Hassan Nasrallah Explained

Hassan Nasrallah
Native Name Lang:ar
Nationality:Lebanese
Office:Secretary-General of Hezbollah
Term Start:16 February 1992
Deputy:Naim Qassem
Predecessor:Abbas al-Musawi
Birth Date:1960 8, df=yes
Birth Place:Bourj Hammoud, Lebanon
Party:Hezbollah (1982–present)
Spouse:Fatimah Yasin
Children:5
Signature:Hassan_Nasrallah_signature.svg
Otherparty:Amal (1978–1982)

Hassan Nasrallah (Arabic: حسن نصر الله pronounced as /ar/; born 31 August 1960) is a Lebanese cleric and the secretary-general of Hezbollah (Arabic: حزب الله|Ħezb-Allah|Party of God), a Shia Islamist political party and militant group.

Born into a Shia family in the suburbs of Beirut in 1960, Nasrallah finished his education in Tyre, when he briefly joined the Amal Movement, and afterwards at a Shia seminary in Baalbek. He later studied and taught at an Amal school. Nasrallah joined Hezbollah, which was formed to fight the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon. After a brief period of religious studies in Iran, Nasrallah returned to Lebanon and became Hezbollah's leader after his predecessor was assassinated by an Israeli airstrike in 1992.[1]

Under Nasrallah's leadership, Hezbollah acquired rockets with a longer range, which allowed them to strike at northern Israel. After Israel suffered heavy casualties during its 18-year occupation of southern Lebanon, it withdrew its forces in 2000, which greatly increased Hezbollah's popularity in the region, and bolstered Hezbollah's position within Lebanon. However, Hezbollah's role in ambushing an Israeli border patrol unit leading up to the 2006 Lebanon War, was subject to local and regional criticism. During the Syrian civil war, Hezbollah fought on the side of the Syrian army against what Nasrallah termed "Islamist extremists".

Early life and education

Hassan Nasrallah was born the ninth of ten children into a Shia family in Bourj Hammoud, Matn District (an eastern suburb of Beirut), on 31 August 1960. His father, Abdul Karim Nasrallah, was born in Bazourieh, a village in Jabal Amel (South Republic of Lebanon) located near Tyre and worked as a fruit and vegetables seller. Although his family was not particularly religious, Hassan was interested in theological studies. He attended the al-Najah school and later a public school in the predominantly Christian neighborhood of Sin el Fil Beirut.[2]

In 1975, the Lebanese Civil War forced the family, including Nasrallah who was 15 at the time, to move to their ancestral home in Bazourieh, where Nasrallah completed his secondary education at the public school of Sour (Tyre). There he attended secondary school, and briefly joined the Amal Movement, a Lebanese Shia political group.[2]

Nasrallah studied at the Shia seminary in the Beqaa Valley town of Baalbek. The school followed the teachings of Iraqi-born Ayatollah Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr, who founded the Dawa movement in Najaf, Iraq during the early 1960s.[3]

In 1976, aged sixteen, Nasrallah travelled to Iraq where he was admitted into Ayatollah al-Sadr's seminary in Najaf. Al-Sadr is said to have recognised Nasrallah's qualities and is quoted as saying "I scent in you the aroma of leadership; you are one of the Ansar [followers] of the Mahdi ...". Nasrallah was expelled from Iraq, along with dozens of other Lebanese students, in 1978. Al-Sadr was imprisoned, tortured and brutally murdered.[4] Nasrallah was forced to return to Lebanon in 1979, by that time having completed the first part of his study, as Saddam Hussein was expelling many Shia, including Ruhollah Khomeini (Ayatollah Khomeini) and Abbas Musawi.[5]

Back in Lebanon, he studied and taught at the school of Amal's leader Abbas al-Musawi, later being selected as Amal's political delegate in Beqaa, and making him a member of the central political office. Around the same time, in 1980, Saddam Hussein had Sadr executed.

