setcontext is one of a family of C library functions (the others being getcontext, makecontext and swapcontext) used for context control. The setcontext family allows the implementation in C of advanced control flow patterns such as iterators, fibers, and coroutines. They may be viewed as an advanced version of setjmp/longjmp; whereas the latter allows only a single non-local jump up the stack, setcontext allows the creation of multiple cooperative threads of control, each with its own stack.
setcontext was specified in POSIX.1-2001 and the Single Unix Specification, version 2, but not all Unix-like operating systems provide them. POSIX.1-2004 obsoleted these functions, and in POSIX.1-2008 they were removed, with POSIX Threads indicated as a possible replacement.
The functions and associated types are defined in the ucontext.h system header file. This includes the ucontext_t type, with which all four functions operate:
uc_link points to the context which will be resumed when the current context exits, if the context was created with makecontext (a secondary context). uc_sigmask is used to store the set of signals blocked in the context, and uc_stack is the stack used by the context. uc_mcontext stores execution state, including all registers and CPU flags, the instruction pointer, and the stack pointer; mcontext_t is an opaque type.
The functions are:
This function transfers control to the context in ucp. Execution continues from the point at which the context was stored in ucp. setcontext does not return.
Saves current context into ucp. This function returns in two possible cases: after the initial call, or when a thread switches to the context in ucp via setcontext or swapcontext. The getcontext function does not provide a return value to distinguish the cases (its return value is used solely to signal error), so the programmer must use an explicit flag variable, which must not be a register variable and must be declared volatile to avoid constant propagation or other compiler optimizations.
The makecontext function sets up an alternate thread of control in ucp, which has previously been initialised using getcontext. The ucp.uc_stack member should be pointed to an appropriately sized stack; the constant SIGSTKSZ is commonly used. When ucp is jumped to using setcontext or swapcontext, execution will begin at the entry point to the function pointed to by func, with argc arguments as specified. When func terminates, control is returned to ucp.uc_link.
Transfers control to ucp and saves the current execution state into oucp.
The example below demonstrates an iterator using setcontext.
/* The three contexts: * (1) main_context1 : The point in main to which loop will return. * (2) main_context2 : The point in main to which control from loop will * flow by switching contexts. * (3) loop_context : The point in loop to which control from main will * flow by switching contexts. */ucontext_t main_context1, main_context2, loop_context;
/* The iterator return value. */volatile int i_from_iterator;
/* This is the iterator function. It is entered on the first call to * swapcontext, and loops from 0 to 9. Each value is saved in i_from_iterator, * and then swapcontext used to return to the main loop. The main loop prints * the value and calls swapcontext to swap back into the function. When the end * of the loop is reached, the function exits, and execution switches to the * context pointed to by main_context1. */void loop(ucontext_t *loop_context, ucontext_t *other_context, int *i_from_iterator) int main(void)NOTE: this example is not correct,[1] but may work as intended in some cases. The function makecontext requires additional parameters to be type int, but the example passes pointers. Thus, the example may fail on 64-bit machines (specifically LP64-architectures, where
For get and set context, a smaller context can be handy:
int main(int argc, const char *argv[])This makes an infinite loop because context holds the program counter.