| Capel Windmill | |
| Name Of Mill: | Shiremark Mill Kingsfold Mill Capel Mill |
| Gbgridref: | TQ 1719 3760 |
| Coordinates: | 51.1258°N -0.3267°W |
| Built: | 1774 |
| Purpose: | Corn mill |
| Type: | Smock mill |
| Storeys: | Three-storey smock |
| Base Storeys: | Single-storey base |
| Smock Sides: | Eight sides |
| Sail Number: | Four sails |
| Sail Type: | Double Patent sails |
| Windshaft: | Cast iron |
| Winding: | Hand winded by wheel and chain |
| Pairs Of Millstones: | Two pairs |
| Lost: | Burnt down 1972 |
| Other: | Only windmill with stones on a hurst frame south of the River Thames |
Shiremark Mill, also known as Kingsfold Mill or Capel Mill was a listed Smock mill at Capel, Surrey, England, which was burnt down in 1972.[1]
Shiremark Mill was built in 1774, incorporating some material from a demolished open trestle post mill which had stood at Clark's Green (TQ 176 398,). It was so named because it stood close to the border with Sussex, and although often thought of as a Sussex mill, actually stood just within Surrey[2] by some 20yd.[1]
The mill was offered for sale in 1777, described as "new-built" and in 1802 was acquired by the Stone family, who were to work it until 1919. In 1886, the mill was tailwinded and the cap and sails were blown off. Messrs Grist and Steele, the Horsham millwrights replaced them that year. The mill worked by wind until 1919, when it was stopped on account of a defective curb.[2]
Shiremark Mill slowly became derelict, an inspection by Rex Wailes in 1933 resulted in an estimated repair cost of £100. The cap boarding was repaired but the mill was again left to deteriorate. In 1950, Capel Parish Council approached the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings and the owner of the mill with a view to securing the mill's preservation. The mill had been listed as an antiquity by Surrey County Council by 1951. In 1952, a detailed inspection of the mill found that the sills and lower part of the cant posts were rotten. Thompson's, the Alford millwrights estimated that the mill would cose £2,500 to restore. The main beams of the first floor were supported by brick piers, but no other work was done.[2] Although the mill had all four sails in 1928,[3] the sails fell off one by one, with the last falling in 1956.[2] Photographs show that the cap was intact in August 1958, but by May 1966 the roof had gone, exposing the brake wheel to the weather.[4]
Shiremark Mill was a three-storey smock mill on a single-storey base. There was no stage, earth having been thrown up against the base to form a mill mound. It last worked with four double Patent sails carried on a cast-iron windshaft. The cap was winded by a hand wheel.[2]
The single storey octagonal brick base was 8feet from floor level to the top of the brickwork internally. Externally it was 5feet from ground level to the top of the brickwork, earth having been embanked against the base to allow the sails to be reached for reefing, the mill having originally been built with Common sails. The brickwork tapered in thickness, being 14inches thick at the top. It was 24feet across the flats.[2] By 2006 the base was the only remaining part of the mill, although largely hidden by dense undergrowth.
The three-storey smock tower rested on oak sills of 10inches by 6inches in section. The eight oak cant posts were 10inches were 9inches square and 21feet long, and carried a circular oak curb of 14feet diameter at the top. There were two sets of 6inches square oak transoms at appropriate heights which carried the joists for the internal floors. Each of the twenty-four frames was infilled with a vertical oak post 5inches square and two diagonal struts 5inchesbyNaNinchesin (byin) in section. On the bottom floor of the smock there were two doors on opposite sides to enable access whatever direction the sails were facing.[2]
Internally, the bottom floor of the smock was at two levels, with a 4feet height difference. The main beams were 23feet long and 12inches square on 6feet centres. These formed the base of the Hurst Frame, a feature more commonly found in watermills than windmills. Shiremark mill is the only recorded windmill with a hurst frame south of the River Thames.[2] A surviving windmill with a hurst frame is Chesterton Mill, Warwickshire.
The cap was 17feet by 14feet in plan, and 10feet in height above the curb. The mill was 40feet high from the ground floor to the cap ridge, thus 36feet from ground level to roof externally. The main cap frame consisted of two sheers, each 12inches square in section and 16feet, set 10feet apart. The main cross members were the breast beam, the sprattle beam and the tail beam, in order from head to tail. The cross members extended each side of the sheers to form a base for the nine pairs of roof rafters. There was no ridge board to the roof.[2]
The cap was winded by a hand wheel of 8feet diameter housed just inside the rear of the cap. The worm wheel that engaged with the cogs set into the top of the tower was latterly a cast-iron one, replacing an earlier wooden one. It was necessary to pull about a NaNmiles of chain to turn the mill through 180 degrees.[2]
The mill was built with four Common sails. After it was tailwinded in 1886, a new cap, windshaft and four double Patent sails were fitted. The sails were 6feet wide and spanned 60feet. Each pair of sails was carried on a stock 39feet long and of 14inches by 12inches section at the canister, tapering to 6inches square at the tips. Each stock was strengthened by a pair of clamps, 10feet long and 8inches by 5inches in section.[2]
The cast-iron windshaft is 16feet long overall, with a canister at the outer end to carry the stocks. It was 12inches diameter at the neck bearing, NaNinches square at the boss for the brake wheel and 6inches diameter at the tail, the tail bearing itself being 4inches diameter. The windshaft carried a 9feet diameter clasp arm Brake wheel, which had been converted from compass arm construction, the original windshaft having been of wood. The brake wheel had 75 cogs.[2] The windshaft from Shiremark Mill was used in the restoration of Ripple Mill, Ringwould, Kent in 1994.[5]
The elm Upright Shaft was 21feet long It carried a cast-iron Wallower 3feet diameter Wallower, cast in halves and having 26 teeth. It replaced an earlier wooden wheel. The underside of the wallower had a friction ring which drove the sack hoist. At the foot of the Upright Shaft, a wooden clasp arm Great Spur Wheel of 6feet diameter with 70 cogs was carried. This drove the two pairs of millstones underdrift. The French Burr stones were driven by a stone nut with 20 cogs, and the Peak stones were driven by a stone nut with 18 cogs. Each pair of millstones was controlled by its own governor, missing at the time of the survey in 1952.[2]
Reference: [2]
Hilaire Belloc mentions Shiremark Mill in the preface to The Four Men.[6]