indonesia A Progressive Interpretation of The Qur’an." Al-Mawarid: Jurnal Hukum Islam (2015): 1-18.
  33. Faruki, Kemal. "TAWḤĪD AND THE DOCTRINE OF'IṢMAH." Islamic Studies 4.1 (1965): 31-43.
  34. Winter, Timothy, ed. The Cambridge companion to classical Islamic theology. Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 233
  35. Winter, Timothy, ed. The Cambridge companion to classical Islamic theology. Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 233
  36. Faruki, Kemal. "TAWḤĪD AND THE DOCTRINE OF'IṢMAH." Islamic Studies 4.1 (1965): 31-43.
  37. Winter, Timothy, ed. The Cambridge companion to classical Islamic theology. Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 233
  38. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Kitab At-Tawheed, chapter 40
  39. Sands, Kristin. Sufi commentaries on the Qur'an in classical Islam. routledge, 2006. p. 29
  40. Awn, Peter J. (1983). Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 104.
  41. Abdullah, Wan Suhaimi Wan. "Herawi's Concept of Tawhid: An Observation Based on His Manazil Al-Sa'irin." Jurnal Usuluddin 12 (2000): 95-104.
  42. Peskes, Esther and Ende, W., “Wahhābiyya”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 25 February 2024 First published online: 2012First print edition:, 1960-2007
  43. Peskes, Esther and Ende, W., “Wahhābiyya”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 25 February 2024 First published online: 2012First print edition:, 1960-2007
  44. Peskes, Esther and Ende, W., “Wahhābiyya”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 25 February 2024 First published online: 2012First print edition:, 1960-2007
  45. Peskes, Esther and Ende, W., “Wahhābiyya”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 25 February 2024 First published online: 2012First print edition:, 1960-2007
  46. Peskes, Esther and Ende, W., “Wahhābiyya”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 25 February 2024 First published online: 2012First print edition:, 1960-2007

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Shirk (Islam)".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.