Sex characteristics (legal term) explained

In law, sex characteristic refers to an attribute defined for the purposes of protecting individuals from discrimination due to their sexual features. The attribute of sex characteristics was first defined in national law in Malta in 2015. The legal term has since been adopted by United Nations, European, and Asia-Pacific institutions, and in a 2017 update to the Yogyakarta Principles on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics.

Physical attributes

See main article: Sexual characteristics. Physical sex characteristics include primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics. A primary sexual characteristic, as narrowly defined, is any anatomical part of the body involved in sexual reproduction and constituting the reproductive system in a complex organism, especially the external sex organs; the external sex organs are also commonly referred to as the genitalia or genitals.[1] [2] Secondary sex characteristics are features that appear at sexual development / sexual maturity in any animal species (including humans), especially the sexually dimorphic phenotypic traits that distinguish the sexes of a species, but that, unlike the sex organs, are not directly part of the reproductive system.

Legal attribute

Sex characteristics is a term used in law and in human rights frameworks. The term was first used in Malta in 2015, when the country enacted legal protections from discrimination and forced medical procedures on grounds of sex characteristics. The Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act defined sex characteristics as:

In November 2017, the Yogyakarta Principles were expanded to include new principles and new attributes of sex characteristics and gender identity. The supplement noted that the new "explicit ground for protection from violations of human rights has evolved in international jurisprudence".[3] Sex characteristics is defined as:

In 2015, the Fundamental Rights Agency published a comparative legal analysis on protection against discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation, gender identity and sex characteristics in the EU.[4]

In 2016, the Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (AFP) manual on Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics.[5] The document provides an analysis of human rights issues, including the rights to physical integrity, non-discrimination, effective remedies and redress, and recognition before the law.

Intersex people

The Maltese Act that introduced the term was widely welcomed internationally by civil society organizations as it offered protections to intersex people for the first time.[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] The Act was later followed by a report by the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe that recognized that sex characteristics are distinct from a person's sexual orientation and gender identity.

In a wide-ranging analysis on intersex human rights and health issues, the Council of Europe published an Issue Paper entitled Human rights and intersex people in May 2015. In the Issue Paper, the Council's Commissioner for Human Rights recommended that Member States of the Council of Europe protect intersex citizens on grounds of "sex characteristics", or otherwise protect intersex persons on grounds of sex or gender:

In 2015, the United Nations published a fact sheet using the term sex characteristics to define intersex:

This was followed by a public statement by UN and regional human rights experts in 2016 utilizing a similar definition. In September 2015, Zeid Ra'ad Zeid Al-Hussein, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, opened an Expert meeting on ending human rights violations against intersex persons stating:

In 2017, Amnesty International published a report condemning "non-emergency, invasive and irreversible medical treatment with harmful effects" on children born with variations of sex characteristics in Germany and Denmark. It found that surgeries take place with limited psychosocial support, based on gender stereotypes, but without firm evidence. Amnesty International reported that "there are no binding guidelines for the treatment of intersex children".[11] [12] [13] [14]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Sex organ (sɛks ˈɔːɡən). Collins English Dictionary. September 14, 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193350/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sex-organ. October 29, 2013.
  2. Book: P. R. Ashalatha, G. Deepa. Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses. JP Medical Ltd. 252–274. 978-9350254233. 2012. September 14, 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140101060625/http://books.google.com/books?id=B87CMxNW5lgC&pg=PA252&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wRk1UpK-J6mg2gWO34H4Ag&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBjge. January 1, 2014.
  3. http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles-en/yp10/ Yogyakarta Principles plus 10
  4. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Protection against discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation, gender identity and sex characteristics in the EU – Comparative legal analysis – Update 2015. December 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170903235722/http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2015/lgbti-comparative-legal-update-2015. 2017-09-03.
  5. Book: Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions. Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions. 978-0-9942513-7-4. Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics. June 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170115144950/http://www.asiapacificforum.net/resources/manual-sogi-and-sex-charactersitics/. 2017-01-15.
  6. Web site: Making depathologization a matter of law. A comment from GATE on the Maltese Act on Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics . Cabral . Mauro . Mauro Cabral . April 8, 2015 . . 2015-07-03 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150704213308/http://transactivists.org/2015/04/08/making-depathologization-a-matter-of-law-a-comment-from-gate-on-the-maltese-act-on-gender-identity-gender-expression-and-sex-characteristics/ . July 4, 2015 .
  7. News: Star Observer. Star Observer. Malta passes law outlawing forced surgical intervention on intersex minors. Star Observer. 2 April 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150814120842/http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/international-news-news/malta-passes-law-outlawing-forced-surgical-intervention-on-intersex-minors/134800. 14 August 2015.
  8. Web site: OII Europe. OII-Europe applauds Malta's Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act. This is a landmark case for intersex rights within European law reform. April 1, 2015. 2015-07-03. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150522051313/http://oiieurope.org/press-release-oii-europe-applauds-maltas-gender-identity-gender-expression-and-sex-characteristics-act/. May 22, 2015.
  9. Web site: We celebrate Maltese protections for intersex people . Carpenter . Morgan . Morgan Carpenter . April 2, 2015 . . 2015-07-03 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150704224253/https://oii.org.au/28592/we-celebrate-maltese-protections-for-intersex-people/ . July 4, 2015 .
  10. Transgender Europe. Transgender Europe. Malta Adopts Ground-breaking Trans and Intersex Law – TGEU Press Release. April 1, 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161103161043/http://tgeu.org/malta-adopts-ground-breaking-trans-intersex-law/. November 3, 2016.
  11. Book: Amnesty International. First, Do No Harm. 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170517005403/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur01/6086/2017/en/. 2017-05-17.
  12. Web site: Amnesty International. First, Do No Harm: ensuring the rights of children born intersex.. 2017-05-13. 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170511113659/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/05/intersex-rights/. 2017-05-11.
  13. Web site: Semple. Ross. Intersex children subject to 'invasive' surgery to 'normalise' their sex, reports Amnesty International. Attitude Magazine. 2017-05-13. May 10, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170513051737/http://attitude.co.uk/intersex-children-subject-to-invasive-surgery-to-normalise-their-sex-reports-amnesty-international/. May 13, 2017.
  14. Web site: Amnesty denounces 'human rights violations' on intersex children . Elena . Cherubini . May 11, 2017 . 2017-05-11 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170511162157/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2017/05/11/amnesty-denounces-human-rights-violations-on-intersex-children/ . May 11, 2017 .

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