| Official Name: | Borno Emirate |
| Settlement Type: | Traditional state |
| Pushpin Map: | Nigeria |
| Pushpin Label Position: | bottom |
| Pushpin Map Caption: | Location in Nigeria |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: | Nigeria |
| Subdivision Type1: | State |
| Subdivision Name1: | Borno State |
| Leader Title: | Shehu |
| Leader Name: | Abubakar Ibn Umar Garbai El-Kanemi of Borno |
| Unit Pref: | Imperial |
| Coordinates: | 11.8333°N 22°W |
The Borno Emirate or Sultanate, sometimes known as the Bornu Emirate, is a traditional Nigerian state that was formed at the start of the 20th century. It is headed by the descendants of the rulers of the Bornu Empire, founded before 1000. The rulers have the title Shehu of Borno (var. Shehu of Bornu, Sultan of Borno/u). The traditional emirate of Borno maintains a ceremonial rule of the Kanuri people, based in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, but acknowledged by the 4 million Kanuri in neighbouring countries.[1]
The current ruling line, the al-Kanemi dynasty, dates to the accession of Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi in the early 19th century, displacing the Sayfawa dynasty which had ruled from around 1300.[2]
The old Bornu Empire collapsed in 1893 when the Funj warlord Rabih Zubayr ibn Fadlallah seized power and transferred the capital to Dikwa.[3] When the French, then expanding in West Africa, defeated and killed Rabih they installed Shehu Sanda Kura, a member of the old Bornu dynasty, as the first Shehu of Borno in Dikwa in 1900. In 1901, he was succeeded by his brother, Umar Abubakar Garbai, the ancestor of the current Emirs of Borno. Based on a treaty between the French, Germans, and the British, the old Bornu was split up and Dikwa became part of the German colony of Cameroon. The British invited Umar Abubakar Garbai to become ruler of the part falling to the British, and he moved in 1902 first to Monguno and later to Maiduguri.Later Dikwa was transferred to the newly created British Northern Nigeria Protectorate, resulting in two Shehus, the Shehu of Borno based at Maiduguri and the Shehu of Dikwa based at Dikwa.[4]
Rulers of the Borno Emirate since the beginning of the colonial period with the title of "Shehu":[4] [5]
| Start | End | Ruler | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1902 | 1922 | ||
| 1922 | 1937 | Sanda Kura (d. 1937) | |
| 1937 | 1967 | Umar Ibn Muhammad also known as Sanda Kyarimi | |
| 1968 | 1974 | Umar Ibn Abubakar Garbai (d. 1974) | |
| September 1974 | February 2009 | Mustapha Ibn Umar Kyari Amin El-Kanemi (b. 1924 d. 21 February 2009)[6] | |
| February 2009 | Abubakar Ibn Umar Garbai (b. 13 May 1957) |
Borno Emirate covers fifteen Local Government Areas: