September 1936 Explained
The following events occurred in September 1936:
- L'Osservatore Romano criticized recent remarks by Father Charles Coughlin's that called President Roosevelt a liar. "The Holy See wishes to respect all liberties and all conveniences", the editorial said. "It is extremely notable that an orator offends when he inveighs against persons who represent supreme social authority, with the evident danger of disturbing the respect due the authorities themselves by the people."[2]
- Francisco Largo Caballero became the 66th Prime Minister of Spain. An announcement explained that "because of the length of the civil war, the government believed it advisable to resign to make way for a government embracing all parties comprising the Popular Front."[5]
- The Battle of Irún ended with the Nationalist capture of the city.
- In Paris, 100,000 pro-Republican demonstrators held a march calling on the French government to lift its arms embargo against Spain.[6]
- Nationalists drove back a Republican counterattack on Irún.[7]
- The Battle of Cerro Muriano began.
- Beryl Markham completed the first east-to-west transatlantic solo flight by a woman. Due to bad weather eating up her fuel supply she had to make a forced landing at Baleine Cove, Nova Scotia short of her goal of New York. The plane landed in the mud and took significant damage but Markham only sustained a cut to the forehead.[8]
- 8 spectators were killed in the ninth annual Tourist Trophy Race in Northern Ireland when driver Jack Chambers lost control of his Riley on the wet track and crashed into the crowd. The race was never held again.[9]
- This is the purported date that the famous photograph The Falling Soldier was taken by Robert Capa during the Spanish Civil War, although the authenticity of the photo has been called into question.
- Born: Bill Mazeroski, baseball player, in Wheeling, West Virginia
- 15 Jews were injured in anti-Jewish and anti-Socialist rioting in Warsaw, Poland. Socialists paraded in the streets demanding help for the government of Spain until they were attacked by congregation members getting out of church where special prayers had been held for Spanish Catholics.[10] [11]
- The Battle of Cerro Muriano ended in Nationalist victory.
- President Roosevelt gave a fireside chat on the subject of drought conditions.[12]
- The comedy-drama film My Man Godfrey starring William Powell and Carole Lombard was released.
- Hitler gave an 8,500-word address before 800,000 Nazis on the subject of authority, which he called "the foundation of all harmony". Unlimited individual liberty, Hitler asserted, led to anarchy. Following the speech, a proclamation outlined Nazi Germany's next goal as the restoration of its pre-war colonies and rebuilding its economy through a four-year plan.[18]
- Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
The French and Syrian governments signed a treaty of alliance and friendship. The pact provided for the French mandate over Syria to end within three years and for Syria to join the League of Nations.[19]
- An international conference for non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War opened in London.[20]
- Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov of the NKVD arrived in Spain to oversee the transfer of funds from the Spanish treasury to Moscow.[21] This money would come to be known as Moscow gold.
- Belgian Prime Minister Paul van Zeeland gave a radio address explaining that the world was splitting up between left-wing and right-wing extremists, and the only way to prevent a split within Belgium was to pursue a policy of complete neutrality. This speech signalled a shift in Belgian foreign policy to avoid any kind of alliances that could draw the country into a war.[22]
- The New York Yankees clinched the American League pennant by sweeping a doubleheader against the Cleveland Indians, 11-3 and 12-9.[23]
- The excursion steamship Romance collided with the steamer New York in a fog near Boston Harbor. The Romance sank in less than twenty minutes but the New York was able to rescue all passengers and crew aboard and return to Boston Harbor despite a 12-foot hole in the bow.[24]
- Born: David Gold, businessman, in Stepney, London, England (d. 2023)
- A massive landslide in the Himalayas wiped out seven villages and left hundreds reported dead.
- Nationalist artillery resumed pounding San Sebastián after a 48-hour unofficial truce.[25]
- The British Trades Union Congress voted in favour of a policy of neutrality in the Spanish Civil War, due to fear that intervention in the conflict would spark a larger war in Europe.[26]
- Germany launched a propaganda campaign against Czechoslovakia, accusing the country of harbouring Soviet aircraft and providing airfields to the Soviet air force.
- The first official Speedway World Championship motorcycle race was held at Wembley Stadium in London, won by Lionel Van Praag of Australia.
- As part of ceremonies at the World Power Conference, President Roosevelt pressed a golden key in Washington, D.C. to put a small 3,500 horsepower generator into service for Boulder Dam and Boulder City, Nevada.[27]
- The Supreme Electoral Council, the predecessor of the National Electoral Council of Venezuela, was founded.
- The musical play Careless Rapture by Ivor Novello and Christopher Hassall premiered at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London.