Early activities

Nasrallah joined Hezbollah after the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon.[2] In 1989, Hassan Nasrallah traveled to Qom, Iran, where he furthered his religious studies.[6] [7]

Nasrallah believes that Islam holds the solution to the problems of any society, once saying, "With respect to us, briefly, Islam is not a simple religion including only prayers and praises, rather it is a divine message that was designed for humanity, and it can answer any question man might ask concerning his general and personal life. Islam is a religion designed for a society that can revolt and build a community."[2]

In 1991, Nasrallah returned to Lebanon and replaced Musawi as Hezbollah's leader after the latter was killed by an Israeli airstrike the following year.[8]

Leadership of Hezbollah

Nasrallah became the leader of Hezbollah after the Israelis assassinated the previous leader, Musawi, in 1992. During Nasrallah's leadership, Hezbollah acquired rockets with a longer range, which allowed them to strike at northern Israel despite the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon. In 1993 Israel carried out Operation Accountability. Much of Lebanon's infrastructure was destroyed during the operation, which Israel claimed was successful. An agreement was eventually reached whereby Israel ended its attacks in Lebanon and Hezbollah agreed to stop attacks on northern Israel.

After a short pause, hostilities resumed. In 1996 Israel launched Operation Grapes of Wrath, blocking important Lebanese harbour cities and bombing a Syrian military base. After 16 days of Israeli attacks in Lebanon, the Israeli–Lebanese Ceasefire Understanding was agreed upon. Again, Hezbollah agreed to stop rocket attacks in exchange for Israel halting its attacks. As in 1993, the peace did not last for long.

In Israel, it was increasingly debated whether the presence of Israeli forces in southern Lebanon was working, since it was clear that the 'security zone' could not stop Hezbollah rockets reaching into Israel. After heavy Israeli casualties in south Lebanon, some Israeli politicians argued that the conflict would only end if Israel withdrew from Lebanon. In 2000 Ehud Barak withdrew Israeli forces from Lebanon. Following the Israeli withdrawal, the South Lebanon Army, which was supported by Israel, was quickly overrun by Hezbollah. Some SLA members escaped to Israel, but many were captured by Hezbollah. This success against Israel greatly increased Hezbollah's popularity within Lebanon and the Islamic world.

Consequently, Nasrallah is credited in Lebanon and the Arab world for ending the Israeli occupation of the South of Lebanon, something which has greatly bolstered the party's political standing within Lebanon.[9]

Nasrallah played a major role in a complex prisoner exchange deal between Israel and Hezbollah in 2004, resulting in hundreds of Palestinian and Lebanese prisoners being freed and many human remains, including that of his son, being returned to Lebanon. The agreement was described across the Arab world as a magnificent victory for Hezbollah, and Nasrallah was personally praised for achieving these gains.[10] A December article in the London-based Asharq Al-Awsat stated that command of the organization's military wing was transferred from Nasrallah to his deputy, Na'im Qasim in August 2007.[11] Hezbollah denied this suggestion, declaring it an attempt to "weaken the popularity" of the movement.[12]

In October 2008, Hashim Safi Al Din, his cousin, was assigned to succeed Nasrallah as secretary general of Hezbollah.[13]

Widespread protests in Lebanon in October 2019 due to a deepening financial and economic crisis put pressure on the government leaders to resign, including Nasrallah himself.[14]

Under his tenure, Hezbollah has been designated a terrorist organization, either wholly or in part, by the United States and other nations, as well as by the European Union. The Arab League does not consider Hezbollah a terrorist organization.[15] Russia rejects the claims that Hezbollah is a terrorist organization, and considers Hezbollah a legitimate sociopolitical organization.[16] China remains neutral, and maintains contacts with Hezbollah.[17] [18]

Memorandum of Understanding with Free Patriotic Movement

Nasrallah negotiated a Memorandum of Understanding with the Free Patriotic Movement headed by Michel Aoun, the former premier and a Maronite Christian. Aoun described the ten-point MoU in an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal published in July 2006. Hezbollah agreed to disarm upon the return of its prisoners and the occupied Shebaa Farms. It also agreed to the pardon and return of fugitive South Lebanon Army (SLA) members.[19]

The Free Patriotic Movement in turn agreed to work for reform of the confessional electoral system of the Parliament of Lebanon and move it in the direction of one man, one vote. Aoun made the point that the political process was in effect disarming Hezbollah without any loss in lives from unnecessary wars.[20] Critics of this agreement say that is not very clear concerning the disarmament, and that it served to strengthen Hezbollah internally, giving it a non-Shiite cover inside .

