Setar Explained

Setar (سه‌تار‎)
Names:setaar or setâr
Image Capt:A typical Iranian setar
Background:string
Classification:Plucked
Hornbostel Sachs:321.321
Hornbostel Sachs Desc:Necked-bowl lutes: instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings, in which the resonator and string bearer are physically united and can not be separated without destroying the instrument, in which the strings run in a plane parallel to the sound table, whose body is shaped like a bowl
Developed:Developed by the 15th century, possibly earlier. 4th string added widely by 19th century
Range:130px|center
Related:Tambouras, Tar, Tanbur
Sound Sample:thumb|center |A short clip in "Dastgahe Segah" using the Setar.

A setar (Persian: سه‌تار, in Persian pronounced as /seˈt̪ʰɒːɾ/) is a stringed instrument, a type of lute used in Persian traditional music, played solo or accompanying voice.[1] It is a member of the tanbur family of long-necked lutes with a range of more than two and a half octaves.[1] Originally a three stringed instrument, a fourth string was added by Mushtaq Ali Shah by the mid 19th century.[1] It is played with the index finger of the right hand.

It has been speculated that the setar originated in Persia by the 9th century C.E.[2] A more conservative estimate says "it originated in the 15th century, or even earlier."[1]

Although related to the tanbur, in recent centuries, the setar has evolved so that, musically, it more closely resembles the tar, both in tuning and playing style.

Etymology

According to Curt Sachs, Persians chose to name their lutes around the word tar, meaning string, combined with a word for the number of strings. Du + tar is the 2-stringed dutār, se + tar is the 3-stringed setār, čartar (4 strings), pančtār (5 strings).[3]

The modern Iranian instrument's name سه‌تار is a combination of سه —meaning "three"—and تار —meaning "string", therefore the word gives the meaning of "three-stringed" or "tri-stringed".

In spite of the instrument's name implying it should have three strings, the modern instrument actually has four strings. One was added in the 19th century.[1] Strings however are grouped so that musicians are still dealing with three groups or courses of strings, instead of four separately played strings.

Sharing a name

Other tanbur-family instruments share the setar name. Sharing the name may not mean a direct connection between the musical traditions.

In Tajikistan, the Pamiri Setor is larger than the Iranian setar. It has 3 playing strings and sympathetic strings (as many as 8–12).[1] It is played with a "thimblelike metal plectrum" worn on a finger.[4]

In Baluchistan, the setar is larger than the Iranian setar, and is a "rhythmic drone" instrument to accompany singing. Its three strings are set up to resemble the dutar's two strings: one bass string and a pair of strings tune "a 4th higher."[1]

In Pakistan, there exists the Chitrali sitar with 5 strings in 3 courses, with melody played on the top two strings.

In Xinjiang, China, Satar (Uighur; Uyghur: ساتار; Chinese: 萨塔尔, Sàtǎ'ěr) is an important instrument in 12 muqam. It is a bowed lute with 13 strings, one raised bowing string and 12 sympathetic strings, tuned to the mode of the muqam or piece being played.

In India, the Sitar is an instrument with many forms. Its name is "an Urdu transcription of the Persian sihtār".[1]

Construction

1. Peghead or headstock2. Pegs3. Fret above nut4. Nut5. Main Frets6. Side Frets or Secondary Frets7. Neck8. Bowl9. Sound holes10. Bridge11. String holder or wire holder12. Strings

The instrument can be categorized as a neck-bowl instrument. Strings run from the pegs at the top of the neck, across a bone or plastic nut that has grooves to separate them, down the neck, across the bowl, over the bridge and are secured to a string holder at the end of the bowl. The pegs are inserted directly into the end of the instrument's neck, similar to a headstock.

The bowl is structurally similar to the bowl of the tanbur, but smaller and pear-shaped. The length of the bowl is from 26 to 30 cm, its width is between 12 and 16 cm and its depth is about 13 cm. It is usually made of mulberry or walnut wood. The structure of the bowl can be either a single piece of wood or made of separate and glued pieces. The soundboard of the bowl is made of thin sheets of wood. It has sound holes to let the sound escape the bowl. The musician's hand may be placed on it while playing.

The length of the neck is 40 to 48 cm long and 3 cm wide. A 12 cm section at the top is set aside for the pegs. The neck may be decorated with camel bone, covering the neck to make it more beautiful and to extend its useful life.

The wooden bridge is between 5 and 6 cm long and its height is less than 1 cm. It has shallow grooves for the strings to rest in. The strings, after passing over the bridge from the neck, are secured on the wire holder. The neck has frets made from thin threads made of animal intestines or silk. They are tied in 3 or 4 strands across the neck, and are responsible for dividing the neck into lengths, allowing the musician to find notes. There may be 26 frets, one of which is at the nut and not used to create a note.

