| Bade | |
| Nativename: | Gabaden |
| States: | Nigeria |
| Region: | Yobe State, Jigawa State |
| Date: | 2020 |
| Ref: | e25 |
| Familycolor: | Afro-Asiatic |
| Fam2: | Chadic |
| Fam3: | West Chadic |
| Fam4: | Bade–Warji |
| Fam5: | Bade languages (B.1) |
| Iso3: | bde |
| Glotto: | bade1248 |
| Glottorefname: | Bade |
Bade (also spelled Bede, Bedde, or Bode) is a West Chadic language spoken by the Bade people in Yobe State and Jigawa State, Nigeria. Their traditional ruler is the Emir of Bade. Similar to many other Western African languages, Bade is a vulnerable language at great risk of extinction. With 356,000 speakers, the language and the culture of the Bade people have suffered over the last several years. As the language continues to fade, the culture and historic value associated with the language perishes as well. The local dialect is shifting from Bade to Hausa. Across West Africa, the impact on local communities through the loss of the indigenous tongues will be significant. The endangerment of the Bade language represents the worldwide language diversity that is at risk.[1] Many African languages have only received little linguistic attention, impacting these African languages.[2]
Bade is classified under the following categories: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.1, Bade Proper.
While historical information about the Bade language is limited in scope, many words in the Bade language take root in the Kanuri language.[3] The Kanuri language is primarily spoken in West Africa, including: Nigeria and Chad. Bade and Ngizim have borrowed a number of words from the Kanuri language. According to traditional accounts, the Bade language itself originates from the Badr of Yemen and Muhammad purportedly drove the Bade people out after a failure to pray. Currently, as one of the many Nigerian endangered languages, bade serves as a local dialect. In general, Nigerian languages comprise the wealth of linguistic diversity that exists in the country.[4] Over the years, colonization has also played a role in the deteroriation of local languages, which Bade happens to be among, that for now, most of the Bade villages are becoming Hausa speaking villages.[5]
The speakers of the Bade language are centered in Nigeria. It is spoken in the northern part of Yobe State, Nigeria.[6]
The language is not the official language of Nigeria or any other country.
There are three dialects of the Bade language that coincide with regions:
Most West Chadic languages have a similar consonant inventory separated into eight major groups: labialized laryngeal, laryngeal, labialized velar, velar, lateral, alveopalatal, alveolar, and labial.[7] In the Bade/Ngizim languages, the glottal stop plays no role, but the vowel hiatus relies on elision and coalescence. The sounds also feature a "yawning" and has a shift from fricative to stop.
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | plain | lab. | |||||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||
| Stop/ Affricate | voiceless | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| voiced | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||
| prenasal | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||
| implosive | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| voiced | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| Rhotic | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | (pronounced as /ink/) | ||||||
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ | |
| Mid | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| Open | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ |
The grammar for the Bade language is consistent with the Ngizim language.
The Bade/Ngizim languages slightly differ from other Chadic languages. Bade and Ngizim have long vowels in closed syllables. Mid vowels also have a restricted use compared to other vowels. Mid vowels will rather appear as loanwords from other languages. The language preserves diphthongs in both native and loanwords.
The Bade language has strong influence from the Kanuri language. There are many loanwords from Kanuri to West Chadic languages, including Bade.[8] Bade is commonly grouped with the Ngizim language. As an example, the word "healthy" is Kanuri: nga in the Kanuri language and ngā in the Ngizim language. More recently, the Hausa language has influenced the Bade language.[9]