- Born: Charles Dierkop, actor, in La Crosse, Wisconsin (d. 2024)
- The German news agency published a message from Spanish Nationalist leader Miguel Cabanellas which stated: "The Spanish nation never will forget the friendship and moral support extended by Germany. Your leader and nation keep watch against bolshevism in the east. We will do the same in the west, where it is no less important in this decisive hour in European history."[32]
- 45 died on the Nile when a pleasure boat and a cargo ship collided.[34]
- A tropical hurricane struck Cape Hatteras along the east coast of the United States, doing considerable damage.[35]
- The was launched.
- Born: Big Tom, country musician, in Castleblayney, Ireland (d. 2018)
- The Nationalists took Maqueda after a three-day battle.[38]
- The German military began its largest maneuvers since 1914.
- The 17th session of the League of Nations Assembly opened in Geneva. The Council wrestled with the question of whether Ethiopia should be allowed to keep its seat.[39]
- Born: Yury Luzhkov, politician, in Moscow, USSR (d. 2019)
- Died: Frank Hornby, 73, English inventor, businessman and politician
- The League of Nations Assembly voted 39-4 to allow Ethiopia to keep its seat, meaning that Haile Selassie's government continued to be recognized by the League as the legitimate authority of the country and not Italy. The dissenting votes were cast by Hungary, Austria, Albania and Ecuador.[42]
- The Taminato incident occurred in the Shanghai International Settlement when gunmen shot and killed a Japanese sailor and wounded two others. That night, more than 2,000 Japanese troops occupied the Hongkou District under martial law to search for the men.[43]
- The French government decided to devalue the franc by one-quarter to one-third in order to stabilize the currency.[47]
- At the League of Nations, Spanish delegate Julio Álvarez del Vayo said the European non-intervention agreement amounted to "a blockade of the lawful Spanish government" and said the war would have virtually been won already if the rebels had not received foreign aid. Álvarez del Vayo said "the bloodstained soil of Spain already is the battlefield of world war", and warned that future wars would not be fought between states but between two groups of ideas, those of "democracy and oppression."[48]
- Born: Ken Forsse, creator of Teddy Ruxpin, in Bellwood, Nebraska (d. 2014); Moussa Traoré, 2nd President of Mali, in Kayes, French Sudan (d. 2020)
- Died: William Sims, 77, American admiral
- The Campaign of Gipuzkoa ended in Nationalist victory.
- Tensions decreased considerably in Shanghai when the Japanese withdrew most of their forces.[49]
- Joseph Stalin appointed Nikolai Yezhov as the new head of the NKVD. Under Yezhov's direction the Great Purge would be widely expanded.[50]
- As a result of the French devaluation, Switzerland announced it would devalue its own franc by 30%.[51]
- The farce play Horse Eats Hat co-written and directed by Orson Welles premiered at the Maxine Elliott Theatre in New York City.
- Died: Harriet Monroe, 75, American editor, literary critic and poet
Notes and References
- News: September 1, 1936 . Put War Hostages in Chains . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- News: September 2, 1936 . Coughlin Gets Vatican Rebuke . . 1 .
- News: Kinsley . Philip . September 4, 1936 . Landon Talks on Drouth . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1–2 .
- Web site: Lou Ambers . . August 16, 2015 .
- News: September 4, 1936 . Rebels Take Irun; City Burning . . 1 .
- News: September 5, 1936 . Help Madrid, 100,000 Shout in Paris Parade . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- News: September 5, 1936 . Rebels Beat Back Irun Attack . . 1 .
- News: September 6, 1936 . Mother Flies Over Atlantic, Then Crashes . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- Web site: The Tourist Trophy Races . Taylor . Darren . Culture Northern Ireland . August 16, 2015 .
- News: Day . Donald . September 7, 1936 . Churchgoers Beat Radicals in Warsaw Riot Over Spain's War . Chicago Daily Tribune. 22 .
- Web site: Jew Killed, Many Wounded in Polish Riots . September 8, 1936 . . August 16, 2015 .
- News: September 7, 1936 . 'Jobs for Drouth Victims' – Roosevelt . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- News: September 8, 1936 . Britain Appoints General to Stop Holy Land Riots . Chicago Daily Tribune. 13 .
- Web site: 1936 . MusicAndHistory . August 16, 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130610051422/http://musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/197-1936.html . June 10, 2013 .
- News: September 8, 1936 . Portugal Crushes Navy Revolt . . 1 .
- News: September 9, 1936 . I Have Restored Arms Equality; Hitler . Chicago Daily Tribune. 16 .
- Web site: Tageseinträge für 8. September 1936 . chroniknet . August 16, 2015 .
- News: September 10, 1936 . Hitler Demands Colonies for Germany . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- Web site: Chronology 1936 . 2002 . indiana.edu . August 16, 2015 .
- Book: 1989 . Mercer . Derrik . Chronicle of the 20th Century . London . Chronicle Communications Ltd. . 472 . 978-0-582-03919-3 .