Characteristics

The setar belongs to the tanbur family, but today it is very close to the tar, having the same neck (and same number of frets and tuning system).[1]

The setar has a pear-shaped body, made (like those of the lute or oud) from strips of thin mulberrywood lathes, glued together into a bowl. Alternatively, the bowl could be carved from a block of wood.[1] The bowl is approximately 25 cm long and 15 centimeters at the widest point, and 15 centimeters deep.[1]

The neck of the instrument is long and narrow, long enough to support a 62–70 cm-long string (minus the 25 cm where the string passes over the bowl after leaving the neck). The neck has gut strings wrapped around it which function as frets, which can be positioned to change the notes that the musician will hit upon fingering at the fret.[1] [5] The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments[6] says that there are between 25 and 27 frets.[1] Another source, mentions between 22 and 28 frets, placed according to the musician's ear.[5]

The instrument is strung with four strings. From top to bottom the strings are (4) bam or bass string, (3) drone string, (2) yellow string, and (1) silver string.

The top-two strings, referred to together by the one-string's name —bam (بم)— function together as a pair and are played together. The other two strings are known as the gold string and the silver string. The silver string is the melody string. Historically, only the (4) bam string, the (2) yellow string and the (1) silver string existed. The need for the additional fourth string was recognized centuries ago, by intellectual thinkers such as Abu Nasr al-Farabi (ca. 872-950 C.E.), Abu Ali Sina (980-1037 C.E.), Safi al-Din Ermavi (ca. 1216-1294 C.E.), and (in the 20th century) the late Abul Hassan Khan Saba.

The new string is sometimes referred to as the "fourth string" because it is the last of the four strings to be added to the instrument. However, it was inserted between the yellow string and bass string; today when looking at the modern instrument being played, it is the (3) drone string, the third string from the bottom. The newest string is also known as the Mushtaq (مشتاق) string, because it was first used by Mushtaq Ali Shah, according to a narration of Abolhassan Saba.

Playing the setar

The setar is played with the musician sitting, held at a 45-degree angle on the right thigh. Normally, the musician uses the fingers of the left hand on the frets to choose notes on the white string (bottom-most string). The right hand plays the setar, usually using only the index finger.The instrument is played using the index finger of the right hand, using an "oscillating motion"[1] [7] This differentiates it from the tanburs, which are plucked with multiple fingers or with a homemade plectrum, made from plastic, quills or razor blades.[8]

In more complicated works the musician may use the index, middle, ring and sometimes the little finger of the left hand to fret notes, and may use the thumb to pick notes on the bass strings.

Tuning the setar

The instrument is most commonly tuned c c' g c' using Helmholtz pitch notation.[1]

The strings are tuned in multiple ways, to match a music's tonality or a singer's voice. A basic example showing one of the tuning patterns, listed in scientific pitch notation, top to bottom: C3 C4 • G3 • C4. The lowest pitch strings played together as a course (C3 C4) are the bass string (made of bronze or phosphor-bronze) and the drone (made of steel). The highest pitch strings are the "yellow" G3, made of bronze or phosphor-bronze and the "white" G3 made of steel.

Players not only tune the strings of the setar, but also move the gut or nylon frets that are tied around the neck, between the neck and the strings. Since these frets are moveable, players can move them to set notes closer or farther apart. The instrument is designed to play microtones, pitches between the standard western pitches on the piano keyboard. A Koron lowers and a Sori raises the pitches by quarter steps (flats and sharps are half-steps).

Setting strings for a Dastgâh

Strings are tuned to meet the tonal requirements of Dastgâh.

The instrument's four strings are not always set the same. Tones are not absolutes (unless playing with instruments that are set, such as a western-instruments with standardized and unchangeable pitches). Rather, the strings are intervals, what one string sounds like when compared to the first string.

Mahur and Chahargah
StringPersian noteAn equivalent western noteSound clip of note
Bass stringCA#
Drone stringCA#
Yellow stringGF
White stringCA#
Nava and Homayun and Esfahan
StringPersian noteAn equivalent western noteSound clip of note
Bass stringDC
Drone stringDC
Yellow stringGF
White stringCA#
Rast Panjgah
StringPersian noteAn equivalent western noteSound clip of note
Bass stringCA#
Drone stringCA#
Yellow stringFD#
White stringCA#
Shur and Afshari and Abu'ata and Dashti
StringPersian noteAn equivalent western noteSound clip of note
Bass stringFD#
Drone stringCA#
Yellow stringGF
White stringCA#

Setting the frets

The table below can be used to position the frets on the instrument's neck; the frets are made of tied string and are moveable. The instrument used to create the measurements had a scale length of 66 centimeters, from nut at the top to bridge at the bottom.

The table contains the names and playable samples of notes, for a string set to C.

The instrument has microtones; in western music the musical scale is made of tones and half-tones.

In Persian music, there can be quarter tones as well, marked koron or sori. These are quarter tones. Koron is 1/4 step flat. Sori is 1/4 step sharp.

