Shimoga district explained

Shimoga district
Official Name:Shivamogga district
Nickname:Gateway to Malnad
Settlement Type:District of Karnataka
Coordinates:14°N 75.28°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name: India
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Name1:Karnataka
Established Title:Established
Established Date:1 November 1956
Parts Type:Talukas
Parts:Shimoga, Sagara, Shikaripura, Soraba, Hosanagara, Bhadravathi, Thirthahalli
Seat Type:Headquarters
Seat:Shimoga
Leader Title:Superintendent of Police
Leader Name:B. M. Lakshmi Prasad (IPS)[1]
Leader Title1:Deputy Commissioner and District Magistrate
Leader Name1:Gurudatta Hegade (IAS)
Unit Pref:Metric
Area Total Km2:8495
Population Total:1,752,753[2]
Population As Of:2011
Population Density Km2:207
Demographics Type1:Languages
Demographics1 Title1:Official
Demographics1 Info1:Kannada
Timezone1:IST
Utc Offset1:+5:30
Postal Code Type:PIN
Registration Plate:
Subdivision Type2:Administration Division
Subdivision Name2:Bengaluru

Shimoga district, officially known as Shivamogga district,[3] is a district in the Karnataka state of India. A major part of Shimoga district lies in the Malnad region or the Sahyadri. Shimoga city is its administrative centre. Jog Falls view point is a major tourist attraction. As of 2011 Shimoga district has a population of 17,52,753.[2] There are seven taluks: Soraba, Sagara, Hosanagar, Shimoga, Shikaripura, Thirthahalli, and Bhadravathi. Channagiri and Honnali were part of Shimoga district until 1997 when they became part of the newly formed Davanagere district.

Origin of name

Shivamogga was previously known as Mandli.[4] There are legends about how the name Shivamogga has evolved. According to one, the name Shivamogga is related to the Hindu God Shiva. Shiva-Mukha (Face of Shiva), Shivana-Moogu (Nose of Shiva) or Shivana-Mogge (Flowers to be offered to Shiva) can be the origins of the name "Shivamogga". Another legend indicates that the name Shimoga is derived from the word Sihi-Moge which means sweet pot. According to this legend, Shivamogga once had the ashram of the sage Durvasa. He used to boil sweet herbs in an earthen pot. Some cowherds, found this pot and after tasting the sweet beverage named this place Sihi-Moge.[5]

History

During Treta Yuga, it is believed that Lord Rama killed Maricha, who was in the disguise of a deer at Mrugavadhe near Thirthahalli.[4] The Shimoga region formed a part of the Mauryan empire during the 3rd century.[6] The district came into the control of Satavahanas. The Satakarni inscription has been found in the Shikaripur taluk.[7] After the fall of the Shatavahana empire around 200 CE, the area came under the control of the Kadambas of Banavasi around 345 CE.[8] The Kadambas were the earliest kingdom to give administrative status to the Kannada language. Later the Kadambas became feudatories of the Badami Chalukyas around 540 CE.[9] [10]

In the 8th century Rashtrakutas ruled this district.[11] The Kalyani Chalukyas overthrew the Rashtrakutas, and the district came into their rule. Balligavi was a prominent city during their rule.[12] In the 12th century, with the weakening of the Kalyani Chalukyas, the Hoysalas annexed this area.[13] After the fall of the Hoysalas, the entire region came under the Vijayanagar Empire.[14] When the Vijayanagar empire was defeated in 1565 CE in the battle of Tallikota, the Keladi Nayakas who were originally feudatory of the Vijayanagar empire took control, declared sovereignty, and ruled as an independent kingdom for about two centuries.[6] In 1763 Haider Ali captured the capital of Keladi Nayakas and as a result the district came into the rule of the Kingdom of Mysore and remained a part of it until India acquired independence from the British.[6]