- Book: 1982 . Cortada . James W. . Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 . Westport, Connecticut . Greenwood Press . 502 . 0-313-22054-9 .
- Book: Epstein, Jonathan A. . 2014 . Belgium's Dilemma: The Formation of the Belgian Defense Policy, 1932–1940 . Leiden . Koninklijke Brill NV . 177 . 978-90-04-26973-6 .
- News: September 10, 1936 . Yankees Clinch Pennant; Whip Cleveland Twice . Chicago Daily Tribune. 29 .
- News: September 10, 1936 . Ships Collide; 265 Saved . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- News: September 11, 1936 . Rebels Shell San Sebastian; Truce Broken . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- News: Darrah . David . September 11, 1936 . British Workers Vote to Remain Neutral in War . Chicago Daily Tribune. 3 .
- Book: Kleinsorge, Paul Lincoln . 1941 . The Boulder Canyon Project, Historical and Economic Aspects . Stanford University Press . 217 .
- News: September 13, 1936 . San Sebastian is Captured by Spanish Rebels . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- News: Schultz . Sigrid . Sigrid Schultz . September 14, 1936 . Hitler Reviews Private Army; Hails Strength . Chicago Daily Tribune. 6 .
- Web site: This day in 1936: Bob Feller records his age in strikeouts . Perry . Dayn . September 13, 2013 . . August 16, 2015 .
- News: Schultz . Sigrid . Sigrid Schultz . September 15, 1936 . Hitler Refuses To Deal with Soviet Leaders . Chicago Daily Tribune. 9 .
- News: September 16, 1936 . President of Spanish Rebels Thanks Hitler . Chicago Daily Tribune. 6 .
- News: September 17, 1936 . Lisbon Decrees Formation of Fascist Army . Chicago Daily Tribune. 10 .
- Web site: Tageseinträge für 18. September 1936 . chroniknet . August 16, 2015 .
- Web site: East Coast Hurricane of September 18-19, 1936 (Hurricane # 13) . North Shore Wx . August 16, 2015 .
- Web site: Nazi Church Bans "hallelujah" Because of Hebrew Origin . September 21, 1936 . . August 16, 2015 .
- News: September 21, 1936 . Blast Wrecks Havana Paper; 4 Die, 20 Injured . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- News: September 22, 1936 . Rebels Seize Key to Madrid . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- News: September 22, 1936 . Selassie Foils Plot to Put Him Out of League . Chicago Daily Tribune. 3 .
- News: September 23, 1936 . Uruguay Breaks Off With Spain; 3 Citizens Slain . Chicago Daily Tribune. 2 .
- Web site: Tageseinträge für 22. September 1936 . chroniknet . August 16, 2015 .
- News: September 24, 1936 . Ethiopia Seated by League; Wins Over Mussolini . Chicago Daily Tribune. 3 .
- News: Powell . John . September 24, 1936 . Shanghai Area Invaded by Japs After New Clash . Chicago Daily Tribune. 13 .
- News: Allen . Jay . Jay Allen . September 25, 1936 . Spanish Rebels Driven Back by Wall of Water . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .
- News: September 25, 1936 . Coughlin Faces New Papal Slap . . 1 .
- News: September 25, 1936 . Giants Win Pennant; Assure Subway Series . Chicago Daily Tribune. 29 .
- Web site: Tageseinträge für 25. September 1936 . chroniknet . August 16, 2015 .
- News: September 25, 1936 . Spain Sees World War As League Gets Protest Against Arming Rebels . . 1 .
- News: September 26, 1936 . Japan Relaxes Military Grip in Shanghai Area . Chicago Daily Tribune. 10 .
- Book: 1993 . Getty . John Arch . Manning . Roberta Thompson . Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives . University of Cambridge . 117 . 978-0-521-44670-9 .
- Web site: Tageseinträge für 26. September 1936 . chroniknet . August 16, 2015 .
- Book: Sweet Home Cook County . . 4 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160528132937/http://www.cookcountyclerk.com/sweethomecookcounty/documents/2007sweethome.pdf . 28 May 2016 . 31 May 2023.
- Book: Payne, Stanley G. . Stanley G. Payne . 1987 . The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 . University of Wisconsin Press . 116 . 978-0-299-11070-3 .
- News: September 30, 1936 . Britain Decrees Army Law to End Revolt of Arabs . Chicago Daily Tribune. 16 .
- Book: Zaloga, Steven J. . 2010 . Spanish Civil War Tanks: The Proving Ground for Blitzkrieg . limited . Osprey Publishing . 15 . 978-1-84603-512-8 .
- News: Trohan . Walter . September 30, 1936 . Communism is a 'False Issue,' Says Roosevelt . Chicago Daily Tribune. 1 .