Below are some fish names of the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands in Bade, along with their Hausa and Manga Kanuri equivalent names. Note that many of the species have not been observed recently, due to the drying up of the region.[10]
| Scientific name | English | Bade | Present in 2003? | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fish (general) | Vunakon | Hausa: kíífíí | búnì | |||
| kur cibil | ? | |||||
| awgirin | Hausa: kanze | |||||
| amimiwal | Hausa: kúr̃úƙúllìì | |||||
| Hepsetus odoe | njig duwaŋ | kiribuni | No | |||
| Labeo coubie | No | |||||
| Synodontis spp. | Hausa: ƙùrúngùù | No | ||||
| Citharinus citharus, Citharinus latus | kalafan | Hausa: báánàà | palewal | No | ||
| Hemichromis bimaculatus, Hemichromis fasciatus | Hausa: bakar | |||||
| Heterotis niloticus | ufdakon, ebugancen | Hausa: bárgìì | baya | Yes | ||
| Mormyrus macrophthalmus | patima kururun | Hausa: burar buzu | ||||
| Labeo senegalensis | gadabdan | Hausa: búrdòò | bәskәm | No | ||
| Marcusenius ihyuysi | gulen | Hausa: dagari | lamsa | Yes | ||
| Epiplatys spp., Aplocheilichthys spp. | ak dakwan | dankya, akunu | ||||
| Barbus spp. | buk zәmәn | digila, bakin burdo | bәskәm, cilim | only seen near Geidam | ||
| Brycinus leuciscus | African tetras | wasan | dindukuri | mәɗi | No | |
| Oreochromis aureus (formerly Tilapia aurea) | kafakun | duguru | kawowo | Yes | ||
| Parachanna obscura | mudugun | dúmnóó | dumno | No | ||
| Clarias submarginatus | dundin | |||||
| Clarotes sp. ? | ? | dùrùdúrùù | ||||
| Labeo sp. | ɗán dáátàà | |||||
| Citharinus citharus, Citharinus latus | fàlfàl | fálfàl | ||||
| Sarotherodon galileus (formerly Tilapia galilaea) | kafakun heta | fárín wala | holo | Yes | ||
| Protopterus annectens | ambun | gáìwáá | ambu | Yes | ||
| Heterobranchus bidorsalis | mәsan | gara raka (?) | ? | |||
| Polypterus spp. | bichir fish | awiɗon | gàrgázáá, garza | bàràkádí | No | |
| Lates niloticus | kaɓәlin | gííwár̃ rúwááɓáríyàà | ɓariya | No | ||
| Mormyrus isidori | ? | hààlàɓà | ||||
| Clarias sp. | aalan | jàríí | ari | Yes | ||
| Brycinus macrolepidotus | African tetras | ? | kándáurákàà | ? | No | |
| Ichthyborus besse | ? but cf. ‘otter’ | kàren rúwáá | ||||
| Tilapia spp. | ɗiɗikir | kárfásáá | Yes | |||
| Distichodus spp. | grasseater | kaskasan | káwsàà cihaki | |||
| Tetraodon fahaka | kuɗiɗin mәfkәtәn, məkfətən | kómbání | kube | No | ||
| Dasyatis garouaensis | wurjik duwan | kunaman rúwáá | ||||
| Mormyrus rume | lámsàà | |||||
| Parailia pellucida | kalapar | lapar | lapar | Yes | ||
| Schilbe spp. | ganun | lûlúú mai kaya | lulu | |||
| Chrysichthys sp. | mai barewa | |||||
| Tilapia zilii | kafakun suk jijin | mai gidan gaci karfasa shuri | kawowo | Yes | ||
| Heterobranchus spp. | ? | mài leemu | ? | |||
| Malapterurus electricus | mjaŋ, njan | mínjíryáá | muu | Yes | ||
| Bagrus filamentosus | mumfal [?] | |||||
| Bagrus bayad, Bagrus docmak | masamanin | múskòò | mazambale | Yes | ||
| Marcusenius cyprinoides | takɗo | paya | paya | No | ||
| Alestes baremoze | African tetras | zantarin saaron | sááróó | saraŋ | No | |
| Oreochromis niloticus (formerly Tilapia nilotica) | andalon | sakiya | kawowo | Yes | ||
| Mormyrus sp. | sááwáyàà | |||||
| Siluranodon auritus | ? | sháŋsháŋ (given as Synodontis sp. in other sources) | ? | |||
| Clarias sp. | mәsan | tárwáɗáá | bigiri | Yes | ||
| Marcusenius abadii | kurinyin | táátàr̃ | lamsa | Yes | ||
| Campylomormyrus tamandua | tәrwәn, sawayen | tola, kánzáyíí | tólà, sawaya | Yes | ||
| Hydrocynus vittatus | dlayad, dleyal, jik duwan | tságíí | jay | No | ||
| Brycinus nurse | African tetras | zharwon, saron | ƙááwàráá | deda | No | |
| Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Chrysichthys auratus | dumdumi, gajakan | ƙàrááyáá | ŋgaya | Yes | ||
| Auchenoglanis occidentalis, Auchenoglanis biscutatus | kazhakat | yàuníí | ŋgaya | Yes | ||
| Gymnarchus niloticus | mәzәman | zááwàà | kaaz | No |
The Bade language uses a Latin script writing script.
| C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | R̃ | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z | ||||||||
| ə | a | b | ɓ | c | d | ɗ | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ŋ | o | p | r | r̃ | s | t | u | v | w | y | ʼy | z |