Geography

Shimoga district is a part of the Malnad region of Karnataka and is also known as the 'Gateway to Malnad' or 'Malenaada Hebbagilu' in Kannada. The district is landlocked and bounded by Haveri, Davanagere, Chikmagalur, Udupi and Uttara Kannada districts. The district ranks 9th in terms of the total area among the districts of Karnataka. It is spread over an area of 8465 km2.[15]

Shimoga lies between the latitudes 13°27' and 14°39' N and between the longitudes 74°38' and 76°04' E at a mean altitude of 640 metres above sea level. The peak Kodachadri hill at an altitude of 1343 metres above sea level is the highest point in this district. Rivers Kali, Gangavati, Sharavati and Tadadi originate in this district. The two major rivers that flow through this district are Tunga and Bhadra which meet at Koodli near Shimoga city to gain the name of Tungabhadra, which later joins River Krishna.

Climate

As the district lies in the tropical region, rainy season occurs from June to October. In the years 1901–1970, Shimoga received an average annual rainfall of 1813.9 mm with an average of 86 days in the year being rainy days.[16] The average annual temperature of Shimoga district is around 26 °C. The average temperature has increased substantially over the years.[17] In some regions of the district, the day temperature can reach 40 °C during summer. This has led to water crisis and other problems.[18]

Geology

The plain land of the district is suitable for agriculture.

Economy

Foundry, agriculture and animal husbandry are the major contributors to the economy of Shimoga district. The crops cultivated in this district are paddy, arecanut, cotton, maize, oil seeds, cashewnut, pepper, chili, ginger, Ragi.[20] Karnataka is the largest producer of arecanut in India, the majority of which is cultivated in the Shimoga district. The farmers have cultivated crops like Vanilla and Jatropha that has yielded high monetary benefits.[21] Spices like, clove, pepper, cinnamon, cardamom are grown along with areaca plants. This multi cropping can help in maximum utilisation of land space and improve soil fertility. As spices have high commercial value it provides additional income to farmers.

Industries

Iron, agriculture, Textiles and engineering are the major industries in Shimoga district.[20] Foundry activity has a long history there and Pearlite Liners (P) Led., one of the oldest industries of Karnataka (earlier known as Bharath Foundry), is the largest private-sector employer in the district.[22], there were about 9800 industrial units in Shimoga District (small, medium and large), with more than 41,000 employees.[22]

Major investments are made in food; beverages, engineering, and mechanical goods. Other rural industries in this district are carpentry, blacksmith, leather, pottery, beekeeping, stone cutting, handlooms, agarbathi, and sandalwood carving.

Karnataka government has created industrial regions to encourage industrialisation of the district: KIADB Nidige Industrial area in Bhadravathi taluk; Machinahaali Industrial Area. Mandli-Kallur Industrial area in Shimoga taluk; Shimoga Industrial estate in Shimoga; Kallahalli Industrial estate in Shimoga. KIADB Devakathikoppa Industrial Area. KSSIDC Siddlipura Industrial Area. Major industries in Shimoga district are VISL and MPM.

Administrative divisions

Shimoga district is divided into seven taluks: Soraba, Bhadravathi, Thirthahalli, Sagara, Shikaripura, Shimoga and Hosanagara.

The district administration is headed by the deputy commissioner who has the additional role of a district magistrate. Assistant commissioners, tahsildars, shirastedars, revenue inspectors and village accountants help the deputy commissioner in the administration of the district. The headquarters is Shimoga city.

The Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency comprises the entire Shimoga district and also covers parts of Nalluru and Ubrani hoblis of Channagiri taluk of Davanagere district. As of 2005 it had 1,286,181 voters: Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes account for 2.2 lakhs; Lingayats account for two lakhs; Deevaru (Idiga) account for 1.8 lakh; (Madivala) account for 1.2 lakh; Muslims account for 1.6 lakh; Brahmins and Vokkaligas account for 1.25 lakh each.[23] Seven members are elected to the Legislative assembly of the state of Karnataka. The assembly constituencies in Shimoga district are:[24]

