The Shaolin School was founded during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period by the Buddhist monk Bodhidharma,[1] who wanted his followers to practice martial arts for improving health, and self-defense, as well as upholding justice and helping the weak. Shaolin members are expected to follow a Buddhist code of conduct in addition to having a good mastery of martial arts.
The school is led by the abbot of the monastery. Shaolin members are ranked by generation. Each member of a certain generation has a prefix before his Buddhist name to indicate his position in the hierarchy. In Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils, the most senior generation is the Xuán (Chinese: 玄) generation. The abbot is Xuanci and the senior monks such as Xuanji, Xuannan, Xuandu, and Xuanku also have a Xuán prefix in their names. One of the novel's three protagonists, Xuzhu, is from the Xū (Chinese: 虛) generation, which is two generations after the Xuán generation.[2]
In The Legend of the Condor Heroes, the Xianxia School is a branch of Shaolin. Its base is at Yunxi Monastery in southern China. Its members include Reverend Jiaomu, Reverend Kumu, and Kumu's apprentice, Lu Guanying.
The following is a list of generation ranks in different eras:[3]
The school is subdivided into several groups, which take charge of different parts of the monastery or different aspects of the school's daily activities. They include:
The Shaolin School is hailed as the origin of all Chinese martial arts and as a leading orthodox school in the wulin (; martial artists' community). In Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils, it is said to house 72 powerful forms of martial arts and no one has managed to master all of them since the founding of the school. These martial arts have Buddhist names, such as "Bodhidharma's Palm" and "Arhat's Fist".
It is also home to the Yijin Jing, a manual instructing the user how to master a certain technique that improves the user's prowess in all types of martial arts. It has also powerful healing properties if the user manages to master the skill. In Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils, You Tanzhi acquires the manual by chance and uses its skills to purge poison in his body after he is bitten by venomous creatures. The sutra also increases his inner energy and stamina, allowing him to deliver an ordinary palm stroke with force several times the original impact. In The Smiling, Proud Wanderer, Linghu Chong uses the skills in the manual to heal his internal wounds.[4]
Note: Although the skills listed here are entirely fictional, some are based on or named after actual martial arts.
The term "Shaolin School" was not used in two television series adapted from Jin Yong's wuxia novels. In The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber, a 2009 TV series adaptation of the novel of the same title, the Shaolin School is referred to as the Monks' School . In Swordsman, a 2013 TV series adaptation of The Smiling, Proud Wanderer, Shaolin Monastery is referred to as Lingjiu Monastery .
Although some viewers have expressed dissatisfaction over the changes, the reasons behind the renaming are not made clear to the public. Some people believe that the producers wanted to avoid trademark infringement, since Shaolin Monastery has officially registered "Shaolin" as a trademark and has been involved in lawsuits with commercial companies over the use of "Shaolin" as a brand name or trademark.[5]
In the 2019 television series Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre, the Shaolin School is referred to by its proper name again.