2006 Israel–Lebanon conflict

See main article: article and 2006 Lebanon War. Following an ambush by Hezbollah in Israeli territory that left three soldiers dead and two abducted,[21] the 2006 Lebanon War started. During the war Israeli bombardments seeking Hezbollah targets caused damage in many parts of Beirut, especially the poorer and largely Shiite South Beirut, which is controlled by Hezbollah. On 3 August 2006, Hassan Nasrallah vowed to strike Tel Aviv in retaliation for Israel's bombardment of Lebanon's capital. "If you hit Beirut, the Islamic resistance will hit Tel Aviv and is able to do that with God's help," Nasrallah said in a televised address. He added that Hezbollah forces were inflicting heavy casualties on Israeli ground troops.[22]

During the conflict, Nasrallah came under intense criticism from Arab countries, including Jordan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Jordan's King Abdullah II and Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak warned on 14 July of the risk of "the region being dragged into adventurism that does not serve Arab interests," while the Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud Al-Faisal called the Hezbollah attacks "unexpected, inappropriate and irresponsible acts." He went further, saying, "These acts will pull the whole region back to years ago, and we cannot simply accept them."[23]

Nasrallah also came under intense criticism from some in Lebanon. Walid Jumblatt, leader of the Progressive Socialist Party of the Republic of Lebanon and the most prominent leader of the Druze community, spoke out quite forcefully: "Great, so he's a hero. But I'd like to challenge this heroism of his. I have the right to challenge it, because my country is in flames. Besides, we did not agree".[24] Jumblatt is also quoted as saying: "He is willing to let the Lebanese capital burn while he haggles over terms of surrender".

Following the war, came what is known as the "Green Flood" (Al-sayl al-akhdhar), according to Iranian-born journalist Amir Taheri. "This refers to the massive amounts of U.S. dollar notes that Hezbollah is distributing among all the citizens that were effected from the war in Beirut and the south. The dollars from Iran are ferried to Beirut via Syria and distributed through networks of militants. Anyone who can prove that his home was damaged in the war receives $12,000, a tidy sum in wartorn Lebanon".[25]

In a TV interview aired on Lebanon's New TV station on 27 August 2006, Nasrallah said that he would not have ordered the capture of two Israeli soldiers if he had known it would lead to such a war: "We do not think, even one percent, that the capture led to a war at this time and of this magnitude. I'm convinced and sure that this war was planned and that the capture of these hostages was just their excuse to start their pre-planned war, but if I had known on July 11 ... that the operation would lead to such a war, would I do it? I say no, absolutely not".[26] [27]

Syrian Civil War

On 25 May 2013, Nasrallah announced that Hezbollah is fighting in the Syrian civil war against "Islamist extremists" and "pledged that his group will not allow Syrian militants to control areas that border Lebanon".[28] He confirmed that Hezbollah was fighting in the strategic Syrian town of Qusair on the same side as the Syrian army.[28] In the televised address, he said, "If Syria falls in the hands of America, Israel and the takfiris, the people of our region will go into a dark period."[28]

In July 2014, Nasrallah's nephew was killed fighting in Syria.[29]

Personal life

Nasrallah lives in South Beirut with his wife Fatimah Yasin, who comes from the Lebanese village of Al-Abbasiyah, and four of his children: Muhammad Javed, Zainab, Muhammad Ali and Muhammad Mahdi.

On the night of 12 September 1997, four Hezbollah fighters were killed in an Israeli ambush near Mlikh. One of the dead was eighteen-year-old Muhammad Hadi, Nasrallah's eldest son. Five Lebanese soldiers and a woman were killed in a simultaneous airstrike north of the security zone. The attacks were seen as a response to the operation a week earlier in which twelve Israeli commandos were killed. Nasrallah was quoted as saying on receiving the news of his son's death: "I am proud to be the father of one of the martyrs".[30]

When the IDF released photos of his son's body and offered to exchange it for body parts of those killed in the earlier ambush, Nasrallah responded: "Keep it. We have many more men like Hadi ready to offer themselves to the struggle". There was a seven-day mourning period held in south Beirut, which was attended by an estimated two hundred thousand people daily.[31] [32]

According to Syrian opposition media, Nasrallah is the brother-in-law of Hezbollah commander Wissam al-Tawil, who was killed in an Israeli airstrike in January 2024.[33]

On 25 May 2024, Hezbollah media stated that Nasrallah's mother, Hajja Umm Hassan, had passed away.[34]

Views on international politics

Pre-2000 Israeli occupation of Lebanon

On Israel and the Arab-Israeli conflict

On 11 September 2001 attacks and the United States

Views attributed to Nasrallah

On 2 September, a day after rocket strikes toward Israeli's border, Hassan Nasrallah said Hezbollah would begin targeting Israeli drones flying in Lebanese airspace, and announced there were "no more red lines" in the fight against Israel. If attacked again, he said, Hezbollah would strike "deep inside" Israel.[69]

Alleged 2008 assassination attempt

Almalaf, an Iraqi news source on 15 October 2008, quoted sources in Lebanon saying Nasrallah had been poisoned the previous week and that he was saved by Iranian doctors who went to Lebanon to treat him. The sources told the paper that a particularly poisonous chemical substance was used against the Shia militia leader. His medical condition was apparently critical for several days until Iranian doctors came and managed to save his life. Almalaf claimed that the sources believed it was highly likely that the poisoning was an Israeli assassination attempt.[70]

Hezbollah denied that Nasrallah had been poisoned. Lebanese parliament member Al-Hajj Hassan, a member of Hezbollah, said: "This is a lie and a fabrication. It's true that I haven't seen Nasrallah this past week, but he's okay." The Iranian doctors arrived on Sunday at approximately 11:00 P.M., apparently on a special military flight. According to Almalaf officials considered flying Nasrallah to Iran for further treatment.

In September 1997, an Israeli Mossad team tried to assassinate Hamas political chief Khaled Mashal by drizzling poison in his ear.[71] The attempt failed, and two of the agents were captured while others took refuge in the Israeli embassy in Amman. Nasrallah's second-in-command Imad Mughniyah was assassinated in February 2008 in a Damascus bomb blast. Hezbollah accused Israel of responsibility for the explosion, although Israel denied responsibility for the act.[72] Nasrallah's predecessor Abbas al-Musawi was killed in an Israeli airstrike in southern Lebanon in 1992.[73]

Nasrallah's denial of the alleged attempt

On 25 October 2008 in an interview with the Hezbollah-owned Al-Manar channel, Nasrallah denied the assassination attempt, accusing the Israelis and Americans of fabricating the story and considering it as part of the ongoing psychological war against Hezbollah that aimed to imply that the party was suffering from internal disputes and assassination plots.[74]

He also explained that "if research was done on the internet websites posting such unfounded information, it would reveal that they are all being run from that same dark room, and that their aim is to serve American-Israeli interests."

He added that at first the organization had considered denying the false information with a written message, "but when the news agencies began to publish it we decided to hold a televised interview, and here I am before you telling you I was not poisoned."[75]

Image

By playing a key part in ending the Israeli occupation, Nasrallah became a "national hero".[76] The New York Times article reported that an Arab politician called him as the "most powerful man in the Middle East" and the "only Arab leader who actually does what he says he's going to do".[77] Al Jazeera compared him to other Arab leaders such as Yasser Arafat and Gamal Abdel Nasser, and leftist revolutionaries like Che Guevara and Fidel Castro,[78] while journalist Annia Ciezadlo described him as an "emblem of Islam and Arab pride".[79] Professor Amal Saad-Ghorayeb said that he is "passionate" but also "plainspoken and practical".

Nasrallah is often referred to as "al-Sayyid Hassan" (Arabic: السيد حسن), the honorific "Sayyid" denoting a claim of descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandson Husain ibn Ali.

In popular culture

Two popular songs were written about Nasrallah during the 2006 Israel–Hezbollah War, with vastly different views of the Hezbollah leader: The Hawk of Lebanon in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and Yalla Ya Nasrallah, against Nasrallah, in Israel.

In 2007, Lebanese singer Alaa Zalzali composed a tribute song entitled "Ya Nasrallah". Another popular song composed in tribute to him was by Lebanese Christian singer Julia Boutros, called "Ahebba'i" meaning "my loved ones", which was inspired by Nasrallah's words in a televised message he sent to Hezbollah fighters in southern Lebanon during the 2006 War.