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Shimoga district has a population of 1,752,753,[25] which is roughly equal to population of the nation Gambia[26] and the state of Nebraska of the United States.[27] The district ranks 275th in India out of a total of 640 districts.[25] The district has a population density of 207PD/sqkm.[25] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 6.88%.[25] Shimoga has a sex ratio of 995 females per 1000 males[25] and a literacy rate of 80.5%. 35.59% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 17.58% and 3.73% of the population respectively.[25]

Shimoga taluk has the highest population with Hosanagara taluk having the lowest. The district has a sex ratio of 977 females to 1000 males. Shimoga Taluk having 991 females to 1000 males has the lowest sex-ratio.[28]

Taluk population (2011)[29] [30]
Taluk name Number of households Population Males Females
Soraba 37,363 185,572 94,267 91,305
Shimoga 93,426 445,192 226,928 218,264
Bhadravati 71,771 338,989 171,917 167,072
Hosanagara 23,358 115,000 57,392 57,608
Sagara 41,915 300,995 150,977 150,018
Shikaripura 41,389 213,590 108,344 105,246
Thirthahalli 32,002 143,207 70,734 72,473

At the time of the 2011 census, 70.20% of the population spoke Kannada, 12.71% Urdu, 4.17% Tamil, 4.07% Telugu, 2.95% Lambadi, 2.10% Marathi and 1.47% Konkani as their first language.[31]

Culture

Heritage and architecture

Ballegavi, also known as 'Dakshina kedara' was the capital of Banavasi rulers during the 12th century CE. There are many temples in Ballegavi, some constructed as per Late Chalukyan architecture: Kedareshvara temple, Tripurantakeshvara temple, and Prabhudeva temple.[32] They are known for architecture and sculpture. Shivappa Naik palace is located in Shimoga on the banks of river Tunga; it was constructed by Shivappa nayaka of Keladi. The Lakshminarsimha temple in Bhadravathi was built as per Hoysala architecture. Keladi and Ikkeri were the capital cities during the time of Keladi Nayakas. There are three temples in Keldai: Rameshvara temple, Veerbhadreshvara temple, and Parvati temple. The Aghoreshvara temple is in Ikkeri.[32] The Sacred Heart church, constructed in the 1990s, is second largest church of Asia.[32]

Poetry and literature

Shimoga district has produced several Kannada writers and poets:

In December 2006, the 73rd Kannada Sahitya Sammelana took place in Shimoga. K.S.Nissar Ahmed was the president of the event.[33] This was the third Kannada Sahiya Sammelana held at Shimoga: The first one was held in 1946 (president: Da.Ra.Bendre) and second one in 1976 (president: S.V.Ranganna).

Ninasam

See main article: Ninasam. Nilakanteshwara Natya Seva Sangha is located in a village called Heggodu in Sagara. It was established by K. V. Subbanna in 1958.[34] Ninasam is a drama institute. The headquarters is in Heggodu. It has a library, rehearsal hall, guesthouse and theatre.[35] Shivarama Karantha Rangamandira is an auditorium for Ninasam. It was opened in 1972.[36] Ninasam started a Theatre-in-education project called Shalaranga with the help from the government of India during 1991–1993.[37] [38] Ford Foundation has volunteered in establishing a rural theatre and film culture project called Janaspandana.[38] [39] Ninasam conducts a summer workshop for youngsters.[40] Ninasam chitrasamaja is an organisation to encourage film culture and to hold film festivals.[41]

Handicrafts and sculpture

Gudigars are a clan of craftsmen who are specialised in carving intricate designs on wood, mainly sandalwood. They are concentrated in the Sagara and Soraba taluks. The articles they make are sold at government emporiums.[42] Ashok Gudigar is one of the sculptors from this clan. A 41-foot Bahubali statue is one of his works.[43] He has won the Vishwakarma award for his Chalukyan-style Ganesha sculpture. He has won the National award in 1992 for his Hoysala-styled Venugopala sculpture.[44]

Dance

Dollu Kunitha and Yakshagana are some of the dance forms which are prevalent in this district. Yakshagana has a long history in the district and Dr. Kota Shivarama Karantha suggests that origin of the 'badaguthittu' form of Yakshagana took place in the region between Ikkeri of Shimoga district and Udupi.[45]

Fairs

Dasara is celebrated every year in Shimoga.[46] Many cultural programmes[46] are held during this time. A folk fair was organised in Shimoga in 2006.[47] Marikamba festival is celebrated in Sagara once in 3 years.[48]

Cinema

The tele-serial Malgudi days which was based on a novel written by R K Narayan was shot in Agumbe.[49] It was directed by the Kannada actor and director Shankar Nag.[50] The film Kanoora heggadathi which was based on the novel written by Kuvempu was shot in Thirthahalli taluk. It was directed by Girish Karnad. B. V. Karanth composed music for this film.[51] The film Samskara, based on the novel written by U. R. Anantha Murthy, was shot in a village in the Shimoga district.[52]

Cinema personalities born in Shimoga district:

Cuisine

Rice is the staple food for majority of the people in Shimoga district. The food in this district is somewhat similar to Udupi cuisine. However, exclusive dishes specified to Malenadu are a part of Shimoga District.

The cooking in the Malnad region of Shimoga district includes items like midigayi-uppinakai (tender-mango pickle), sandige (similar to pappadum), avalakki (beaten rice) and akki rotti. Havyaka people have their own cuisine consisting of such varied items like genesale (sweet made of jaggery, rice and coconut), thotadevvu (sweet made of rice and sugarcane juice) and thambli (a curd preparation containing other ingredients like ginger, turmeric root, jasmine and rose sprouts).

Flora and fauna

The Malnad region is a biodiversity hotspot with a rich diversity of flora and fauna. The region has protected areas classified as wildlife sanctuaries to ensure the protection of these species:

Python, cobra, king cobra, rat snake, marsh crocodile are among the reptiles found in the sanctuary.

Birds include Hornbills, Kingfishers, Bulbuls, Parakeets, Doves, Pigeons, babblers, Flycatchers, munias, Swallows, Woodpeckers, Peafowl, Jungle fowl, Partridges. A tiger and lion safari at Tyavarekoppa was created in the northeastern part of the sanctuary in 1988.

Some of the bird species found here are Malabar whistling thrush; species of Bulbuls; Woodpeckers, Hornbills, pigeons, Drongos, Asian paradise flycatcher. The sanctuary has been recently adopted under a tiger-conservation project called Project Tiger which is an initiative from the Indian government.[61] [62]

Education

Shimoga district has a literacy rate of 80.2%.[2] The district has two engineering colleges, two medical colleges, an ayurvedic medical college, dental college, veterinary College and an agricultural college. There are 116 pre-university colleges[67] in the district out of which 51 government pre-university colleges.[68] There are 41 educational institutions managed by National education society.[69] There are 1106 lower primary schools and 1185 higher primary schools.[70]

Primary and high school education

There are 1106 lower primary schools, 1185 higher primary schools and 393 high schools in Shimoga district. There are 1323 anganawadis.[71] National education society has 31 educational institutions including pre-university and first grade colleges.[71] There are five CBSE schools,[72] including Jnanadeepa school. National Residential school is another CBSE school in Thirthalli. Hongirana School Of Excellence is a CBSE School in Sagar, Karnataka.[72] B G S Central School which is affiliated CBSE is at Karehalli Bhadravathi

Government High School, Jade

Government High School, Jade is one of the top three high schools in Soraba Taluk. This high school has the biggest playground and more than 500 students from Jade, and surrounding up to 10 km villages are studying in this school. GHS JADE have won several computation organised by Department Of Education, like sports, Prathiba Karanji in every year, In 2015 this high school started to offer English-medium classes for 8th, 9th and 10th students.

