| Kokang | |
| Settlement Type: | Historical region |
| Subdivision Type2: | Highest point |
| Subdivision Name2: | 2,548 m |
| Area Total Km2: | 1895 |
| Elevation M: | 1000 |
| Population Total: | 150000 |
| Population As Of: | 2009 |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Special region 1 of the Union of Myanmar | |
| Other Name: | Kokang |
| Native Name: | |
| Settlement Type: | Special region |
| Seal Type: | Emblem |
| Mapsize: | 200px |
| Pushpin Label Position: | bottom |
| Pushpin Map Caption: | Location in Myanmar (Burma) |
| Anthem: | 共赴榮昌 |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: | Myanmar |
| Subdivision Type1: | State |
| Subdivision Name1: | Shan State |
| Subdivision Type2: | No. of townships |
| Capital: | Laukkai |
| Leader Title1: | Chairman |
| Leader Name1: | Peng Daxun |
| Leader Title2: | Vice Chairman |
| Leader Name2: | Li Laobao |
| Leader Title3: | Secretary-General |
| Leader Name3: | Song Kecheng |
| Established Title: | Formation of the MNDAA and SR1–SS |
| Established Date: | 11 March 1989 |
| Established Title2: | MNDAA lost power |
| Established Date2: | August 2009 |
| Established Title3: | MNDAA regain power |
| Established Date3: | 5 January 2024 |
| Area Km2: | 10,000 |
| Population Estimate Year: | 2009 |
| Population Estimate: | 150,000 |
| Timezone: | MMT |
| Utc Offset: | +6:30 |
| Elevation Max M: | 2,548 |
| Drives On: | right |
| Currency: | Renminbi |
| Calling Code: | +86 (0)883 |
Kokang (Burmese: [[wikt:ကိုးကန့်|ကိုးကန့်]];) is a region in Myanmar. It is located in the northern part of Shan State, with the Salween River to its west, and sharing a border with China's Yunnan Province to the east. Its total land area is around 1895km2. The capital is Laukkai. Kokang is mostly populated by Kokang Chinese, a Han Chinese group living in Myanmar.
Kokang had been historically part of China for several centuries and is still claimed by the Republic of China to this day, but was largely left alone by successive governments due to its remote location. The region formed a de facto buffer zone between Yunnan province and the Shan States.[1] The Yang clan, originally Ming loyalists from Nanjing, consolidated the area into a single polity. In 1840, the Yunnan governor granted the Yang clan the hereditary rights as a vassal of the Qing dynasty.[1] After the British conquest of Upper Burma in 1885, Kokang was initially placed in China under the 1894 Sino-British boundary convention. It was ceded to British Burma in a supplementary agreement signed in February 1897.[2]
From the 1960s to 1989, the area was controlled by the Communist Party of Burma, and after the party's armed wing disbanded in 1989 it became a special region of Myanmar under the control of the Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA). Armed conflicts between the MNDAA and the Tatmadaw have resulted in the 2009 Kokang incident and the 2015 Kokang offensive.
The name Kokang derives from the Burmese ကိုးကန့်, which itself derives from the Shan ၵဝ်ႈ (kāo, "nine") + ၵူၼ်း (kúun, "family") or ၵၢင် (kǎang, "guard").
In 2009, the population was reported to be around 150,000.[3] Of these, around 100,000 people held Burmese nationality, the remainder being from China. Of the Burmese nationality, 90% are ethnic Han-Chinese.[4]
Yang Xiancai founded the state Xingdahu in 1739 in and around Ta Shwe Htan. The name was changed to Kokang by his successors. In 1840, the Yunnan governor granted the Yang clan the hereditary rights as a Tusi of the Qing dynasty.[1] After the British conquest of Upper Burma in 1885, Kokang was initially placed in China under the 1894 Sino-British boundary convention. It was ceded to British Burma in a supplementary agreement signed in February 1897.[5]
After the collapse of the Communist Party of Burma in 1989, Peng Jiasheng's Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) took control of the region. A ceasefire between the group and the Tatmadaw was signed in the same year, the area controlled by MNDAA was assigned as the autonomous "First Special Region" of Shan State (; Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ရှမ်းပြည်နယ်အထူးဒေသ (၁)). However, in 2009, the Tatmadaw asked that the group become a border guard under the army's direction. The MNDAA refused, and the armed forces ousted the group and took over the region.[6]
In 2003, a ban on the opium poppy came into effect.
The 2008 Myanmar Constitution defines Kokang is a self-administered zone. Kongyan Township and Laukkai Township aka Laukkaing Township are grouped together to form Kokang Self-Administered Zone, which replaced the "First Special Region".[7]
See main article: 2009 Kokang incident. In August 2009, Kokang was the site of a violent conflict, the Kokang incident, between junta forces and various ethnic armies.[8] As a result of the conflict the MNDAA lost control of the area and as many as 30,000 refugees fled to Yunnan province in neighboring China.[9]
See main article: 2015 Kokang offensive. On 17 February 2015 Myanmar president Thein Sein declared a state of emergency and a three-month period of martial law in Kokang in response to fighting between government troops and the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA), a Kokang insurgent group.[10]
See main article: Operation 1027 and Battle of Laukkai. In November 2023, the MNDAA began encircling and attacking Laukkai as part of Operation 1027, a joint effort by the Three Brotherhood Alliance coalition during the renewed civil war following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.[11]
The MNDAA successfully encircled and captured Laukkai, the capital of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone, with key victories in Chinshwehaw and other strategic border towns, leading to the surrender of the Tatmadaw's military and Border Guard Forces in Laukkai by December 26, ultimately securing control of the city by December 28.[12]