See also

Sources

External links

Speeches and interviews

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Hezbollah . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160328084825/http://www.cfr.org/lebanon/hezbollah-k-hizbollah-hizbullah/p9155 . 28 March 2016 . 19 March 2018 . Council on Foreign Relations.
  2. News: Profile: Sayed Hassan Nasrallah. Al Jazeera. 17 July 2000. 22 April 2013. 13 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200913173848/https://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/04/2008410115816863222.html. live.
  3. Book: O'Dwyer, Thomas . Thomas O'Dwyer . Hizbullah's ruthless realist. Violence and Terrorism--> . 2000 . 70 . Dushkin/McGraw-Hill . 0-07-031072-6 . 27 May 2007. 27 June 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090627195955/http://www.dushkin.com/. live . -"He has lived up to our initial assessment," said an Israeli intelligence source. "He is tough, but more intellectual in a broader sense than Musawi. But he has steered close to Musawi's line and kept good relations with Amal, the Syrians, and [Iran]." The source said Nasrallah has kept an eye on making Hezbollah a legitimate political force as well as a military one..
  4. Book: Hirst, David . Beware of Small States: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East . Faber and Faber . 2010 . 978-0-571-23741-8 . 244.
  5. Ehteshami, Anoushiravan and Raymond A. Hinnebusch, Syria and Iran - Middle Powers in a Penetrated Regional System, Routledge (1997), p. 140
  6. News: Profiles of key players – Hassan Nasrallah . 8 October 2016 . IRIN . 2006 . Beirut . 20 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190120030412/http://www.irinnews.org/report/27139/lebanon-profiles-key-players . live.
  7. Thiel. Tobias . Prophet, Saviour and Revolutionary: Manufacturing Hassan Nasrallah's Charisma . 7 . Department of International History . The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History.
  8. Web site: Kaplan . Eben . 20 July 2006 . Profile: Hassan Nasrallah . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060927093717/http://www.cfr.org/publication/11132/ . 27 September 2006 . Council on Foreign Relations.
  9. Web site: Telhami . Shibley . 30 July 2006 . Hezbollah's Popularity Exposes al-Qaeda's Failure to Win the Hearts . . 26 October 2023 . 26 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026182907/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/hezbollahs-popularity-exposes-al-qaedas-failure-to-win-the-hearts/ . live .
  10. News: Kamel . Kareem M. . 4 March 2004 . Hizbullah, Vanguard and liberator . . 9 August 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060715152615/http://www.islamonline.net/English/Views/2004/03/article01.shtml . 15 July 2006.
  11. News: Nahmias . Roee . 13 December 2007 . Report: Nasrallah replaced as head of Hizbullah military wing . en . . 26 October 2023 . 1 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190901215438/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3482538,00.html . live .
  12. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=87477 Resistance dismisses 'rumors' of high-level shakeup
  13. News: Cohen. Dudi. Nasrallah replacement chosen. 7 February 2013. Ynetnews. 13 October 2008. 30 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190630155228/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3608528,00.html. live.
  14. Web site: Joffre . Tzvi . 20 October 2019 . Lebanon shaken by third day of protests with some denouncing Hezbollah . 26 October 2023 . . en-US . 13 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200813201700/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/lebanon-shaken-by-third-day-of-protests-with-some-denouncing-hezbollah-605167 . live .
  15. Web site: Arab League No Longer Views Hezbollah as Terrorist Group, Top Official Says - Israel News - Haaretz.com.
  16. Web site: 16 November 2015 . Russia says Hezbollah, Hamas not terror groups . 26 October 2023 . . en-US . 27 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200527055925/https://www.timesofisrael.com/russia-says-hezbollah-hamas-not-terror-groups/ . live .
  17. Book: Burke, Robert A.. Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders. 31 October 2017. CRC Press. 978-1-351-64852-3. en. 8 April 2021. 26 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231026182907/https://books.google.com/books?id=EjU8DwAAQBAJ&q=China+neutral++contacts+Hezbollah&pg=PT514#v=snippet&q=China%20neutral%20%20contacts%20Hezbollah&f=false. live.
  18. News: Nashabe . Omar . 4 May 2012 . China's Ambassador in Lebanon: Hezbollah Arms a Trade Matter . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170130104652/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/6964 . 30 January 2017.
  19. News: Aoun . Michel . 31 July 2006 . 'History Will Judge Us All On Our Actions' . en-US . . 26 October 2023 . 0099-9660 . 9 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190409143504/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115429780106621697 . live .
  20. News: Aoun . Michel . 31 July 2006 . 'History Will Judge Us All On Our Actions' . en-US . . 26 October 2023 . 0099-9660 . 9 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190409143504/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115429780106621697 . live .
  21. News: Myre . Greg . Erlanger . Steven . 13 July 2006 . Israelis Enter Lebanon After Attacks . . 22 February 2017 . 16 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200916230317/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/13/world/middleeast/13mideast.html . live .