Pre-university education

There are 116 pre-university colleges in the district.[67] There are 51 government colleges, 3 bifurcated colleges, 47 unaided colleges and 15 aided colleges.[67] In the 2012 second year pre-university examination, the district ranked 5th with 54.31% of passed candidates.[73]

Diploma courses

There are 8 Polytechnics in the district. Major polytechnics among them are Government Polytechnic - Bhadravathi, Government Women's Polytechnic - Gopala, Sahyadri Polytechnic, Sanjay Memorial Polytechnic-Sagara, DVS Polytechnic.

Undergraduate education

There are 12 colleges affiliated to Kuvempu University,[74] [75] 5 B.Ed and B.P.Ed colleges[75] and 3 constituent colleges.[75] Sahyadri science college is located in Shimoga city. It was established in 1940 and was upgraded to first grade college in 1956.[76] It offers two undergraduate courses: BSc[77] and B.C.A.[78] There are two engineering colleges in the district: Jawaharlal Nehru national college of engineering and P.E.S. Institute of Technology and Management. Jawaharlal Nehru national college of engineering was established in 1980 by the National education society.[71] The college offers 7 courses in B.E.[79] PES institute of technology and management was established in 2007. The college offers 5 undergraduate programmes in B.E.[80] National College of Pharmacy in the center of the city is one of the oldest college in Karnataka state and students across the nation has studied here.Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences was started in 2005. It is on the premises of the McGann Hospital in Shimoga,[81] established in memory of British Surgeon Dr. T.G.McGann. The college is affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka.[82] There are 21 departments in the college.[83] Bapuji Ayurvedic Medical college, established in 1996, is in Shimoga,[84] which offers B.A.M.S. Ayurvedacharya degree.[84] T.M.A.E. Society's Ayurved College, established in 1992, is located in Shimoga,[85] which also offers B.A.M.S Ayuvedacharya degree.[85] Both colleges are affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.[84] [85] Sharavathi Dental college, established in the year 1992, is in Shimoga[86] and has been approved by DCI.[86] It offers B.D.S. in Dental surgery.[86] It is affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.[86]

Postgraduate education

Sahyadri science college offers two post graduate programmes: M.Sc.[87] and MTA.[88] Jawaharlal Nehru national college of engineering has 7 post-graduate programmes: Master of computer applications; Master of business administration; M.Tech. in Computer Science and Engineering; M.Tech. in Network & Internet Engineering; M.Tech. in Design Engineering; M.Tech. in Transportation Engineering and Management; M.Tech. in Digital Electronics and Communication Systems.[79] PES Shimoga offers post-graduation in business studies, Master of Business Administration.[89] The Kuvempu University offers courses in Languages, Literature and Fine Arts; Social Sciences; Economic and Business studies; Physical Sciences; Chemical sciences; Bio Sciences; Earth and Environmental Science; Law; Education; M.Tech. in Nanoscience and Technology.[90]

Sports

Shimoga district has three cricket stadiums: Nehru stadium,[91] Jawaharlal Nehru college of engineering cricket ground and PES Institute of Technology Cricket ground.[92] The first match played on the Nehru stadium was in 1974.[91] Since then 13 matches have been played[93] [94] out of which 3 are Ranji matches.[93] The Ranji match between Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh was hosted on the Jawaharlal Nehru cricket ground.[95]

Sagara has a very good cricket stadium called Gopalagowda Stadium, It is the only best leather pitch stadium in the district.