For example, in the photo there is an E4, E4 flat, and between the two an E4 koron. Between the F4 and the F4 sharp is the F4 sori.

Fret number below nutName of note when open sting is CDistance from nut (cm)Distance from bridge (cm)Number of wraps around neckSound clip of note
0 Open stringC4
1D4 koron3.462.63
2D5.460.64
3E4 flat7.358.74
4E4 koron10.355.74
5E412.153.93
6F413.952.14
7F4 sori16.549.54
8F4 sharp19.047.03
9G420.645.43
10A4 flat22.044.04
11A4 koron24.241.83 or 4
12A425.640.44
13B4 flat26.939.13
14B4 koron28.937.14
15B430.135.93
16C531.234.83
17D5 koron33.033.04
18D535.730.33 or 4
19E5 flat36.729.34
20E5 koron38.227.84
21E539.126.93
22F539.926.13
23F5 sharp41.324.84
24G542.523.53
25A5 flat44.022.04

The setar in recorded media

The setar was first recorded for His Master's Voice in the winter of 1888-1889 (1306 AH) by Arthur James Twain. He recorded singer Batool Rezaei (stage name: Banoo Machol Parvaneh, mother of Khatereh Parvaneh) playing setar, accompanied by Habibollah Samaei on santur, Ghavam Al-Sultan on tar and Agha Mehdi Navai on ney.[9] [10] Joey Walker of Australian psychedelic rock band King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard played Setar in various songs, primarily on the album Nonagon Infinity.

Notable setarists

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Encyclopedia: The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments . Setār . Stanley Sadie. Jean During . Alastair Dick . MacMillan Press Limited . London . 1984 . 0-943818-05-2 . 353–354.
  2. https://stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com/s.htm The Stringed Instrument Database, entry Setar
  3. Book: Curt Sachs . The History of Musical Instruments . 1940 . W. W. Norton & Company . New York . 256–257.
  4. Web site: Music and Poetry from the Pamir Mountains Musical instruments. The Institute of Ismaili Studies . https://web.archive.org/web/20131214012209/https://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=106106 . 14 December 2013 . 1 September 2010 . The sitar is a long-necked lute with nylon and steel wire strings. The wooden belly is oval-shaped and pierced by a number of sound-holes in a decorative pattern. The sitar is plucked by a thimble-like metal plectrum worn over the forefinger of the right hand and produces a clear sound..
  5. Web site: Parham Nassehpoor . Setar .
  6. Web site: About . 2024-02-25 . Oxford Music Online . en.
  7. Web site: AFSHAR - Siamak Nasr - Setar . setarmusic, Ostad Simak Nasr . . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/YxRPjQX_XQE . 2021-12-21 . live. [Video showing setar being played. Shows playing technique using index finger, moving up and down on strings.].
  8. Encyclopedia: The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments . Tanbūr. Stanley Sadie. Scheherazade Qassim Hassan . R. Conway Morris . John Baily . Jean During . MacMillan Press Limited . London . 1984 . 0-943818-05-2 . 518–519.
  9. Web site: Mohammad Reza Sharaili . https://web.archive.org/web/20180831021628/http://womenofmusic.ir/%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86-%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b6%d8%a8%d8%b7-%d8%b4%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d8%b3%d9%87-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1/ . 31 August 2018 . اولین نوای ضبط شده از سه تار (Translation: The first recorded sound from Setar). womenofmusic.ir .
  10. Web site: از دوره پهلوی اول، زنان وارد عرصه اجتماعی هنر شدند/ پروانه؛ نوازنده اولین سه تار ضبط شده در تاریخ موسیقی ایران (Translation: From the first Pahlavi period, women entered the social arena of art / Parvaneh; Musician of the first recorded setar in the history of Iranian music). https://web.archive.org/web/20150421141335/http://mehrkhane.com/fa/news/8348/%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B5%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B7-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 . 21 April 2015 . mehrkhane.com . ......بتول رضایی...پروانه؛ نوازنده اولین سه تار ضبط شده در تاریخ موسیقی ایران... وی افزود: بتول رضایی با اسم مستعار پروانه، اولین نوازنده زن است که صدای سازش ضبط شده است. اولین اثری که از ساز سه تار ضبط شده است، صدای سه تار او است. او نوازنده توانمندی بود که در سال 1312، در سن 25 سالگی به دلیل بیماری سل فوت کرد. او نوازنده اولین سه تار ضبط شده در تاریخ موسیقی ایران است. (translation: Batool Rezaei. The Butterfly; Musician of the first recorded setar in the history of Iranian music. He added: Batool Rezaei, nicknamed Parvaneh, is the first female musician whose compromise voice has been recorded. The first work recorded from a setar instrument is her setar sound. She was a talented musician who died of tuberculosis in 1913 at the age of 25. She is the musician of the first recorded setar in the history of Iranian music).