  22. News: Hezbollah threatens to strike Tel Aviv. 3 August 2006. 3 August 2006. CNN. https://web.archive.org/web/20060821192233/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/08/03/mideast.main/index.html. 21 August 2006.
  23. News: 16 July 2006 . Correct the damage . . 26 October 2023 . 26 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026180646/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/editorials/correct-the-damage . live .
  24. News: 20 July 2006 . Lebanese Druze Leader Walid Jumblatt Accuses Hizbullah, Iran, and Syria for Republic of Lebanon Crisis . . 22 April 2013 . 28 July 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130728190806/http://www.memri.org/report/en/print1753.htm . live .
  25. News: Taheri . Amir . 25 July 2006 . Hezbollah Didn't Win . . dead . 28 August 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060829210543/http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110008847 . 29 August 2006.
  26. News: 28 August 2006 . Hezbollah leader says he never thought capture would lead to war . . dead . 28 August 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224715/http://www.khaleejtimes.ae/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data%2Fmiddleeast%2F2006%2FAugust%2Fmiddleeast_August736.xml&section=middleeast . 26 September 2007.
  27. News: 31 July 2006 . Hassan Nasrallah: Leader of Shiite terrorist organization, Hizbullah . . 19 August 2008 . 11 September 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080911085429/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3284065,00.html . live .
  28. Web site: Mroue . Bassem . 25 May 2013 . Hezbollah chief says group is fighting in Syria . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130525193806/http://news.yahoo.com/hezbollah-chief-says-group-fighting-syria-162721809.html . 25 May 2013 . 25 May 2013 . Associated Press.
  29. News: 26 July 2013 . Hezbollah chief's nephew 'killed in Syria': reports . . 11 October 2014 . 7 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190407203407/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/07/26/Hezbollah-chief-s-nephew-killed-in-Syria-reports.html . live .
  30. Middle East International No 559, 26 September 1997; Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Michael Jansen pp.10-11; No 560, 10 October 1997; Barbara Nimn-Aziz p.24
  31. Middle East International No 559, 26 September 1997; Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Michael Jansen pp.10-11; No 560, 10 October 1997; Barbara Nimn-Aziz p.24
  32. News: Nahmias. Rohee. Hizbullah: No more clashes with Lebanese army. 31 January 2013. Ynet News. 18 August 2006. 2 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190902002619/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3292752,00.html. live.
  33. News: Inbar . Matthias . IDF eliminates senior Hezbollah commander in targeted attack - report . 8 January 2024 . i24 News.
  34. Web site: 2024-05-25 . Mother of Hezbollah chief passes away . 2024-05-25 . Tehran Times . en.
  35. News: Wright . Robin . 16 July 2006 . Inside the Mind of Hezbollah . . 3 December 2017 . 13 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190613113347/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/14/AR2006071401401_pf.html . live .
  36. News: Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah Q&A: What Hezbollah Will Do. The Washington Post. 20 February 2000. 8 August 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20051101062109/http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/hzblhnsr.htm. 1 November 2005.
  37. Goldberg . Jeffrey . 14 October 2002 . In The Party of God . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20140707220931/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/10/14/021014fa_fact4?currentPage=all . 7 July 2014 . 7 July 2009.
  38. Web site: Hassan Nasrallah: In His Own Words. Deborah. Passner. CAMERA. 26 July 2006. 18 November 2006. 7 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171107190707/http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=7&x_issue=11&x_article=1158. live.
  39. News: Little choice for a defiant Israel. Andrew. Markus. The Age. 15 July 2006. 30 July 2006. Melbourne. https://web.archive.org/web/20070311000828/http://www.theage.com.au/text/articles/2006/07/14/1152637865649.html. 11 March 2007.
  40. The Syrian Bet. Seymour M.. Hersh. The New Yorker. 18 July 2003. 7 August 2006. 6 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140306203702/http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/030728fa_fact. live.
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  42. News: Ladki . Nadim . 30 November 2009 . Hezbollah cuts Islamist rhetoric in new manifesto . en . . 26 October 2023 . 24 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231024234056/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-hezbollah-idUSTRE5AT3VK20091130 . live .
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  45. Web site: ‘Shocking and brutal massacre’: World reacts to Israel’s al-Mawasi attacks . 13 July 2024 . Al Jazeera . en.
  46. Web site: Old video comes back to haunt Hezbollah chief Nasrallah. 27 May 2013. 27 May 2013. Al Arabiya. 30 May 2013. 26 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130526230205/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/05/27/Old-video-comes-back-to-haunt-Hezbollah-chief-Nasrallah.html. live.
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