The work on an international cricket stadium has started near Navule.[96] [97] The VISL cricket stadium is located in Bhadravathi.[98] Shivamogga Lions represents the Shimoga zone in the KPL. Shimoga, Hassan and Chickmagalur districts come under the Shimoga zone in the Karnataka premier league.[99]

Gundappa Viswanath is a cricketer from Bhadravathi. He has played test cricket for India from 1969 to 1983 making 91 appearances.[100] Bharat Chipli is a cricketer from Sagar who plays for Deccan Chargers.[101] The 18th Junior National Athletic Championship was held in Shimoga.[102]

State-level kho kho and volleyball competitions are held in the district.[103] The volleyball tournaments are held on the Kuvempu University campus[104] and Nehru stadium.[105] VTU inter-collegiate cricket, football, volleyball and handball tournaments are held in the districts.[106] The district football team has won inter-district football tournaments.[107] [108] [109] Shimoga was the host for the CBSE National Handball Championship in 2009.[110] [111] City-level basketball tournaments are conducted in Sahyadri College premises.[112] Other sports tournaments held in Shimoga are table tennis;[113] [114] badminton;[115] kabaddi;[116] chess.[117] There are proposals to upgrade the Nehru stadium in Shimoga. The upgraded stadium would contain a swimming pool of international standards, an indoor stadium, basketball court and a synthetic track.[118] There are proposals to build sports stadium at Thirthahalli, Shikaripura and Soraba.[119]

Tourism

Waterfalls

Dams

Rivers

Hill stations

Cultural heritage

Notable people

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Who's Who - District Shivamogga, Government of Karnataka - India . shimoga.nic.in . 31 July 2022.
  2. Web site: Shimoga:Census2011. census2011.co.in.
  3. News: Bangalore becomes 'Bengaluru'; 11 other cities renamed. The Economic Times. PTI. 1 November 2014. 18 July 2018.
  4. Web site: District profile. National informatics center. District Institute of Education & Training, Shimoga.
  5. Web site: History of Shivamogga . National Informatics Centre . District Administration, Shivamogga . The Official website of Shimoga District . 25 March 2007.
  6. Web site: History at a Glance. National Informatics Centre.
  7. Book: Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series, Volume 2. Superintendent of Government Print.. 258. 2001.
  8. Book: Kapur, Kamlesh. History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation). Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.. 535. 2006.
  9. Book: Gazetteer of Mysore - 2 Vols. B. L. Rice. Asian Educational Services. 429.
  10. Book: The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire. G. Allen & Unwin. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti. 163. 1951.
  11. Book: Imperial gazetteer of India, Volume 22 . Sir William Wilson Hunter, Great Britain. India Office. Clarendon Press. 284. 1908.
  12. Book: Karnataka State Gazetteer: Uttara Kannada. B. N. Sri Sathyan. Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press, 1985. 114. 1985.
  13. Book: Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District. B. N. Sri Sathyan. Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press, 1990. 53. 1990.
  14. Book: Makers of India Literature: Sayana, Volume 203. B. R. Modak. Sahitya Akademi. 8. 978-81-7201-940-2. 1995. 1995.
  15. Web site: Geography of Shivamogga . National Informatics Centre . District Administration, Shimoga. The Official website of Shimoga District . 25 March 2007.
  16. Web site: Statistics of Shimoga district. National Informatics Centre . District Administration, Shimoga. The Official website of Shimoga District . 25 March 2007.
  17. Web site: Temperature Trend. https://web.archive.org/web/20120316220043/http://www.brown.edu/Research/EnvStudies_Theses/full9900/creid/temperature_trend.htm. dead. 16 March 2012. 16 March 2012. 29 December 2019.
  18. News: Tinder-box in Malnad . https://web.archive.org/web/20050416212938/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/08/stories/2005040802040300.htm . dead . 16 April 2005 . Special Correspondent . 25 March 2007 . Chennai, India. . 8 April 2005.
  19. Web site: Traditional Soil Groups of Karnataka and their Geographic Distribution. National Informatics Centre. Govt. of Karnataka. Official Website of the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Karnataka. 25 March 2007. 6 May 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070506164529/http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/agriprofile/table5.htm. dead.
  20. Web site: Industrial Scenario. National Informatics Centre . District Administration, Shimoga. Official Website of the Shimoga District. 25 March 2007.
  21. Web site: Jathropa catches attention of farmers in Shimoga. Indus Herbs.
  22. Web site: Official website of Shimoga dist.. NIC. Industrial Scenario.
  23. News: Aggressive campaigning by all parties for Shimoga byelection . Pramod Mellegatti . https://web.archive.org/web/20071001021038/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/01/stories/2005060105490400.htm . dead . 1 October 2007 . 25 March 2007 . Chennai, India . . 1 June 2005.
  24. Web site: Reports of National Panchayat Directory: Report on State wise Parliament Constituency, Assembly Constituency Mapping Status. Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India.
  25. Web site: 2011 . District Census Handbook: Shimoga . censusindia.gov.in . Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  26. Web site: US Directorate of Intelligence . Country Comparison:Population . https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html . dead . 13 June 2007 . 1 October 2011 . Gambia1,797,860July 2011 est..
  27. Web site: 2010 Resident Population Data. U. S. Census Bureau. 30 September 2011. Nebraska 1,826,341.
  28. Web site: City census 2011. Census-2011.
  29. Web site: Sub-District Details. Government of India, Ministry of Home affairs.
  30. Web site: City Census 2011. census 2011 website.
  31. Web site: Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka . www.censusindia.gov.in . Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  32. Web site: Temples and historical monuments. National Informatics Centre.
  33. News: Kannada Sahitya Sammelan begins on a colourful note. https://archive.today/20130125045738/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/21/stories/2006122110250400.htm. dead. 25 January 2013. Chennai, India. The Hindu. 21 December 2006.
  34. Web site: Ninasam: The emergence. Ninasam.
  35. Web site: The 1991 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts. Ramon Magsaysay Award foundation.
  36. Web site: Shivarama Karantha Rangamandira . Ninasam.
  37. Web site: Projects. Ninasam.
  38. Web site: Committed to culture and creativity. Chaman Ahuja. Tribune India.
  39. Web site: Ninasam - Heggodu. Sagara City Municipal Council.
  40. Web site: Summer theatre workshop. Ninasam.
  41. Web site: Projects. Ninasam.
  42. Web site: The Gudigars of Kanara. Jyotsna Kamat. Kamat website.
  43. News: Bahubali statue begins its journey to Gujarat. https://web.archive.org/web/20130618170454/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-24/bangalore/28274253_1_bahubali-statue-ashok-gudigar-idol. dead. 18 June 2013. The Times of India. 24 May 2010.
  44. Web site: Poetry in stone. Shubha Shrikanth . OnlineBangalore.com. Webpage of OnlineBangalore.com.
  45. Book: Martha Bush Ashton, Bruce Christie. Yakshagana, a Dance Drama of India . 1977 . Abhinav Publications . New Delhi . 23. 8 August 2012 .
  46. News: Cultural programmes, film festival to mark Shimoga Dasara . https://web.archive.org/web/20101016132658/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/08/stories/2010100851560300.htm . dead . 16 October 2010 . Chennai, India . . 8 October 2010.
  47. News: Folk fair to be held on October 28, 29. https://archive.today/20130125123356/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/26/stories/2006102612730300.htm. dead. 25 January 2013. Chennai, India. The Hindu. 26 October 2006.
  48. News: Sagar decked up for Marikamba Jatre. https://web.archive.org/web/20050307232835/http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/01/stories/2005030102470300.htm. dead. 7 March 2005. Chennai, India. The Hindu. 1 March 2005.
  49. Web site: Agumbe Overview . karnatakatourism.org.
  50. Web site: About Malgudi Days. malgudidays.net.
  51. Web site: Kanooru Heggadithi. archive.cscs.res.in.
  52. Web site: Samskara. U. R. Anantha Murthy. ourkarnataka.com.
  53. Web site: Dr. Ashok Pai. NIC.
  54. News: Jasmine fragrance spreads to Europe. https://web.archive.org/web/20070517092416/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/15/stories/2007051516160200.htm. dead. 17 May 2007. K.N. Venkatasubba Rao. Chennai, India. The Hindu. 15 May 2007.
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